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'''Arthur Coleman Danto''' (b. [[1924]]) is an [[United States|American]] [[art critic]], [[professor]] and [[philosopher]]. He is best known for his work in philosophical [[aesthetics]] and [[philosophy of history]], though he has contributed significantly to a number of fields.
{{otheruses}}
{{French commune|
nomcommune=Évry|région=[[Île-de-France (région)|Île-de-France]] |
département=[[Essonne]]<br>(''[[préfecture]]'')|
arrondissement=Évry|
canton=Chief town of 2 cantons|
insee=91228|cp= 91000|
maire= Manuel Valls|
mandat=[[2001]]-[[2008]]|
intercomm=[[Communauté d'agglomération Évry Centre Essonne|Communauté<br>d'agglomération<br>Évry Centre Essonne]]|
longitude=02° 26' 42" E|
latitude=48° 38' 05" N|
alt moy=53m|
alt mini=32m
on the banks of the [[Seine]] downstream of the lock.|
alt maxi=95m
to be found in the Parc des Loges.|
km²=8.33|
sans=<br>51,900<br>49,437|
date-sans=July 1, 2004 estimate)<br>(March 8, 1999 census|
dens=6,230|date-dens=2004}}
Professor Danto has been teaching at [[Columbia University]] in [[New York City|New York]] since [[1951]], as a professor since 1966. He has been the recipient of many fellowships and grants including two [[Guggenheim Fellowship]]s, [[American Council of Learned Societies|ACLS]], and [[Fulbright Program|Fulbright]], and has served as Vice-President and President of the [[American Philosophical Association]], as well as President of the [[American Society for Aesthetics]].
'''Évry''' is a [[commune in France|commune]] in the southern suburbs of [[Paris]], [[France]]. It is located 25.0 km. (15.5 miles) from the [[Kilometre Zero|center of Paris]], in the "[[new town#France|new town]]" of [[Évry Ville Nouvelle]], created in the 1960s, of which it is the central and most populated commune.
Danto is the author of numerous books, including ''Nietzsche as Philosopher'', ''Mysticism and Morality'', ''The Transfiguration of the Commonplace'', ''Narration and Knowledge'', ''Connections to the World: The Basic Concepts of Philosophy'', and ''Encounters and Reflections: Art in the Historical Present'', a collection of [[art criticism]] which won the [[National Book Critics Circle]] Prize for Criticism in 1990. His most recent book is ''Unnatural Wonders: Essays from the Gap Between Art and Life ''.
Significant nearby suburbs include [[Corbeil-Essonnes]], [[Ris-Orangis]], [[Brétigny-sur-Orge]], and [[Draveil]].
As art critic for ''[[The Nation (U.S. periodical)|The Nation]]'', he has also published numerous articles in other journals. In addition, he is an editor of the ''[[Journal of Philosophy]]'' and consulting editor for various other publications.
==Name==
Originally the commune was called ''Évry-sur-Seine'' (meaning "Évry upon [[Seine]]"). The name Évry comes from the [[Celtic languages|Celtic]] name ''Eburacon'' or ''Eburiacos'', meaning "land of Eburos (a [[Gallic]] [[patronym]])", perhaps the leader of a Gallic tribe in the area before the conquest of [[Gaul]] by the Romans. After the conquest, the name was corrupted into [[Latin]] ''Apriacum'', then [[Medieval Latin]] ''Avriacum'', and later ''Evriacum''.
Prof. Arthur Danto is contributing editor of ''[[Naked Punch Review]]'' and ''[[Artforum]]''.
In [[1881]] the name of the commune was changed into ''Évry-Petit-Bourg'' at the request of entrepreneur Paul Decauville, owner of ''Ateliers de Petit-Bourg'', a large boiler works located in Évry and at the time the largest employer in the area. The factory owed its name to the hamlet of Petit-Bourg (one of the three hamlets on the territory of Évry) where it was built.
* Emeritus Johnsonian Professor of Philosophy
On [[June 29]], [[1965]] the name of the commune was shortened into Évry only. Évry had just been chosen to become a "[[new town#France|new town]]" of the suburbs of Paris, destined to host tens of thousands of suburbanites, and so the name "Petit-Bourg" (literally meaning "little borough, small town" in modern French, although etymologists think that this name was in fact the corruption of an old Celtic word with a totally different meaning) was deemed too old fashioned and improper for the new large suburban city of Évry to be built.
* B.A., [[Wayne State University]] (1948)
==Administration==
* M.A., [[Columbia University]] (1949)
* Ph.D., [[Columbia University]] (1952)
==Areas of specialization==
Évry is the ''[[préfecture]]'' (capital) of the [[Essonne]] ''[[département in France|département]]''. It is also the official seat of the [[arrondissement of Évry]], although in reality the ''[[sous-préfecture]]'' buildings and administration are located in the neighboring commune of [[Corbeil-Essonnes]].
Thought, feeling, [[philosophy of art]], theories of [[Representation (arts)|representation]], [[Theoretical psychology|philosophical psychology]], [[Hegel]]'s [[aesthetics]], and the philosophers [[Merleau-Ponty|Maurice Merleau-Ponty]] and [[Schopenhauer|Arthur Schopenhauer]].
[[Category:1924 births|Danto, Arthur]]
Évry is the capital of two cantons:
[[Category:Living people|Danto, Arthur]]
* [[Canton of Évry-Nord|Évry-Nord]], 2 communes, population 38,358
[[Category:20th century philosophers|Danto, Arthur]]
* [[Canton of Évry-Sud|Évry-Sud]], 3 communes, population 41,368
[[Category:American art critics|Danto, Arthur]]
[[Category:American academics|Danto, Arthur]]
[[Category:Aesthetics|Danto, Arthur]]
[[Category:Columbia University alumni|Danto, Arthur]]
[[Category:Columbia University faculty|Danto, Arthur]]
[[de:Arthur C. Danto]]
==History==
[[fr:Arthur Danto]]
[[sk:Arthur Danto]]
[[fi:Arthur Danto]]
[[tr:Arthur Danto]]
==External Links==
In [[1965]] Évry became part of the French [[new town]] initiative and took its current name. Before it was known as Évry-Petit-Bourg and had a population of only a few thousand.
*[http://mpegmedia.abc.net.au/rn/podcast/current/audioonly/pze_20070310.mp3 Audio] Interview by [[Alan Saunders]] of [[ABC Radio National]] on the topic "Is it art?" -what objects/setups can be called art and what such categorization teaches us.
When Évry was built [[Orly Airport|Orly]] was the N°1 international airport of [[France]] and many international companies such as [[Digital Equipment Corporation|Digital]], [[Hewlett Packard]], and [[Alsthom]] established their head offices in Évry. However, with the expansion of [[Charles de Gaulle International Airport|Charles de Gaulle Roissy airport]], all the larger companies have moved out causing the downfall of the many smaller service companies which catered to the lunchtime needs of the thousands of staff which were either displaced or made redundant.
The town has tried to counteract this exodus by increasing the capacity of the commercial center, the [[Agora]] to 286 shops, mostly selling the same wares (36 ready made women's ware, 12 mobile phone shops, 12 opticians, etc). The car parks were destined to be "pay by the hour" but in view of the lack of trade, the idea has been shelved notwithstanding the expense of installing the barriers and pay points.
Another measure taken by the local authorities has been to declare certain quarters a "zone franche" which means that businesses starting up in these areas are exempt from [[corporation tax]] along with many other social benefits and aids which makes Évry an attractive town for future entrepreneurs.
The [[Cathedral]] of the Resurrection, dedicated to [[St Corbinien]] and built by a predominantly [[moslem]] work force is the only cathedral to have been built in [[Europe]] during the 20th Century. [[Pope John-Paul II]] made a visit on August 22, 1997, and although car parks were requisitioned as far away as [[Corbeil-Essonnes]], apart from invited guests, less than 500 people turned out for the event, which means that Évry maybe holds the world record for the smallest crowd at a papal appearance.
In 2003, the [[Socialist Party (France)|socialist]] mayor, Manuel Valls, finally embarked upon a massive safeguard plan designed to entirely renovate the more defavourised areas which includes much demolition of the obsolete 1960s buildings (especially in the "Pyramides" quarter, once the French equivalent of the [[Gorbals]]), and the upgrading of the more recent residential structures and schools.
On January 31, 2006, in the [[French Senate|Sénat]] during the 14th ceremony of the "Prix du Trombinoscope 2005" (press awards), Manuel Valls was elected "Local Representative of the Year."
==Transportation==
Évry is served by three stations on Paris [[RER D|RER line D]]: [[Évry (Paris RER)|Évry]], [[Évry – Courcouronnes (Paris RER)|Évry – Courcouronnes]], and [[Le Bras-de-Fer (Paris RER)|Le Bras-de-Fer]].
==Religious activity==
Evry has the following religious edifices (in descending order of attendance):
* Mosque and Islamic Centre (second largest in France).
* Cathedral of the Ressurection (only cathedral to be built in Europe during the 20th century).
* Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ([[Mormons]])
* Evangelist Centre (Protestant).
* Parish church of St Peter & St Paul (extremely rare 12th century building oriented N/S instead of E/W).
* Synagogue
* Notre Dame de l'Esperance.
* Convent of Notre Dame de Sion
There is also a very strong presence of [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] in Evry with their Kingdom Hall in [[Ris Orangis]].
The largest [[Pagoda]] in Western Europe is at present under construction.
==Political activity==
The following political parties have a permanent base in Evry:
* Parti Communiste Français
* Parti Radical de Gauche
* Parti Socialiste
* UDF
* UMP
* Groupe des Verts
* Groupe "Défi pour Evry"
* Groupe "Nous, Citoyens d'Evry"
==Miscellaneous==
Towards the end of the war [[George S. Patton|General Patton]] crossed the [[Seine]] with his tanks at Évry en route from [[Avranches]] going to the [[Ardennes]] where he fought the [[Battle of the Bulge]].
Although Évry is a modern "new town," which is generally synonymous with "concrete jungle," 50% of its surface area is parkland and open space. The main thoroughfares are very wide avenues and trees are to be found everywhere. In the nationwide intercommunal competition "Ville Fleurie" (flowered town) Évry has been awarded the high status of "3 flowers," usually won by country villages.
Évry is the home of the European space project [[Ariane (rocket)|Ariane]], at the Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES).
===Twinnings===
Évry is twinned with the [[London Borough of Bexley]] in [[England]]. This is because, originally, Évry was designed to be a predominantly management and executive class town. Today, however, Évry resembles [[Dagenham]] and has little in common with Bexley.
Évry is also twinned with [[Nowy Targ]] in [[Poland]]; [[Troisdorf]] in [[Germany]]; [[Esteli]] in [[Nicaragua]]; and [[Repentigny]] in [[Quebec]].
The Agglomération d'Évry has twinning pacts with [[Kayes]] in [[Mali]]; and the [[refugee]] camp of [[Khan Younis]] in the [[Gaza Strip]]. (Maison du Monde, 509, Patio des Terrasses, Évry.)
==External links==
* http://www.mairie-evry.fr/
* http://www.agglo-evry.fr
* http://www.echosdesquartiers.com (Pyramides/Bois Sauvage)
* [http://www.univ-evry.fr/ University of Evry site]
{{Préfectures of Ile-de-France}}
{{Paris Metropolitan Area}}
[[Category:Communes of Essonne]]
{{IledeFrance-geo-stub}}
[[cs:Évry]]
[[de:Évry]]
[[eo:Évry]]
[[fr:Évry (Essonne)]]
[[it:Évry (Essonne)]]
[[nl:Évry (Essonne)]]
[[ja:エヴリー]]
[[pl:Évry (Essonne)]]
[[ro:Évry]]
[[sv:Évry]]
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