Wikipedia:Citing sources/Example edits for different methods: Difference between revisions
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<!--This subpage supports example edits for different citation methods, only edit here if you think the examples need further technical work.-->
{{redirect|WP:CITEX|information on the general Wikipedia citation guidelines|WP:CITE}}
{{Wikipedia how-to|WP:CITEX}}
This page shows some comparative examples for different citation methods using shortened notes and full length references in footnotes. These show representations of edit mode views, with examples of how the edits would render to the reader.
==Full references in footnotes== <!--edit page rather than section if browser misbehaves here-->
===Full references written freehand=== <!--edit page rather than section if browser misbehaves here-->
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<div style="height: 400px; overflow:auto; border: 1px solid DarkSeaGreen; background:white; margin: 1em; padding: 4px">
<
Scientific studies have examined the relationship between coffee consumption and an array of medical conditions. Findings are contradictory as to whether coffee has any specific health benefits, and results are similarly conflicting regarding negative effects of coffee consumption.<ref name=Kummer2003><cite id=Kummer2003ch8>Kummer, Corby (2003). ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=qNLrJqgfg7wC The Joy of Coffee]'', [http://books.google.com/books?id=qNLrJqgfg7wC&pg=PA151&sig=zL7_XqPYPeBVq8vs3ukYFuwjn2I Caffeine and Decaf], Houghton Mifflin Cookbooks, 151–170. ISBN:0618302409 Retrieved on February 23, 2008.</cite></ref>
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== References ==
{{reflist}}
</syntaxhighlight>
</div>
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<div style="height: 400px; overflow:auto; border: 1px solid DarkSeaGreen; background:white; margin:1em; padding: 4px">
<
Scientific studies have examined the relationship between coffee consumption and an array of medical conditions. Findings are contradictory as to whether coffee has any specific health benefits, and results are similarly conflicting regarding negative effects of coffee consumption.<ref name=Kummer2003>{{
cite book
Line 45 ⟶ 42:
|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=qNLrJqgfg7wC
|chapter = Caffeine and Decaf
|
|publisher = Houghton Mifflin Cookbooks
|pages = 151–170
|isbn = 0618302409
|
}}</ref>
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|last = Klatsky
|first = Arthur L.
|
|date = 2006
|title = Coffee, Cirrhosis, and Transaminase Enzymes
Line 66 ⟶ 63:
|doi = 10.1001/archinte.166.11.1190
|pmid = 16772246
|
}}</ref> and [[gout]]. Some health effects are due to the [[caffeine]] content of coffee, as the benefits are only observed in those who drink caffeinated coffee, while others appear to be due to other components.<ref>{{
cite journal
|author = Pereira, Mark A.
|
|year = 2006
|title = Coffee consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: an 11-year prospective study of 28 812 postmenopausal women.
Line 79 ⟶ 76:
|pages = 1311–1316
|pmid = 16801515
|
}}</ref> For example, the [[antioxidant]]s in coffee prevent [[Radical (chemistry)|free radicals]] from causing cell damage.<ref>{{
cite web
Line 88 ⟶ 85:
|publisher = New York Times
|url = http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/15/health/nutrition/15coff.html?ex=1313294400&en=d420f19ee1c77365&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss
|
}}</ref>
Although caffeine has not been linked to any life-threatening disease, doctors and nurses routinely advise some patients to watch their caffeine intake or to eliminate it altogether.<ref>Op. Cit. {{Harvnb|Kummer|2003|p=152}}</ref> Research suggests that drinking caffeinated coffee can cause a temporary increase in the stiffening of arterial walls.<ref>{{
Line 94 ⟶ 91:
|last = Mahmud
|first = A.
|
|year = 2001
|title = Acute Effect of Caffeine on Arterial Stiffness and Aortic Pressure Waveform
Line 103 ⟶ 100:
|pages = 227–231
|pmid = 11509481
|
}}</ref> Excess coffee consumption may lead to a [[magnesium deficiency (medicine)|magnesium deficiency]] or [[hypomagnesaemia]],<ref>{{
cite journal
Line 118 ⟶ 115:
|doi = 10.1054/mehy.2000.1133
|pmid = 11425281
|
}}</ref> and may be a risk factor for [[coronary heart disease]]. Some studies suggest that it may have a mixed effect on [[short-term memory]], by improving it when the information to be recalled is related to the current [[train of thought]], but making it more difficult to recall unrelated information.<ref>{{
cite web
|author
|date = 2004-07-20
|title = A coffee can make you forgetful
|url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/3909085.stm
|publisher = BBC News
|
}}</ref> About 10% of people with a moderate daily intake (235 mg per day) reported increased depression and anxiety when caffeine was withdrawn,<ref>{{
cite journal
Line 140 ⟶ 136:
|doi = 10.1016/S0278-6915(02)00096-0
|pmid = 12204388
|
}}</ref> and about 15% of the general population report having stopped caffeine use completely, citing concern about health and unpleasant side effects.<ref>{{
cite web
Line 148 ⟶ 144:
|url = http://www.caffeinedependence.org/caffeine_dependence.html#sources
|work = Information about Caffeine Dependence
|
}}</ref> Nevertheless, the mainstream view of medical experts is that drinking three 8-ounce (236 ml) cups of coffee per day (considered average or moderate consumption) does not have significant health risks for adults.<ref>{{
cite web
Line 157 ⟶ 153:
|work = MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
|publisher = The U.S. National Library of Medicine
|
}}</ref>
== References ==
{{reflist}}
</syntaxhighlight>
</div>
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<div style="height: 400px; overflow:auto; border: 1px solid DarkSeaGreen; background:white; margin: 1em; padding: 4px">
<
Scientific studies have examined the relationship between coffee consumption and an array of medical conditions. Findings are contradictory as to whether coffee has any specific health benefits, and results are similarly conflicting regarding negative effects of coffee consumption.<ref name=Kummer2003>{{cite book | last = Kummer | first = Corby | year = 2003 | title = The Joy of Coffee | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=qNLrJqgfg7wC | chapter = Caffeine and Decaf |
Coffee appears to reduce the risk of [[Alzheimer's disease]], [[Parkinson's disease]], [[heart disease]], [[diabetes mellitus type 2]], [[cirrhosis]] of the [[liver]],<ref>{{cite journal | last = Klatsky | first = Arthur L. |
cite web | last = Bakalar | first = Nicholas | date = 2006-08-15 | title = Coffee as a Health Drink? Studies Find Some Benefits | publisher = New York Times | url = http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/15/health/nutrition/15coff.html?ex=1313294400&en=d420f19ee1c77365&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss
|
Although caffeine has not been linked to any life-threatening disease, doctors and nurses routinely advise some patients to watch their caffeine intake or to eliminate it altogether.<ref>Op. Cit. {{Harvnb|Kummer|2003|p=152}}</ref> Research suggests that drinking caffeinated coffee can cause a temporary increase in the stiffening of arterial walls.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Mahmud | first = A. |
== References ==
{{reflist}}
</syntaxhighlight>
</div>
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<div style="margin: 1em; padding: 1em; border:1px solid #999">
Scientific studies have examined the relationship between coffee consumption and an array of medical conditions. Findings are contradictory as to whether coffee has any specific health benefits, and results are similarly conflicting regarding negative effects of coffee consumption.<ref>{{cite book | last = Kummer | first = Corby | year = 2003 | title = The Joy of Coffee | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=qNLrJqgfg7wC | chapter = Caffeine and Decaf |
Coffee appears to reduce the risk of [[Alzheimer's disease]], [[Parkinson's disease]], [[heart disease]], [[diabetes mellitus type 2]], [[cirrhosis]] of the [[liver]],<ref>{{cite journal | last = Klatsky | first = Arthur L. |
cite web | last = Bakalar | first = Nicholas | date = 2006-08-15 | title = Coffee as a Health Drink? Studies Find Some Benefits | publisher = New York Times | url = http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/15/health/nutrition/15coff.html?ex=1313294400&en=d420f19ee1c77365&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss
|
Although caffeine has not been linked to any life-threatening disease, doctors and nurses routinely advise some patients to watch their caffeine intake or to eliminate it altogether.<ref>Op. Cit. {{Harvnb|Kummer|2003|p=152|Ref=DisambiguateKummer}}</ref> Research suggests that drinking caffeinated coffee can cause a temporary increase in the stiffening of arterial walls.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Mahmud | first = A. |
;References
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<div style="height: 400px; overflow:auto; border: 1px solid DarkSeaGreen; background:white; margin: 1em; padding: 4px">
<
Scientific studies have examined the relationship between coffee consumption and an array of medical conditions. Findings are contradictory as to whether coffee has any specific health benefits, and results are similarly conflicting regarding negative effects of coffee consumption.<ref name=Kummer2003ch8>Kummer 2003.</ref>
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== Notes ==
{{reflist|
== References ==
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* Pereira, Mark A.; Parker, D.; Folsom, A.R. (2006), [http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/166/12/1311 "Coffee consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: an 11-year prospective study of 28 812 postmenopausal women."], ''Archives of Internal Medicine'' '''166''' (12): 1311–1316,
{{refend}}
</syntaxhighlight>
</div>
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{{Fake heading|Notes}}
{{reflist|
{{Fake heading|References}}
Line 252 ⟶ 248:
* Haines, Cynthia Dennison (2007), [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002445.htm "Caffeine in the diet"], ''MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia'' (The U.S. National Library of Medicine), retrieved 2008-02-23
* Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (2003), [http://www.caffeinedependence.org/caffeine_dependence.html#sources "Use and Common Sources of Caffeine"], ''Information about Caffeine Dependence'', retrieved 2008-02-23
* Johnson, S. (2001), [http://www.george-eby-research.com/html/wide-mag-deficiency-path.pdf "The multifaceted and widespread pathology of magnesium deficiency"] (PDF), ''Medical Hypotheses''(Harcourt Publishers Ltd) '''56''' (2): 163–170, doi:10.1054/mehy.2000.1133, {{PMID
* Klatsky, Arthur L.; Morton, C.; Udaltsova, N.; Friedman, D. (2006), [http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/166/11/1190 "Coffee, Cirrhosis, and Transaminase Enzymes"], ''Archives of Internal Medicine'' '''166''' (11): 1190–1195, doi:10.1001/archinte.166.11.1190, {{PMID
* Kummer, Corby (2003), [http://books.google.com/books?id=qNLrJqgfg7wC&pg=PA151&sig=zL7_XqPYPeBVq8vs3ukYFuwjn2I "Caffeine and Decaf"], ''The Joy of Coffee'', Houghton Mifflin Cookbooks, {{ISBN
* Lesk, Valerie E.; Womble, Stephen P. (June 2004), "Caffeine, Priming, and Tip of the Tongue: Evidence for Plasticity in the Phonological System", Behavioral Neuroscience '''118''' (3): 453-461
* Mahmud, A.; Feely, J. (2001), [http://hyper.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/38/2/227 "Acute Effect of Caffeine on Arterial Stiffness and Aortic Pressure Waveform"], ''Hypertension'' '''38''' (2): 227–231, {{PMID
* Pereira, Mark A.; Parker, D.; Folsom, A.R. (2006), [http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/166/12/1311 "Coffee consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: an 11-year prospective study of 28 812 postmenopausal women."], ''Archives of Internal Medicine'' '''166''' (12): 1311–1316, {{PMID
* Smith, A. (2002), [http://www.erowid.org//references/refs_view.php?A=ShowDocPartFrame&ID=6685&DocPartID=6196 "Effects of caffeine on human behavior"], ''Food and Chemical Toxicology'' '''40''' (9): 1243-1255, doi:10.1016/S0278-6915(02)00096-0, {{PMID
{{refend}}
</div>
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This is an example edit mode representation showing use of shortened notes including wikilinks from the notes to the references written freehand. Note that an editorial choice has been made here to specify the page number range of the cited chapter in the initial "Kummer 2003" Ref, and to specify a specific page number in the second Ref, rather than to re-use a named Ref without specifying page numbers as was done above.
<div style="height: 400px; overflow:auto; border: 1px solid DarkSeaGreen; background:white; margin: 1em; padding: 4px">
<
Scientific studies have examined the relationship between coffee consumption and an array of medical conditions. Findings are contradictory as to whether coffee has any specific health benefits, and results are similarly conflicting regarding negative effects of coffee consumption.<ref>[[#refKummer2003|Kummer 2003]] pp.151–170.</ref>
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== Notes ==
{{reflist|
== References ==
Line 289 ⟶ 285:
* {{wikicite |ref=refSmith2002 |reference=Smith, A. (2002), [http://www.erowid.org//references/refs_view.php?A=ShowDocPartFrame&ID=6685&DocPartID=6196 "Effects of caffeine on human behavior"], ''Food and Chemical Toxicology'' '''40''' (9): 1243-1255, doi:10.1016/S0278-6915(02)00096-0, PMID 12204388, retrieved 2008-02-23}}
{{refend}}
</syntaxhighlight>
</div>
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This is an example edit mode representation showing use of shortened notes including wikilinks from the notes to the references using citations. The body text is the same as the example above (shortened notes with wikilinks to references written freehand). Note how the citations in the references section do not need to be wrapped in the wikicite template however, as the templates all support the reference anchor parameter.
<div style="height: 400px; overflow:auto; border: 1px solid DarkSeaGreen; background:white; margin: 1em; padding: 4px">
<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">
Scientific studies have examined the relationship between coffee consumption and an array of medical conditions. Findings are contradictory as to whether coffee has any specific health benefits, and results are similarly conflicting regarding negative effects of coffee consumption.<ref>[[#refKummer2003|Kummer 2003]] pp.151–170.</ref>
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== Notes ==
{{reflist|
== References ==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite web
|ref = refBakalar2006
Line 319 ⟶ 311:
|publisher = New York Times
|url = http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/15/health/nutrition/15coff.html?ex=1313294400&en=d420f19ee1c77365&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss
|
}}
*{{cite web
|ref = refBBC2004
|author
|date = 2004-07-20
|title = A coffee can make you forgetful
|url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/3909085.stm
|publisher = BBC News
|
}}
*{{cite web
Line 339 ⟶ 330:
|work = MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
|publisher = The U.S. National Library of Medicine
|
}}
*{{cite web
Line 348 ⟶ 339:
|url = http://www.caffeinedependence.org/caffeine_dependence.html#sources
|work = Information about Caffeine Dependence
|
}}
*{{cite journal
Line 364 ⟶ 355:
|doi = 10.1054/mehy.2000.1133
|pmid = 11425281
|
}}
*{{cite journal
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|last = Klatsky
|first = Arthur L.
|
|date = 2006
|title = Coffee, Cirrhosis, and Transaminase Enzymes
Line 380 ⟶ 371:
|doi = 10.1001/archinte.166.11.1190
|pmid = 16772246
|
}}
*{{cite book
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|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=qNLrJqgfg7wC
|chapter = Caffeine and Decaf
|
|publisher = Houghton Mifflin Cookbooks
|isbn = 0618302409
|
}}
*{{cite journal
Line 398 ⟶ 389:
|last = Mahmud
|first = A.
|
|year = 2001
|title = Acute Effect of Caffeine on Arterial Stiffness and Aortic Pressure Waveform
Line 407 ⟶ 398:
|pages = 227–231
|pmid = 11509481
|
}}
*{{cite journal
|ref = refPereira2006
|author = Pereira, Mark A.
|
|year = 2006
|title = Coffee consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: an 11-year prospective study of 28 812 postmenopausal women.
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|pages = 1311–1316
|pmid = 16801515
|
}}
*{{cite journal
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|doi = 10.1016/S0278-6915(02)00096-0
|pmid = 12204388
|
}}
{{refend}}
</syntaxhighlight>
</div>
===={{anchor|harvnb}}{{anchor|sfn}}Shortened notes linked with {{tl|sfn}} and citation templates====
This is an example edit mode representation showing use of shortened notes written using {{tl|sfn}} with citation templates.<!--i.e., construed to look similar when viewed on the page. If you're actually IN edit mode it'll look different with the <div> and <pre> tags used to make the construction work--> Templates in the
A template call like <code><nowiki>{{sfn|Smith|2007|p=25}}</nowiki></code> is equivalent to <code><nowiki><ref>{{harvnb|Smith|
<div style="height: 400px; overflow:auto; border: 1px solid DarkSeaGreen; background:white; margin: 1em; padding: 4px">
<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">
Scientific studies have examined the relationship between coffee consumption and an array of medical conditions. Findings are contradictory as to whether coffee has any specific health benefits, and results are similarly conflicting regarding negative effects of coffee consumption.{{sfn|Kummer|2003|pp=151–170}}
Coffee appears to reduce the risk of [[Alzheimer's disease]], [[Parkinson's disease]], [[heart disease]], [[diabetes mellitus type 2]], [[cirrhosis]] of the [[liver]],{{sfn|Klatsky|Morton|Udaltsova|Friedman|2006}} and [[gout]]. Some health effects are due to the [[caffeine]] content of coffee, as the benefits are only observed in those who drink caffeinated coffee, while others appear to be due to other components.{{sfn|Pereira|Parker|Folsom|2006}} For example, the [[antioxidant]]s in coffee prevent [[Radical (chemistry)|free radicals]] from causing cell damage.{{sfn|Bakalar|2006}}
Although caffeine has not been linked to any life-threatening disease, doctors and nurses routinely advise some patients to watch their caffeine intake or to eliminate it altogether.{{sfn|Kummer|2003|p=152}} Research suggests that drinking caffeinated coffee can cause a temporary increase in the stiffening of arterial walls.{{sfn|Mahmud|Feely|2001}} Excess coffee consumption may lead to a [[magnesium deficiency (medicine)|magnesium deficiency]] or [[hypomagnesaemia]],{{sfn|Johnson|2001}} and may be a risk factor for [[coronary heart disease]]. Some studies suggest that it may have a mixed effect on [[short-term memory]], by improving it when the information to be recalled is related to the current [[train of thought]], but making it more difficult to recall unrelated information.{{sfn|Lesk|2004}} About 10% of people with a moderate daily intake (235 mg per day) reported increased depression and anxiety when caffeine was withdrawn,{{sfn|Smith|2002}} and about 15% of the general population report having stopped caffeine use completely, citing concern about health and unpleasant side effects.{{sfn|Johns Hopkins|2003}} Nevertheless, the mainstream view of medical experts is that drinking three 8-ounce (236 ml) cups of coffee per day (considered average or moderate consumption) does not have significant health risks for adults.{{sfn|Haines|2007}}
== Notes ==
{{reflist|
== References ==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite web
|last = Bakalar
|first = Nicholas
Line 472 ⟶ 458:
|publisher = New York Times
|url = http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/15/health/nutrition/15coff.html?ex=1313294400&en=d420f19ee1c77365&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss
|
}}
*{{cite web
|last = Lesk
|first = Valerie
Line 482 ⟶ 467:
|url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/3909085.stm
|publisher = BBC News
|
}}
*{{cite web
|last = Haines
|first = Cynthia Dennison
Line 493 ⟶ 477:
|work = MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
|publisher = The U.S. National Library of Medicine
|
}}
*{{cite web
Line 502 ⟶ 486:
|url = http://www.caffeinedependence.org/caffeine_dependence.html#sources
|work = Information about Caffeine Dependence
|
}}
*{{cite journal
|last = Johnson
|first = S.
Line 519 ⟶ 502:
|doi = 10.1054/mehy.2000.1133
|pmid = 11425281
|
}}
*{{cite journal
|last = Klatsky
|first = Arthur L.
|
|year = 2006
|title = Coffee, Cirrhosis, and Transaminase Enzymes
Line 535 ⟶ 517:
|doi = 10.1001/archinte.166.11.1190
|pmid = 16772246
|
}}
*{{cite book
|last = Kummer
|first = Corby
Line 545 ⟶ 526:
|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=qNLrJqgfg7wC
|chapter = Caffeine and Decaf
|
|publisher = Houghton Mifflin Cookbooks
|isbn = 0618302409
|
}}
*{{cite journal
|last = Mahmud
|first = A.
Line 564 ⟶ 544:
|pages = 227–231
|pmid = 11509481
|
}}
*{{cite journal
|last = Pereira
|first = Mark A.
Line 582 ⟶ 561:
|pages = 1311–1316
|pmid = 16801515
|
}}
*{{cite journal
|last = Smith
|first = A.
Line 597 ⟶ 575:
|doi = 10.1016/S0278-6915(02)00096-0
|pmid = 12204388
|
}}
{{refend}}
</syntaxhighlight>
</div>
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Scientific studies have examined the relationship between coffee consumption and an array of medical conditions. Findings are contradictory as to whether coffee has any specific health benefits, and results are similarly conflicting regarding negative effects of coffee consumption.{{sfn|Kummer|2003|pp=151–170}}
Coffee appears to reduce the risk of [[Alzheimer's disease]], [[Parkinson's disease]], [[heart disease]], [[diabetes mellitus type 2]], [[cirrhosis]] of the [[liver]],{{sfn|Klatsky|Morton|Udaltsova|Friedman|2006}} and [[gout]]. Some health effects are due to the [[caffeine]] content of coffee, as the benefits are only observed in those who drink caffeinated coffee, while others appear to be due to other components.{{sfn|Pereira|Parker|Folsom|2006}} For example, the [[antioxidant]]s in coffee prevent [[Radical (chemistry)|free radicals]] from causing cell damage.{{sfn|Bakalar|2006}}
Although caffeine has not been linked to any life-threatening disease, doctors and nurses routinely advise some patients to watch their caffeine intake or to eliminate it altogether.{{sfn|Kummer|2003|p=152}} Research suggests that drinking caffeinated coffee can cause a temporary increase in the stiffening of arterial walls.{{sfn|Mahmud|Feely|2001}} Excess coffee consumption may lead to a [[magnesium deficiency (medicine)|magnesium deficiency]] or [[hypomagnesaemia]],{{sfn|Johnson|2001}} and may be a risk factor for [[coronary heart disease]]. Some studies suggest that it may have a mixed effect on [[short-term memory]], by improving it when the information to be recalled is related to the current [[train of thought]], but making it more difficult to recall unrelated information.{{sfn|Lesk|2004}} About 10% of people with a moderate daily intake (235 mg per day) reported increased depression and anxiety when caffeine was withdrawn,{{sfn|Smith|2002}} and about 15% of the general population report having stopped caffeine use completely, citing concern about health and unpleasant side effects.{{sfn|Johns Hopkins|2003}} Nevertheless, the mainstream view of medical experts is that drinking three 8-ounce (236 ml) cups of coffee per day (considered average or moderate consumption) does not have significant health risks for adults.{{sfn|Haines|2007}}
{{Fake heading|Notes}}
{{reflist|
{{Fake heading|References}}
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite web
|last = Bakalar
|first = Nicholas
Line 628 ⟶ 605:
|publisher = New York Times
|url = http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/15/health/nutrition/15coff.html?ex=1313294400&en=d420f19ee1c77365&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss
|
}}
*{{cite web
|last = Lesk
|first = Valerie
Line 638 ⟶ 614:
|url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/3909085.stm
|publisher = BBC News
|
}}
*{{cite web
|last = Haines
|first = Cynthia Dennison
Line 649 ⟶ 624:
|work = MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
|publisher = The U.S. National Library of Medicine
|
}}
*{{cite web
Line 658 ⟶ 633:
|url = http://www.caffeinedependence.org/caffeine_dependence.html#sources
|work = Information about Caffeine Dependence
|
}}
*{{cite journal
|last = Johnson
|first = S.
Line 675 ⟶ 649:
|doi = 10.1054/mehy.2000.1133
|pmid = 11425281
|
}}
*{{cite journal
|last = Klatsky
|first = Arthur L.
|
|year = 2006
|title = Coffee, Cirrhosis, and Transaminase Enzymes
Line 691 ⟶ 664:
|doi = 10.1001/archinte.166.11.1190
|pmid = 16772246
|
}}
*{{cite book
|last = Kummer
|first = Corby
Line 701 ⟶ 673:
|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=qNLrJqgfg7wC
|chapter = Caffeine and Decaf
|
|publisher = Houghton Mifflin Cookbooks
|isbn = 0618302409
|
}}
*{{cite journal
|last = Mahmud
|first = A.
Line 720 ⟶ 691:
|pages = 227–231
|pmid = 11509481
|
}}
*{{cite journal
|last = Pereira
|first = Mark A.
Line 738 ⟶ 708:
|pages = 1311–1316
|pmid = 16801515
|
}}
*{{cite journal
|last = Smith
|first = A.
Line 753 ⟶ 722:
|doi = 10.1016/S0278-6915(02)00096-0
|pmid = 12204388
|
}}
{{refend}}
</div>
Line 766 ⟶ 735:
==Parenthetical references== <!--edit page rather than section if browser misbehaves here-->
This style of citation was a type of referencing used on Wikipedia until September 2020, when a [[Special:PermanentLink/976895063#Deprecate parenthetical citations|community discussion]] reached a consensus to [[deprecation|deprecate]] this format of citation.
Inline [[WP:Parenthetical references|parenthetical references]] are conceptually very much like shortened footnotes, but insert the shortened reference inline into the article body text rather than in a footnote. The advantages are that the source of the reference is shown more clearly, and getting to the full citation takes only one click rather than two with shortened footnotes (one to reach the shortened footnote, a second to reach the full citation). The disadvantage, though, is that the references clutter up the article text, and for this reason, parenthetical references are not nearly as common as shortened footnotes in Wikipedia articles.
===Parenthetical references with references written freehand===
This is an example edit mode representation showing use of inline parenthetical references, written freehand. Done this way, there is no linking from the references to the citation, so the user has to manually scroll down to find the citation.
<div style="height: 400px; overflow:auto; border: 1px solid DarkSeaGreen; background:white; margin: 1em; padding: 4px">
<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">
Scientific studies have examined the relationship between coffee consumption and an array of medical conditions. Findings are contradictory as to whether coffee has any specific health benefits, and results are similarly conflicting regarding negative effects of coffee consumption (Kummer 2003, pp. 151–170).
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* Pereira, Mark A.; Parker, D.; Folsom, A.R. (2006), [http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/166/12/1311 "Coffee consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: an 11-year prospective study of 28 812 postmenopausal women."], ''Archives of Internal Medicine'' '''166''' (12): 1311–1316,
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* Haines, Cynthia Dennison (2007), [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002445.htm "Caffeine in the diet"], ''MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia'' (The U.S. National Library of Medicine), retrieved 2008-02-23
* Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (2003), [http://www.caffeinedependence.org/caffeine_dependence.html#sources "Use and Common Sources of Caffeine"], ''Information about Caffeine Dependence'', retrieved 2008-02-23
* Johnson, S. (2001), [http://www.george-eby-research.com/html/wide-mag-deficiency-path.pdf "The multifaceted and widespread pathology of magnesium deficiency"] (PDF), ''Medical Hypotheses''(Harcourt Publishers Ltd) '''56''' (2): 163–170, doi:10.1054/mehy.2000.1133, {{PMID
* Klatsky, Arthur L.; Morton, C.; Udaltsova, N.; Friedman, D. (2006), [http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/166/11/1190 "Coffee, Cirrhosis, and Transaminase Enzymes"], ''Archives of Internal Medicine'' '''166''' (11): 1190–1195, doi:10.1001/archinte.166.11.1190, {{PMID
* Kummer, Corby (2003), [http://books.google.com/books?id=qNLrJqgfg7wC&pg=PA151&sig=zL7_XqPYPeBVq8vs3ukYFuwjn2I "Caffeine and Decaf"], ''The Joy of Coffee'', Houghton Mifflin Cookbooks, {{ISBN
* Lesk, Valerie E.; Womble, Stephen P. (June 2004), "Caffeine, Priming, and Tip of the Tongue: Evidence for Plasticity in the Phonological System", Behavioral Neuroscience '''118''' (3): 453-461
* Mahmud, A.; Feely, J. (2001), [http://hyper.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/38/2/227 "Acute Effect of Caffeine on Arterial Stiffness and Aortic Pressure Waveform"], ''Hypertension'' '''38''' (2): 227–231, {{PMID
* Pereira, Mark A.; Parker, D.; Folsom, A.R. (2006), [http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/166/12/1311 "Coffee consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: an 11-year prospective study of 28 812 postmenopausal women."], ''Archives of Internal Medicine'' '''166''' (12): 1311–1316, {{PMID
* Smith, A. (2002), [http://www.erowid.org//references/refs_view.php?A=ShowDocPartFrame&ID=6685&DocPartID=6196 "Effects of caffeine on human behavior"], ''Food and Chemical Toxicology'' '''40''' (9): 1243-1255, doi:10.1016/S0278-6915(02)00096-0, {{PMID
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===Parenthetical references with wikilinks===
====Parenthetical references with wikilinks to references written freehand====
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* {{wikicite |ref=refSmith2002 |reference=Smith, A. (2002), [http://www.erowid.org//references/refs_view.php?A=ShowDocPartFrame&ID=6685&DocPartID=6196 "Effects of caffeine on human behavior"], ''Food and Chemical Toxicology'' '''40''' (9): 1243-1255, doi:10.1016/S0278-6915(02)00096-0, PMID 12204388, retrieved 2008-02-23}}
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====Parenthetical references with wikilinks using citation templates====
This is an example edit mode representation showing use of inline parenthetical references including wikilinks from the notes to the references using citations. The body text is the same as the example above (parenthetical references with wikilinks to references written freehand). Note how the citations in the references section do not need to be wrapped in the wikicite template however, as the templates all support the reference anchor parameter.
<div style="height: 400px; overflow:auto; border: 1px solid DarkSeaGreen; background:white; margin: 1em; padding: 4px">
<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">
Scientific studies have examined the relationship between coffee consumption and an array of medical conditions. Findings are contradictory as to whether coffee has any specific health benefits, and results are similarly conflicting regarding negative effects of coffee consumption ([[#refKummer2003|Kummer 2003]], pp.151–170).
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== References ==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite web
|ref = refBakalar2006
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|publisher = New York Times
|url = http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/15/health/nutrition/15coff.html?ex=1313294400&en=d420f19ee1c77365&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss
|
}}
*{{cite web
|ref = refBBC2004
|author
|date = 2004-07-20
|title = A coffee can make you forgetful
|url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/3909085.stm
|publisher = BBC News
|
}}
*{{cite web
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|work = MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
|publisher = The U.S. National Library of Medicine
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}}
*{{cite web
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|url = http://www.caffeinedependence.org/caffeine_dependence.html#sources
|work = Information about Caffeine Dependence
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}}
*{{cite journal
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|doi = 10.1054/mehy.2000.1133
|pmid = 11425281
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}}
*{{cite journal
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|last = Klatsky
|first = Arthur L.
|
|date = 2006
|title = Coffee, Cirrhosis, and Transaminase Enzymes
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|doi = 10.1001/archinte.166.11.1190
|pmid = 16772246
|
}}
*{{cite book
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|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=qNLrJqgfg7wC
|chapter = Caffeine and Decaf
|
|publisher = Houghton Mifflin Cookbooks
|isbn = 0618302409
|
}}
*{{cite journal
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|last = Mahmud
|first = A.
|
|year = 2001
|title = Acute Effect of Caffeine on Arterial Stiffness and Aortic Pressure Waveform
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|pages = 227–231
|pmid = 11509481
|
}}
*{{cite journal
|ref = refPereira2006
|author = Pereira, Mark A.
|
|year = 2006
|title = Coffee consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: an 11-year prospective study of 28 812 postmenopausal women.
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|pages = 1311–1316
|pmid = 16801515
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}}
*{{cite journal
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|doi = 10.1016/S0278-6915(02)00096-0
|pmid = 12204388
|
}}
{{refend}}
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<div style="height: 400px; overflow:auto; border: 1px solid DarkSeaGreen; background:white; margin: 1em; padding: 4px">
<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">
Scientific studies have examined the relationship between coffee consumption and an array of medical conditions. Findings are contradictory as to whether coffee has any specific health benefits, and results are similarly conflicting regarding negative effects of coffee consumption {{harv|Kummer|2003|pp=151–170}}.
Coffee appears to reduce the risk of [[Alzheimer's disease]], [[Parkinson's disease]], [[heart disease]], [[diabetes mellitus type 2]], [[cirrhosis]] of the [[liver]] {{harv|Klatsky|Morton|Udaltsova|Friedman|2006}}, and [[gout]]. Some health effects are due to the [[caffeine]] content of coffee, as the benefits are only observed in those who drink caffeinated coffee, while others appear to be due to other components {{harv|Pereira|Parker|Folsom|2006}}. For example, the [[antioxidant]]s in coffee prevent [[Radical (chemistry)|free radicals]] from causing cell damage {{harv|Bakalar|2006}}.
Although caffeine has not been linked to any life-threatening disease, doctors and nurses routinely advise some patients to watch their caffeine intake or to eliminate it altogether {{harv|Kummer|2003|p=152}}. Research suggests that drinking caffeinated coffee can cause a temporary increase in the stiffening of arterial walls {{harv|Mahmud|Feely|2001}}. Excess coffee consumption may lead to a [[magnesium deficiency (medicine)|magnesium deficiency]] or [[hypomagnesaemia]] {{harv|Johnson|2001}}, and may be a risk factor for [[coronary heart disease]]. Some studies suggest that it may have a mixed effect on [[short-term memory]], by improving it when the information to be recalled is related to the current [[train of thought]], but making it more difficult to recall unrelated information {{harv|Lesk|2004}}. About 10% of people with a moderate daily intake (235 mg per day) reported increased depression and anxiety when caffeine was withdrawn {{harv|Smith|2002}}, and about 15% of the general population report having stopped caffeine use completely, citing concern about health and unpleasant side effects {{harv|Johns Hopkins|2003}}. Nevertheless, the mainstream view of medical experts is that drinking three 8-ounce (236 ml) cups of coffee per day (considered average or moderate consumption) does not have significant health risks for adults {{harv|Haines|2007}}.
== References ==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite web
|last = Bakalar
|first = Nicholas
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|publisher = New York Times
|url = http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/15/health/nutrition/15coff.html?ex=1313294400&en=d420f19ee1c77365&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss
|
}}
*{{cite web
|last = Lesk
|first = Valerie
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|url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/3909085.stm
|publisher = BBC News
|
}}
*{{cite web
|last = Haines
|first = Cynthia Dennison
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|work = MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
|publisher = The U.S. National Library of Medicine
|
}}
*{{cite web
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|url = http://www.caffeinedependence.org/caffeine_dependence.html#sources
|work = Information about Caffeine Dependence
|
}}
*{{cite journal
|last = Johnson
|first = S.
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|doi = 10.1054/mehy.2000.1133
|pmid = 11425281
|
}}
*{{cite journal
|last = Klatsky
|first = Arthur L.
|
|year = 2006
|title = Coffee, Cirrhosis, and Transaminase Enzymes
Line 1,093 ⟶ 1,046:
|doi = 10.1001/archinte.166.11.1190
|pmid = 16772246
|
}}
*{{cite book
|last = Kummer
|first = Corby
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|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=qNLrJqgfg7wC
|chapter = Caffeine and Decaf
|
|publisher = Houghton Mifflin Cookbooks
|isbn = 0618302409
|
}}
*{{cite journal
|last = Mahmud
|first = A.
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|pages = 227–231
|pmid = 11509481
|
}}
*{{cite journal
|last = Pereira
|first = Mark A.
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|pages = 1311–1316
|pmid = 16801515
|
}}
*{{cite journal
|last = Smith
|first = A.
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|doi = 10.1016/S0278-6915(02)00096-0
|pmid = 12204388
|
}}
{{refend}}
</syntaxhighlight>
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Scientific studies have examined the relationship between coffee consumption and an array of medical conditions. Findings are contradictory as to whether coffee has any specific health benefits, and results are similarly conflicting regarding negative effects of coffee consumption {{harv|Kummer|2003|pp=151–170}}.
Coffee appears to reduce the risk of [[Alzheimer's disease]], [[Parkinson's disease]], [[heart disease]], [[diabetes mellitus type 2]], [[cirrhosis]] of the [[liver]] {{harv|Klatsky|Morton|Udaltsova|Friedman|2006}}, and [[gout]]. Some health effects are due to the [[caffeine]] content of coffee, as the benefits are only observed in those who drink caffeinated coffee, while others appear to be due to other components {{harv|Pereira|Parker|Folsom|2006}}. For example, the [[antioxidant]]s in coffee prevent [[Radical (chemistry)|free radicals]] from causing cell damage {{harv|Bakalar|2006}}.
Although caffeine has not been linked to any life-threatening disease, doctors and nurses routinely advise some patients to watch their caffeine intake or to eliminate it altogether {{harv|Kummer|2003|p=152}}. Research suggests that drinking caffeinated coffee can cause a temporary increase in the stiffening of arterial walls {{harv|Mahmud|Feely|2001}}. Excess coffee consumption may lead to a [[magnesium deficiency (medicine)|magnesium deficiency]] or [[hypomagnesaemia]] {{harv|Johnson|2001}}, and may be a risk factor for [[coronary heart disease]]. Some studies suggest that it may have a mixed effect on [[short-term memory]], by improving it when the information to be recalled is related to the current [[train of thought]], but making it more difficult to recall unrelated information {{harv|Lesk|2004}}. About 10% of people with a moderate daily intake (235 mg per day) reported increased depression and anxiety when caffeine was withdrawn {{harv|Smith|2002}}, and about 15% of the general population report having stopped caffeine use completely, citing concern about health and unpleasant side effects {{harv|Johns Hopkins|2003}}. Nevertheless, the mainstream view of medical experts is that drinking three 8-ounce (236 ml) cups of coffee per day (considered average or moderate consumption) does not have significant health risks for adults {{harv|Haines|2007}}.
{{Fake heading|References}}
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite web
|ref = refBakalar2006
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|publisher = New York Times
|url = http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/15/health/nutrition/15coff.html?ex=1313294400&en=d420f19ee1c77365&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss
|
}}
*{{cite web
|ref = refBBC2004
|author
|date = 2004-07-20
|title = A coffee can make you forgetful
|url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/3909085.stm
|publisher = BBC News
|
}}
*{{cite web
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|work = MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
|publisher = The U.S. National Library of Medicine
|
}}
*{{cite web
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|url = http://www.caffeinedependence.org/caffeine_dependence.html#sources
|work = Information about Caffeine Dependence
|
}}
*{{cite journal
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|doi = 10.1054/mehy.2000.1133
|pmid = 11425281
|
}}
*{{cite journal
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|last = Klatsky
|first = Arthur L.
|
|date = 2006
|title = Coffee, Cirrhosis, and Transaminase Enzymes
Line 1,244 ⟶ 1,192:
|doi = 10.1001/archinte.166.11.1190
|pmid = 16772246
|
}}
*{{cite book
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|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=qNLrJqgfg7wC
|chapter = Caffeine and Decaf
|
|publisher = Houghton Mifflin Cookbooks
|isbn = 0618302409
|
}}
*{{cite journal
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|last = Mahmud
|first = A.
|
|year = 2001
|title = Acute Effect of Caffeine on Arterial Stiffness and Aortic Pressure Waveform
Line 1,271 ⟶ 1,219:
|pages = 227–231
|pmid = 11509481
|
}}
*{{cite journal
|ref = refPereira2006
|author = Pereira, Mark A.
|
|year = 2006
|title = Coffee consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: an 11-year prospective study of 28 812 postmenopausal women.
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|pages = 1311–1316
|pmid = 16801515
|
}}
*{{cite journal
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|doi = 10.1016/S0278-6915(02)00096-0
|pmid = 12204388
|
}}
{{refend}}
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