Wikipedia:Citing sources/Example edits for different methods: Difference between revisions
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<
Scientific studies have examined the relationship between coffee consumption and an array of medical conditions. Findings are contradictory as to whether coffee has any specific health benefits, and results are similarly conflicting regarding negative effects of coffee consumption.<ref name=Kummer2003><cite id=Kummer2003ch8>Kummer, Corby (2003). ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=qNLrJqgfg7wC The Joy of Coffee]'', [http://books.google.com/books?id=qNLrJqgfg7wC&pg=PA151&sig=zL7_XqPYPeBVq8vs3ukYFuwjn2I Caffeine and Decaf], Houghton Mifflin Cookbooks, 151–170. ISBN:0618302409 Retrieved on February 23, 2008.</cite></ref>
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== References ==
{{reflist}}
</syntaxhighlight>
</div>
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<
Scientific studies have examined the relationship between coffee consumption and an array of medical conditions. Findings are contradictory as to whether coffee has any specific health benefits, and results are similarly conflicting regarding negative effects of coffee consumption.<ref name=Kummer2003>{{
cite book
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|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=qNLrJqgfg7wC
|chapter = Caffeine and Decaf
|
|publisher = Houghton Mifflin Cookbooks
|pages = 151–170
|isbn = 0618302409
|
}}</ref>
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|doi = 10.1001/archinte.166.11.1190
|pmid = 16772246
|
}}</ref> and [[gout]]. Some health effects are due to the [[caffeine]] content of coffee, as the benefits are only observed in those who drink caffeinated coffee, while others appear to be due to other components.<ref>{{
cite journal
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|pages = 1311–1316
|pmid = 16801515
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}}</ref> For example, the [[antioxidant]]s in coffee prevent [[Radical (chemistry)|free radicals]] from causing cell damage.<ref>{{
cite web
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|publisher = New York Times
|url = http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/15/health/nutrition/15coff.html?ex=1313294400&en=d420f19ee1c77365&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss
|
}}</ref>
Although caffeine has not been linked to any life-threatening disease, doctors and nurses routinely advise some patients to watch their caffeine intake or to eliminate it altogether.<ref>Op. Cit. {{Harvnb|Kummer|2003|p=152}}</ref> Research suggests that drinking caffeinated coffee can cause a temporary increase in the stiffening of arterial walls.<ref>{{
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|pages = 227–231
|pmid = 11509481
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}}</ref> Excess coffee consumption may lead to a [[magnesium deficiency (medicine)|magnesium deficiency]] or [[hypomagnesaemia]],<ref>{{
cite journal
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|doi = 10.1054/mehy.2000.1133
|pmid = 11425281
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}}</ref> and may be a risk factor for [[coronary heart disease]]. Some studies suggest that it may have a mixed effect on [[short-term memory]], by improving it when the information to be recalled is related to the current [[train of thought]], but making it more difficult to recall unrelated information.<ref>{{
cite web
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|url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/3909085.stm
|publisher = BBC News
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}}</ref> About 10% of people with a moderate daily intake (235 mg per day) reported increased depression and anxiety when caffeine was withdrawn,<ref>{{
cite journal
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|doi = 10.1016/S0278-6915(02)00096-0
|pmid = 12204388
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}}</ref> and about 15% of the general population report having stopped caffeine use completely, citing concern about health and unpleasant side effects.<ref>{{
cite web
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|url = http://www.caffeinedependence.org/caffeine_dependence.html#sources
|work = Information about Caffeine Dependence
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}}</ref> Nevertheless, the mainstream view of medical experts is that drinking three 8-ounce (236 ml) cups of coffee per day (considered average or moderate consumption) does not have significant health risks for adults.<ref>{{
cite web
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|work = MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
|publisher = The U.S. National Library of Medicine
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}}</ref>
== References ==
{{reflist}}
</syntaxhighlight>
</div>
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<
Scientific studies have examined the relationship between coffee consumption and an array of medical conditions. Findings are contradictory as to whether coffee has any specific health benefits, and results are similarly conflicting regarding negative effects of coffee consumption.<ref name=Kummer2003>{{cite book | last = Kummer | first = Corby | year = 2003 | title = The Joy of Coffee | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=qNLrJqgfg7wC | chapter = Caffeine and Decaf |
Coffee appears to reduce the risk of [[Alzheimer's disease]], [[Parkinson's disease]], [[heart disease]], [[diabetes mellitus type 2]], [[cirrhosis]] of the [[liver]],<ref>{{cite journal | last = Klatsky | first = Arthur L. |author2=Morton, C. |author3=Udaltsova, N. |author4=Friedman, D. | date = 2006 | title = Coffee, Cirrhosis, and Transaminase Enzymes | url = http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/166/11/1190 | journal = Archives of Internal Medicine | volume = 166 | issue = 11 | pages = 1190–1195 | doi = 10.1001/archinte.166.11.1190 | pmid = 16772246 |
cite web | last = Bakalar | first = Nicholas | date = 2006-08-15 | title = Coffee as a Health Drink? Studies Find Some Benefits | publisher = New York Times | url = http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/15/health/nutrition/15coff.html?ex=1313294400&en=d420f19ee1c77365&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss
|
Although caffeine has not been linked to any life-threatening disease, doctors and nurses routinely advise some patients to watch their caffeine intake or to eliminate it altogether.<ref>Op. Cit. {{Harvnb|Kummer|2003|p=152}}</ref> Research suggests that drinking caffeinated coffee can cause a temporary increase in the stiffening of arterial walls.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Mahmud | first = A. |author2=Feely, J. | year = 2001 | title = Acute Effect of Caffeine on Arterial Stiffness and Aortic Pressure Waveform | url = http://hyper.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/38/2/227 | journal = Hypertension | volume = 38 | issue = 2 | pages = 227–231 | pmid = 11509481 |
== References ==
{{reflist}}
</syntaxhighlight>
</div>
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Scientific studies have examined the relationship between coffee consumption and an array of medical conditions. Findings are contradictory as to whether coffee has any specific health benefits, and results are similarly conflicting regarding negative effects of coffee consumption.<ref>{{cite book | last = Kummer | first = Corby | year = 2003 | title = The Joy of Coffee | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=qNLrJqgfg7wC | chapter = Caffeine and Decaf |
Coffee appears to reduce the risk of [[Alzheimer's disease]], [[Parkinson's disease]], [[heart disease]], [[diabetes mellitus type 2]], [[cirrhosis]] of the [[liver]],<ref>{{cite journal | last = Klatsky | first = Arthur L. |author2=Morton, C. |author3=Udaltsova, N. |author4=Friedman, D. | date = 2006 | title = Coffee, Cirrhosis, and Transaminase Enzymes | url = http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/166/11/1190 | journal = Archives of Internal Medicine | volume = 166 | issue = 11 | pages = 1190–1195 | doi = 10.1001/archinte.166.11.1190 | pmid = 16772246 |
cite web | last = Bakalar | first = Nicholas | date = 2006-08-15 | title = Coffee as a Health Drink? Studies Find Some Benefits | publisher = New York Times | url = http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/15/health/nutrition/15coff.html?ex=1313294400&en=d420f19ee1c77365&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss
|
Although caffeine has not been linked to any life-threatening disease, doctors and nurses routinely advise some patients to watch their caffeine intake or to eliminate it altogether.<ref>Op. Cit. {{Harvnb|Kummer|2003|p=152|Ref=DisambiguateKummer}}</ref> Research suggests that drinking caffeinated coffee can cause a temporary increase in the stiffening of arterial walls.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Mahmud | first = A. |author2=Feely, J. | year = 2001 | title = Acute Effect of Caffeine on Arterial Stiffness and Aortic Pressure Waveform | url = http://hyper.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/38/2/227 | journal = Hypertension | volume = 38 | issue = 2 | pages = 227–231 | pmid = 11509481 |
;References
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<
Scientific studies have examined the relationship between coffee consumption and an array of medical conditions. Findings are contradictory as to whether coffee has any specific health benefits, and results are similarly conflicting regarding negative effects of coffee consumption.<ref name=Kummer2003ch8>Kummer 2003.</ref>
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* Pereira, Mark A.; Parker, D.; Folsom, A.R. (2006), [http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/166/12/1311 "Coffee consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: an 11-year prospective study of 28 812 postmenopausal women."], ''Archives of Internal Medicine'' '''166''' (12): 1311–1316,
{{refend}}
</syntaxhighlight>
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This is an example edit mode representation showing use of shortened notes including wikilinks from the notes to the references written freehand. Note that an editorial choice has been made here to specify the page number range of the cited chapter in the initial "Kummer 2003" Ref, and to specify a specific page number in the second Ref, rather than to re-use a named Ref without specifying page numbers as was done above.
<div style="height: 400px; overflow:auto; border: 1px solid DarkSeaGreen; background:white; margin: 1em; padding: 4px">
<
Scientific studies have examined the relationship between coffee consumption and an array of medical conditions. Findings are contradictory as to whether coffee has any specific health benefits, and results are similarly conflicting regarding negative effects of coffee consumption.<ref>[[#refKummer2003|Kummer 2003]] pp.151–170.</ref>
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* {{wikicite |ref=refSmith2002 |reference=Smith, A. (2002), [http://www.erowid.org//references/refs_view.php?A=ShowDocPartFrame&ID=6685&DocPartID=6196 "Effects of caffeine on human behavior"], ''Food and Chemical Toxicology'' '''40''' (9): 1243-1255, doi:10.1016/S0278-6915(02)00096-0, PMID 12204388, retrieved 2008-02-23}}
{{refend}}
</syntaxhighlight>
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This is an example edit mode representation showing use of shortened notes including wikilinks from the notes to the references using citations. The body text is the same as the example above (shortened notes with wikilinks to references written freehand). Note how the citations in the references section do not need to be wrapped in the wikicite template however, as the templates all support the reference anchor parameter.
<div style="height: 400px; overflow:auto; border: 1px solid DarkSeaGreen; background:white; margin: 1em; padding: 4px">
<
Scientific studies have examined the relationship between coffee consumption and an array of medical conditions. Findings are contradictory as to whether coffee has any specific health benefits, and results are similarly conflicting regarding negative effects of coffee consumption.<ref>[[#refKummer2003|Kummer 2003]] pp.151–170.</ref>
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|publisher = New York Times
|url = http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/15/health/nutrition/15coff.html?ex=1313294400&en=d420f19ee1c77365&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss
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*{{cite web
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|url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/3909085.stm
|publisher = BBC News
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*{{cite web
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|work = MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
|publisher = The U.S. National Library of Medicine
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}}
*{{cite web
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|url = http://www.caffeinedependence.org/caffeine_dependence.html#sources
|work = Information about Caffeine Dependence
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}}
*{{cite journal
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|doi = 10.1054/mehy.2000.1133
|pmid = 11425281
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}}
*{{cite journal
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|doi = 10.1001/archinte.166.11.1190
|pmid = 16772246
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}}
*{{cite book
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|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=qNLrJqgfg7wC
|chapter = Caffeine and Decaf
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|publisher = Houghton Mifflin Cookbooks
|isbn = 0618302409
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}}
*{{cite journal
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|pages = 227–231
|pmid = 11509481
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}}
*{{cite journal
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|pages = 1311–1316
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*{{cite journal
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|doi = 10.1016/S0278-6915(02)00096-0
|pmid = 12204388
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}}
{{refend}}
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===={{anchor|harvnb}}{{anchor|sfn}}Shortened notes linked with {{tl|sfn}} and citation templates====
This is an example edit mode representation showing use of shortened notes written using {{tl|sfn}} with citation templates.<!--i.e., construed to look similar when viewed on the page. If you're actually IN edit mode it'll look different with the <div> and <pre> tags used to make the construction work--> Templates in the
A template call like <code><nowiki>{{sfn|Smith|2007|p=25}}</nowiki></code> is equivalent to <code><nowiki><ref>{{harvnb|Smith|
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Scientific studies have examined the relationship between coffee consumption and an array of medical conditions. Findings are contradictory as to whether coffee has any specific health benefits, and results are similarly conflicting regarding negative effects of coffee consumption.{{sfn|Kummer|2003|pp=151–170}}
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{{refbegin}}
*{{cite web
|last = Bakalar
|first = Nicholas
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|publisher = New York Times
|url = http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/15/health/nutrition/15coff.html?ex=1313294400&en=d420f19ee1c77365&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss
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*{{cite web
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|first = Valerie
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|work = MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
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*{{cite web
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|work = Information about Caffeine Dependence
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*{{cite journal
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|doi = 10.1054/mehy.2000.1133
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*{{cite journal
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|first = Arthur L.
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|doi = 10.1001/archinte.166.11.1190
|pmid = 16772246
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*{{cite book
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|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=qNLrJqgfg7wC
|chapter = Caffeine and Decaf
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|publisher = Houghton Mifflin Cookbooks
|isbn = 0618302409
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}}
*{{cite journal
|last = Mahmud
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{{refbegin}}
*{{cite web
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|first = Nicholas
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|publisher = New York Times
|url = http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/15/health/nutrition/15coff.html?ex=1313294400&en=d420f19ee1c77365&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss
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*{{cite web
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*{{cite book
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|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=qNLrJqgfg7wC
|chapter = Caffeine and Decaf
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|publisher = Houghton Mifflin Cookbooks
|isbn = 0618302409
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}}
*{{cite journal
|last = Mahmud
|first = A.
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|pmid = 11509481
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*{{cite journal
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|doi = 10.1016/S0278-6915(02)00096-0
|pmid = 12204388
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}}
{{refend}}
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==Parenthetical references== <!--edit page rather than section if browser misbehaves here-->
This style of citation was a type of referencing used on Wikipedia until September 2020, when a [[Special:PermanentLink/976895063#Deprecate parenthetical citations|community discussion]] reached a consensus to [[deprecation|deprecate]] this format of citation.
[[WP:Parenthetical references|Parenthetical references]] are conceptually very much like shortened footnotes, but insert the shortened reference inline into the text rather than in a footnote. The advantages are that the source of the reference is shown more clearly, and getting to the full citation takes only one click rather than two with shortened footnotes (one to reach the shortened footnote, a second to reach the full citation). The disadvantage, though, is that the references clutter up the article text, and for this reason, parenthetical references are not nearly as common as shortened footnotes in Wikipedia articles.▼
▲Inline [[WP:Parenthetical references|
===Parenthetical references with references written freehand===
This is an example edit mode representation showing use of inline parenthetical references, written freehand. Done this way, there is no linking from the references to the citation, so the user has to manually scroll down to find the citation.
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<
Scientific studies have examined the relationship between coffee consumption and an array of medical conditions. Findings are contradictory as to whether coffee has any specific health benefits, and results are similarly conflicting regarding negative effects of coffee consumption (Kummer 2003, pp. 151–170).
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* Pereira, Mark A.; Parker, D.; Folsom, A.R. (2006), [http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/166/12/1311 "Coffee consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: an 11-year prospective study of 28 812 postmenopausal women."], ''Archives of Internal Medicine'' '''166''' (12): 1311–1316,
{{refend}}
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===Parenthetical references with wikilinks===
====Parenthetical references with wikilinks to references written freehand====
This is an example edit mode representation showing use of inline parenthetical references including wikilinks from the notes to the references written freehand. <div style="height: 400px; overflow:auto; border: 1px solid DarkSeaGreen; background:white; margin: 1em; padding: 4px">
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* {{wikicite |ref=refSmith2002 |reference=Smith, A. (2002), [http://www.erowid.org//references/refs_view.php?A=ShowDocPartFrame&ID=6685&DocPartID=6196 "Effects of caffeine on human behavior"], ''Food and Chemical Toxicology'' '''40''' (9): 1243-1255, doi:10.1016/S0278-6915(02)00096-0, PMID 12204388, retrieved 2008-02-23}}
{{refend}}
</syntaxhighlight>
</div>
====Parenthetical references with wikilinks using citation templates====
This is an example edit mode representation showing use of inline parenthetical references including wikilinks from the notes to the references using citations. The body text is the same as the example above (parenthetical references with wikilinks to references written freehand). Note how the citations in the references section do not need to be wrapped in the wikicite template however, as the templates all support the reference anchor parameter.
<div style="height: 400px; overflow:auto; border: 1px solid DarkSeaGreen; background:white; margin: 1em; padding: 4px">
<
Scientific studies have examined the relationship between coffee consumption and an array of medical conditions. Findings are contradictory as to whether coffee has any specific health benefits, and results are similarly conflicting regarding negative effects of coffee consumption ([[#refKummer2003|Kummer 2003]], pp.151–170).
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|publisher = New York Times
|url = http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/15/health/nutrition/15coff.html?ex=1313294400&en=d420f19ee1c77365&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss
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*{{cite web
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|url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/3909085.stm
|publisher = BBC News
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|work = MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
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*{{cite web
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|url = http://www.caffeinedependence.org/caffeine_dependence.html#sources
|work = Information about Caffeine Dependence
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*{{cite journal
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|doi = 10.1054/mehy.2000.1133
|pmid = 11425281
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*{{cite journal
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|doi = 10.1001/archinte.166.11.1190
|pmid = 16772246
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*{{cite book
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|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=qNLrJqgfg7wC
|chapter = Caffeine and Decaf
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|publisher = Houghton Mifflin Cookbooks
|isbn = 0618302409
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}}
*{{cite journal
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|pages = 227–231
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*{{cite journal
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|pages = 1311–1316
|pmid = 16801515
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*{{cite journal
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|doi = 10.1016/S0278-6915(02)00096-0
|pmid = 12204388
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{{refend}}
</syntaxhighlight>
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===={{anchor|harv}}Parenthetical references linked with {{tl|harv}} and citation templates====
This is an example edit mode representation showing use of inline parenthetical references written using {{tl|harv}} with citation templates.<!--i.e. construed to look similar when viewed on the page. If you're actually IN edit mode it'll look different with the <div> and <pre> tags used to make the construction work--> Templates in the
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<
Scientific studies have examined the relationship between coffee consumption and an array of medical conditions. Findings are contradictory as to whether coffee has any specific health benefits, and results are similarly conflicting regarding negative effects of coffee consumption {{harv|Kummer|2003|pp=151–170}}.
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{{refbegin}}
*{{cite web
|last = Bakalar
|first = Nicholas
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|publisher = New York Times
|url = http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/15/health/nutrition/15coff.html?ex=1313294400&en=d420f19ee1c77365&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss
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*{{cite web
|last = Lesk
|first = Valerie
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|url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/3909085.stm
|publisher = BBC News
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}}
*{{cite web
|last = Haines
|first = Cynthia Dennison
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|work = MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
|publisher = The U.S. National Library of Medicine
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*{{cite web
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|url = http://www.caffeinedependence.org/caffeine_dependence.html#sources
|work = Information about Caffeine Dependence
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*{{cite journal
|last = Johnson
|first = S.
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|doi = 10.1054/mehy.2000.1133
|pmid = 11425281
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*{{cite journal
|last = Klatsky
|first = Arthur L.
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|doi = 10.1001/archinte.166.11.1190
|pmid = 16772246
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}}
*{{cite book
|last = Kummer
|first = Corby
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|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=qNLrJqgfg7wC
|chapter = Caffeine and Decaf
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|publisher = Houghton Mifflin Cookbooks
|isbn = 0618302409
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}}
*{{cite journal
|last = Mahmud
|first = A.
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|pages = 227–231
|pmid = 11509481
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*{{cite journal
|last = Pereira
|first = Mark A.
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|pages = 1311–1316
|pmid = 16801515
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*{{cite journal
|last = Smith
|first = A.
Line 1,129 ⟶ 1,104:
|doi = 10.1016/S0278-6915(02)00096-0
|pmid = 12204388
|
}}
{{refend}}
</syntaxhighlight>
</div>
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|publisher = New York Times
|url = http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/15/health/nutrition/15coff.html?ex=1313294400&en=d420f19ee1c77365&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss
|
}}
*{{cite web
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|url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/3909085.stm
|publisher = BBC News
|
}}
*{{cite web
Line 1,176 ⟶ 1,151:
|work = MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
|publisher = The U.S. National Library of Medicine
|
}}
*{{cite web
Line 1,185 ⟶ 1,160:
|url = http://www.caffeinedependence.org/caffeine_dependence.html#sources
|work = Information about Caffeine Dependence
|
}}
*{{cite journal
Line 1,201 ⟶ 1,176:
|doi = 10.1054/mehy.2000.1133
|pmid = 11425281
|
}}
*{{cite journal
Line 1,217 ⟶ 1,192:
|doi = 10.1001/archinte.166.11.1190
|pmid = 16772246
|
}}
*{{cite book
Line 1,226 ⟶ 1,201:
|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=qNLrJqgfg7wC
|chapter = Caffeine and Decaf
|
|publisher = Houghton Mifflin Cookbooks
|isbn = 0618302409
|
}}
*{{cite journal
Line 1,244 ⟶ 1,219:
|pages = 227–231
|pmid = 11509481
|
}}
*{{cite journal
Line 1,258 ⟶ 1,233:
|pages = 1311–1316
|pmid = 16801515
|
}}
*{{cite journal
Line 1,272 ⟶ 1,247:
|doi = 10.1016/S0278-6915(02)00096-0
|pmid = 12204388
|
}}
{{refend}}
| |||