Robotic sensors: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Mechanical sensors, often based on human senses}}

FARTS '''FARTS'''

[[File:Роботизовані датчики.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Types of [[robot]] sensors ([[Light]] and [[Sound]] sensors)]]

'''Robotic sensors''' are used to estimate a [[robot]]'s condition and environment. These signals are passed to a controller to enable appropriate behavior.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.robotstorehk.com/sensor.html | title=Automation and Robotics ( Robot Store ) | publisher=Robot Store (HK) | accessdate=23 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.active-robots.com/sensors | title=Robotics sensors (Active) | publisher=[[Active Robots]] | accessdate=23 January 2015}}</ref>

Sensors in robots are based on the functions of human [[sensory organ]]s. Robots require extensive information about their environment in order to function effectively.

== Classification ==

Sensors provide analogs to human senses and can monitor other phenomena for which humans lack explicit sensors.

* Simple Touch: Sensing an object's presence or absence.

* Complex Touch: Sensing an object's size, shape and/or hardness.

* Simple Force: Measuring force along a single axis.

* Complex Force: Measuring force along multiple axes.

* Simple Vision: [[Edge detection|Detecting edges]], holes and corners.

* Complex Vision: [[Object recognition|Recognizing objects]].

* [[proximity sensor|Proximity]]: Non-contact detection of an object.

Sensors can measure physical properties, such as the distance between objects, the presence of light and the frequency of sound.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.britishpathe.com/video/robot-sensation | title=Robot Sensation | publisher=British Pathe | accessdate=27 January 2015}}</ref>

They can measure:

* Object Proximity: The presence/absence of an object, bearing, color, distance between objects.

* Physical orientation. The co-ordinates of object in space.

* Heat: The wavelength of infrared or ultra violet rays, temperature, magnitude, direction.

* Chemicals: The presence, identity, and concentration of chemicals or reactants

* Sound: The presence, frequency, and intensity of sound.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.robotplatform.com/knowledge/sensors/types_of_robot_sensors.html | title=Types of Robot Sensors | publisher=Robot Platform | accessdate=23 January 2015}}</ref>

Motion controllers, potentiometers, tacho-generators and encoder are used as joint sensors, whereas strain-gauge based sensing is used at the end-effector ___location for contact force control.

==Internal sensor*==

It is the part of the robot. Internal sensors measure the robot's internal state. They are used to measure position, velocity and acceleration of the robot joint or end effectors.

=== Position sensor ===

[[Position sensor]]s measure the position of a joint (the degree to which the joint is extended). They include:

* [[Encoder (position)|Encoder]]: a digital optical device that converts motion into a sequence of digital pulses.

* [[Potentiometer]]: a variable resistance device that expresses linear or angular displacements in terms of voltage.

* [[Linear variable differential transformer]]: a displacement transducer that provides high accuracy. It generates an AC signal whose magnitude is a function of the displacement of a moving core.

* [[Synchro|Synchros]] and [[Resolver (electrical)|Resolvers]]

=== Velocity Sensor ===

A [[velocity sensor|velocity or speed sensor]] measures consecutive position measurements at known intervals and computes the time rate of change in the position values.

== Applications ==

In a parts feeder, a vision sensor can eliminate the need for an alignment pallet. Vision-enabled insertion robots can precisely perform fitting and insertion operations of machine parts.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.universalrobotics.com/random-bin-picking | title=Random Bin Picking & Automated Assembly | publisher=Universal | accessdate=23 January 2015}}</ref>

==See also==

* [[Robotic sensing]]

* [[Tactile sensor]]

* [[Robot locomotion]]

* [[Outline of robotics]]

* [[Robot App Store]]

* [[Liquid handling robot]]

* [[Glossary of robotics]]

* [[Index of robotics articles]]

* [[Mechatronics]]

==References==

{{reflist|30em}}

[[Category:Robotics hardware]]

[[Category:Robotic sensing]]

[[Category:Sensors]]