Robotic sensors: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Mechanical sensors, often based on human senses}}

{{Copy edit|for=grammar|date=March 2015}}

[[File:RobotРоботизовані sensorsдатчики.jpg|thumb|right|size|300px|Types of [[robot]] sensors ([[Light]] and [[Sound]] sensors)]]

'''Robotic sensors''' are used to estimate a [[robot]]'s condition and environment. These signals are passed to a robot controller to controlenable robotappropriate functionalitybehavior.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.robotstorehk.com/sensor.html | title=Automation and Robotics ( Robot Store ) | publisher=Robot Store (HK) | accessdate=23 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.active-robots.com/sensors | title=Robotics sensors (Active) | publisher=[[Active Robots]] | accessdate=23 January 2015}}</ref>

'''Sensors''' in robots are based on the functions of human [[sensory organs. This is why terms such as vision, tactile, and other terms used for sensory functions are commonly used in discussions about robotic sensorsorgan]]s. Robots, like humans, must gatherrequire extensive information about their environment in order to function effectively.

[[File:Robot sensors.jpg|thumb|right|size|300px|Types of [[robot]] sensors ([[Light]] and [[Sound]] sensors)]]

'''Robotic sensors''' are used to estimate a [[robot]]'s condition and environment. These signals are passed to a robot controller to control robot functionality.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.robotstorehk.com/sensor.html | title=Automation and Robotics ( Robot Store ) | publisher=Robot Store (HK) | accessdate=23 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.active-robots.com/sensors | title=Robotics sensors (Active) | publisher=Active Robots | accessdate=23 January 2015}}</ref>

== Sensor Classification ==

'''Sensors''' in robots are based on the functions of human sensory organs. This is why terms such as vision, tactile, and other terms used for sensory functions are commonly used in discussions about robotic sensors. Robots, like humans, must gather extensive information about their environment in order to function effectively.

Sensors provide analogs to human senses and can monitor other phenomena for which humans lack explicit sensors.

* Simple Touch: Sensing thean object's presence or absence of an object.

* Complex Touch: Sensing the presence of an object's plussize, some information on its sizeshape and/or shapehardness.

* Simple Force: MeasureingMeasuring force along a single axis.

* ComplesComplex Force: Measuring force along two or moremultiple axes.

* Simple Vision: [[Edge detection|Detecting edges]], holes, corners, and so oncorners.

* Complex Vision: [[Object recognition|Recognizing shapesobjects]].

* [[proximity sensor|Proximity]]: Non-contact detection of an object.

Robot Sensation is a term that refers to sensory input, allowing robots to measure physical properties. Depending on the type of sensors embedded in the [[robot]], a robotSensors can measure physical properties, such as the distance between objects, the presence of light, and the frequency of sound.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.britishpathe.com/video/robot-sensation | title=Robot Sensation | publisher=British Pathe | accessdate=27 January 2015}}</ref>

== Part-Picking ==

RobotsThey can measure:

In a special parts feeder, an alignment pallet is not necessarily required. The reason for this is an automatic system can be constructed at low cost for alignment operations, such as vision sensors that perform inspection, pick bins, etc. Insertion [[robot]]s can precisely perform fitting and insertion operations of [[machine]] parts with the help of different kinds of [[sensor]]s. Different phases' parts are attached by the [[robot]] after matching. Such a robotic system can perform tasks that a human cannot perform.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.universalrobotics.com/random-bin-picking | title=Random Bin Picking & Automated Assembly | publisher=Universal | accessdate=23 January 2015}}</ref>

== Robot Sensation ==

Robot Sensation is a term that refers to sensory input, allowing robots to measure physical properties. Depending on the type of sensors embedded in the [[robot]], a robot can measure physical properties, such as the distance between objects, the presence of light, and the frequency of sound.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.britishpathe.com/video/robot-sensation | title=Robot Sensation | publisher=British Pathe | accessdate=27 January 2015}}</ref>

Robots can measure:

* Object Proximity: The presence/absence of an object, bearing, color, distance between objects.

* Physical orientation. The co-ordinates of object in space.

* Heat: The wavelength of infrared or ultra violet rays, temperature, magnitude, direction.

* Chemicals: The presence, identity, and concentration of chemicals or reactants.

* Sound: The presence, frequency, and intensity of sound.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.robotplatform.com/knowledge/sensors/types_of_robot_sensors.html | title=Types of Robot Sensors | publisher=Robot PlateformPlatform | accessdate=23 January 2015}}</ref>

* Light: The presence, color, and intensity of light.

* Sound: The presence, frequency, and intensity of sound.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.robotplatform.com/knowledge/sensors/types_of_robot_sensors.html | title=Types of Robot Sensors | publisher=Robot Plateform | accessdate=23 January 2015}}</ref>

ForMotion motion controlcontrollers, potentiometers, tacho-generators, and encoder, etc. are used as joint sensors, whereas strain-gauge based sensing etc., areis used at the end-effector ___location for contact force control.

== Sensor Classification ==

Sensors in robots are similar to our eyes, nose, ears, mouth, and skin. The following are major capabilities required by a robot:

* Simple Touch: Sensing the presence or absence of an object.

* Complex Touch: Sensing the presence of an object plus some information on its size and shape.

* Simple Force: Measureing force along a single axis.

* Comples Force: Measuring force along two or more axes.

* Proximity: Non-contact detection of an object.

* Simple Vision: Detecting edges, holes, corners, and so on.

* Complex Vision: Recognizing shapes.

==Internal sensor*==

For motion control, potentiometers, tacho-generators, encoder, etc. are used as joint sensors, whereas strain-gauge based sensing etc., are used at the end-effector ___location for contact force control.

InternalIt sensors, asis the namepart suggests,of arethe usedrobot. toInternal sensors measure the robot's internal state of a robot. They are used to measure properties such as position, velocity, and acceleration, etc.of the robot atjoint aor particularend instanceeffectors.

==Internal= Position sensor ===

Internal sensors, as the name suggests, are used to measure the internal state of a robot. They are used to measure properties such as position, velocity, acceleration, etc. at a particular instance.

'''[[Position sensors'''sensor]]s measure the position of eacha joint (i.e.,the degree to which the joint angleis of a robotextended). The following are different positionThey sensorsinclude:

* [[Encoder (position)|Encoder]]: An encoder is a digital optical device that converts motion into a sequence of digital pulses.

* [[Potentiometer]]: A potentiometer, also referred to as a "pot"，is a variable resistance device that expresses linear or angular displacements in terms of voltage.

* LVDT: The linear[[Linear variable differential transformer]]: (LVDT) is one of the most widely useda displacement transducers,transducer particularlythat whenprovides high accuracy is needed. It generates an AC signal whose magnitude is relateda tofunction of the displacement of a moving core.

* [[Synchro|Synchros]] and [[Resolver (electrical)|Resolvers.]]

=== Velocity Sensor ===

'''Velocity Sensors''', or speed sensors, measure consecutive position measurements at known time intervals and compute the time rate of change in the position values or it directly finds it based on different principles.

'''VelocityA Sensors''',[[velocity sensor|velocity or speed sensors,sensor]] measuremeasures consecutive position measurements at known time intervals and computecomputes the time rate of change in the position values or it directly finds it based on different principles.

== Applications ==

In a special parts feeder, ana alignmentvision palletsensor iscan noteliminate necessarily required. Thethe reasonneed for this is an automatic system can be constructed at low cost for alignment operations,pallet. suchVision-enabled as vision sensors that perform inspection, pick bins, etc. Insertioninsertion [[robot]]srobots can precisely perform fitting and insertion operations of [[machine]] parts with the help of different kinds of [[sensor]]s. Different phases' parts are attached by the [[robot]] after matching. Such a robotic system can perform tasks that a human cannot perform.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.universalrobotics.com/random-bin-picking | title=Random Bin Picking & Automated Assembly | publisher=Universal | accessdate=23 January 2015}}</ref>

==See also==

* [[Robotic sensing]]

{{Portal|Robotics}}

* [[Robot]]

* [[Robotics]]

* [[Tactile sensor]]

* [[Robot locomotion]]

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* [[Index of robotics articles]]

* [[Mechatronics]]

* [[Outline of robotics]]

==References==

{{reflist|30em}}

[[Category:Robotics hardware]]

[[Category:RobotsRobotic sensing]]

[[Category:Sensors]]