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A '''machine tool builder''' is a [[corporation]] or person that builds [[machine tool]]s, usually for sale to [[manufacturing|manufacturers]], who use them to manufacture products. A machine tool builder runs a [[machine factory]], which is part of the [[machine industry]].
A '''machine tool builder''' in the broadest [[word sense|sense]] is a [[corporation]] or person that builds [[machine tool]]s. In the most common (and economically significant) sense of the term, a machine tool builder is a corporation whose business is building machine tools for sale to [[manufacturing|manufacturers]], who use them to manufacture products. The machine tools often make [[interchangeable parts]], which are assembled into subassemblies or finished assemblies, ending up sold to [[consumer]]s, either directly or [[business-to-business|through other businesses]] at intermediate links of a [[value added|value-adding chain]]. Alternatively, the machine tools may help make [[molding (process)|molds]] or [[die (manufacturing)|dies]], which then make the parts for the assemblies. ▼
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Since many decades ago, the term "machine tool builder" implies a company that builds machine tools for sale to other companies, who then use them to manufacture subsequent products. Macroeconomically, machine tools are only means to ends (with the ends being the manufactured products); they are not the ends themselves. Thus it is in the nature of machine tools that there is a spectrum of relationships between their builders, their users, and the end users of the products that they make. There is always natural potential for the machine tool users to be the same people as the builders, or to be different people who occupy an intermediate position in the value stream. Markets often have some proclivity for circumventing such a position, although the proclivity is often not absolute. Every variant on the spectrum of relationships has found some instances of empirical embodiment; and over the centuries, trends can be seen for which variants predominated in each era, as described below.▼
== Overview ==
Machine tool building is a specialty within the [[tool and die maker|tool and die making]] field, in a way analogous to [[specialty (medicine)|specialties within medicine or surgery]]. The machine tool industry began gradually in the early nineteenth century with individual toolmakers who innovated in machine tool design and building. The ones that history remembers best include [[Henry Maudslay]], [[Joseph Whitworth]], [[Joseph Clement]], [[James Nasmyth]], [[Matthew Murray]], [[Elisha K. Root]], Frederick W. Howe, Stephen Fitch, J.D. Alvord, Frederick W. Howe, Richard S. Lawrence, Henry D. Stone, [[Christopher Miner Spencer|Christopher M. Spencer]], [[Amos Whitney]], and [[Francis A. Pratt]]. The industry then grew into the earliest corporate builders such as [[Brown & Sharpe]], the [[Warner & Swasey Company]], and the [[Pratt & Whitney Measurement Systems|original Pratt & Whitney company]]. In all of these cases, there were product manufacturers who started building machine tools to suit their own inhouse needs, and eventually found that machine tools had become product lines in their own right. (In cases such as B&S and P&W, they became the main or sole product lines.) [[Colt's Manufacturing Company|Colt]] and [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] are good examples of product manufacturers that made significant advances in machine tool building while serving their own inhouse needs, but never became "machine tool builders" in the sense of having machine tools become the products that they sold. National-Acme was an example of a manufacturer and a machine tool builder merging into one company and selling both the machines and the products that they made ([[automatic lathe|screw machines]] and fasteners).<ref name="Rose1990pp564-565">{{Harvnb|Rose|1990}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=IT1NVT1vEwUC&lpg=PA564&ots=ZjyLeSiwXo&dq=Reinhold%20Hakewessel&pg=PA564#v=onepage&q&f=false pp. 564–565].</ref><ref name="Ro|lt1965pp169-170">{{Harvnb|Rolt|1965|pp=169–170}}.</ref> [[Hyundai]] and [[Mitsubishi]] are [[chaebol]] and [[keiretsu]] conglomerates (respectively), and their interests cover from ore mine to end user (in actuality if not always nominally).▼
The term "machine tool builder" implies a company that builds machine tools for sale to other companies, who then use them to manufacture subsequent products. Macroeconomically, machine tools are only means to ends (with the ends being the manufactured products); they are not the ends themselves. Thus it is in the nature of machine tools that there is a spectrum of relationships between their builders, their users, and the end users of the products that they make.
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Today, machine tool builders tend not to be in the business of using the machine tools to manufacture the subsequent products (although exceptions, including chaebol and keiretsu, do exist); and product manufacturers tend not to be in the business of building machine tools. In fact, many machine tool builders are not even in the business of building the control system (typically [[numerical control|CNC]]) that animates the machine; and makers of controls tend not to be in the machine building business (or to inhabit only specialized niches within it). For example, [[FANUC]] and [[Siemens]] make controls that are sold to many machine tool builders. Each segment tends to find that crossing into other segments involves becoming a conglomerate of dissimilar businesses, which is an execution headache that they don't need as long as focusing on a narrower field is often more profitable in net effect anyway. This trend can be compared to the trend in which companies choose not to compete against their own distributors. Thus a software company may have an online store, but that store does not undercut the distributors' stores on price.▼
Machine tool builders tend not to be in the business of using the machine tools to manufacture the subsequent products (although exceptions,
including chaebol and keiretsu, do exist); and product manufacturers tend not to be in the business of building machine tools. In fact, many machine tool builders are not even in the business of building the control system (typically [[numerical control|CNC]]) that animates the machine; and makers of controls tend not to be in the machine building business (or to inhabit only specialized niches within it).
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== History ==
[[File:Genealogy of the Early English Tool Builders, 1915.png|thumb|Genealogy of the Early English Tool Builders, 1915]]
The machine tool industry began gradually in the early nineteenth century with individual toolmakers who innovated in machine tool design and building. The ones that history remembers best include [[Henry Maudslay]], [[Joseph Whitworth]], [[Joseph Clement]], [[James Nasmyth]], [[Matthew Murray]], [[Elisha K. Root]], Frederick W. Howe, Stephen Fitch, J.D. Alvord, Frederick W. Howe, Richard S. Lawrence, Henry D. Stone, [[Christopher Miner Spencer|Christopher M. Spencer]], [[Amos Whitney]], and [[Francis A. Pratt]].
The industry then grew into the earliest corporate builders such as [[Brown & Sharpe]], the [[Warner & Swasey Company]], and the [[Pratt & Whitney Measurement Systems|original Pratt & Whitney company]]. In all of these cases, there were product manufacturers who started building machine tools to suit their own inhouse needs, and eventually found that machine tools had become product lines in their own right. (In cases such as B&S and P&W, they became the main or sole product lines.)
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Until the 1970s, machine tool builder corporations could generally be said to have nationality, and thus it made sense to talk about an American machine tool builder, a German one, or a Japanese one. Since the 1970s, the industry has [[globalization|globalized]] to the point that assigning nationality to the corporations becomes progressively more meaningless as one travels down the timeline leading up to the present day; currently, most machine tool builders are (or are [[Subsidiary|subsidiaries]] of) [[multinational corporation]]s or [[Conglomerate (company)|conglomerates]]. With these companies it is enough to say "multinational corporation based in country X", "multinational corporation founded in country X", etc. Subcategories such as "American machine tool builders" or "Japanese machine tool builders" would be senseless because, for example, companies like [[Hardinge, Inc.|Hardinge]] and [[Yamazaki Mazak Corporation|Yamazaki Mazak]] today have significant operations in many countries.
==Trade associations==
Machine tool builders have long had [[trade association]]s, which have helped with such tasks as establishing industry standards, [[lobbying]] (of legislatures and, more often, import-and-export-regulating [[regulatory agency|agencies]]), and training programs.<ref name="Holland1989">{{Harvnb|Holland|1989}}.</ref> For example, the National Machine Tool Builders' Association (NMTBA) was the trade association of U.S. machine tool builders for many decades, and it helped establish standards such as the NMTB [[machine taper]] series (which made toolholders interchangeable between the different brands of machine on a typical machine shop floor). It has since been merged into the [[Association for Manufacturing Technology]] (AMT). Other examples have included CECIMO (European Machine Tool Industry Association), the UK's [[Associated British Machine Tool Makers|ABMTM]], MTTA, and [[Manufacturing Technologies Association|MTA]], and the Japan Machine Tool Builders' Association (JMTBA).<ref name="Holland1989"/>
Just as machine tool builders have long had trade associations, so have machine tool distributors (dealers). Examples have been the American Machine Tool Distributors’ Association (AMTDA) and the Japan Machine Tool Trade Association (JMTTA).<ref name="Holland1989"/> In recent decades the builders' and distributors' associations have cooperated on shared interests to the extent that some of them have merged. For example, the former NMTBA and AMTDA have merged into the AMT.
==Trade shows==
Major trade shows of the industry include IMTS ([[International Manufacturing Technology Show]], formerly called the International Machine Tool Show) and [[EMO (trade show)|EMO]] (French ''Exposition Mondiale de la Machine Outil'', English "Machine Tool World Exposition"). There are also many smaller trade shows concentrating on specific geographical regions (for example, the Western US, the mid-Atlantic US, the Ruhr Valley, or the Tokyo region) or on specific industries (such as shows tailored especially to the [[moldmaker|moldmaking]] industry).
== Historical studies of machine tool building ==
In the early 20th century, [[Joseph Wickham Roe]] wrote a seminal classic of machine tool history, ''English and American Tool Builders'' (1916),<ref name="Roe1916">{{Harvnb|Roe|1916}}.</ref> which is extensively cited by later works. About 20 years later Roe published a biography of [[James Hartness]] (1937)<ref name="Roe1937">{{Harvnb|Roe|1937}}</ref> that also contains some general history of the industry. In 1947, [[Fred H. Colvin]] published a memoir, ''Sixty Years with Men and Machines'',<ref name="Colvin1947">{{Harvnb|Colvin|1947}}.</ref> that contains quite a bit of general history of the industry.
[[L. T. C. Rolt]]'s 1965 monograph, ''A Short History of Machine Tools'',<ref name="Rolt1965">{{Harvnb|Rolt|1965}}.</ref> is a widely read classic, as are the series of monographs that Robert S. Woodbury published during the 1960s, which were collected into a volume in 1972 as ''Studies in the History of Machine Tools''.<ref name="Woodbury1972">{{Harvnb|Woodbury|1972}}.</ref>
[[David F. Noble]]'s ''Forces of Production'' (1984)<ref name="Noble1984">{{Harvnb|Noble|1984}}.</ref> is one of the most detailed histories of the machine tool industry from World War II through the early 1980s, relayed in the context of the social impact of evolving automation via NC and CNC. Also in 1984, [[David A. Hounshell]] published ''From the American System to Mass Production'',<ref name="Hounshell1984">{{Harvnb|Hounshell|1984}}.</ref> one of the most detailed histories of the machine tool industry from the late 18th century through 1932. It does not concentrate on listing firm names and sales statistics (which Floud's 1976 monograph<ref name="Floud1976">{{Harvnb|Floud|2006}}.</ref> focuses on) but rather is extremely detailed in exploring the development and spread of practicable interchangeability, and the thinking behind the intermediate steps. It is extensively cited by later works.
== See also ==
* [[Machine industry]]
* [[:Category:Machine tool builders]] (a [non-exhaustive] list of machine tool builders)▼
* [[Machine factory]]
* [[Machine tool]]
* [[Multimachine]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}
== Bibliography ==
{{sfn whitelist |CITEREFNoble1984}}
* {{Colvin1947}}
▲* {{Holland1989}} ''A history most specifically of Burgmaster, which specialized in turret drills; but in telling Burgmaster's story, and that of its acquirer Houdaille, Holland provides a history of the machine tool industry in general between World War II and the 1980s that ranks with Noble's coverage of the same era (Noble 1984) as a seminal history. Later republished under the title ''From Industry to Alchemy: Burgmaster, a Machine Tool Company''. ''
* {{citation | last = Floud | first = Roderick C. | year = 2006 | orig-year = 1976 | title = The British Machine Tool Industry, 1850-1914
| publisher = Cambridge University Press | ___location = Cambridge, England | isbn = 978-0-521-02555-3 | lccn = 2006275684 | oclc = 70251252 }}.
* {{Holland1989}}
* {{Hounshell1984}}
* {{Citation |last=Moore |first=Wayne R. |author-link=Wayne Moore (swimmer) |title=Foundations of Mechanical Accuracy |publisher=Moore Special Tool Co. |___location=Bridgeport, Connecticut, US |year=1970 |edition=1st |lccn=73127307 }}.
* {{Noble1984}}
* {{Roe1916}}
* {{Roe1937}}
* {{Rolt1965}}
* {{Citation | last = Rose | first = William | year = 1990 | title = Cleveland: the making of a city | publisher = Kent State University Press | isbn = 978-0-87338-428-5 | url=
* {{Citation |last=Jerome |first=Harry |year= 1934 |title=Mechanization in Industry |journal=NBER |publisher=US National Bureau of Economic Research |___location= Cambridge, Massachusetts,
*
* {{citation | last = Woodbury | first = Robert S. | year = 1972 | title = Studies in the History of Machine Tools | publisher = MIT Press | ___location = Cambridge, Massachusetts, US, and London, England | isbn = 978-0-262-73033-4 | lccn = 72006354 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/studiesinhistory00robe }}
▲* {{Citation |last=Jerome |first=Harry |year= 1934 |title=Mechanization in Industry |publisher=US National Bureau of Economic Research |___location= Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA |url=http://www.nber.org/books/jero34-1 |postscript=.}}
▲* {{Citation |last=Moore |first=Wayne R. |title=Foundations of Mechanical Accuracy |publisher=Moore Special Tool Co. |___location=Bridgeport, Connecticut, USA |year=1970 |edition=1st |lccn=73127307 }}. ''The Moore family firm, the Moore Special Tool Company, independently invented the [[jig borer]] (contemporaneously with its Swiss invention), and Moore's monograph is a seminal classic of the principles of machine tool design and construction that yield the highest possible [[accuracy and precision]] in machine tools (second only to that of [[metrology|metrological]] machines). The Moore firm epitomized the art and science of the [[tool and die maker]].''
▲* [[Thomas Ryder and Son|Ryder, Thomas and Son]], ''Machines to Make Machines 1865 to 1968'', a centenary booklet, (Derby: Bemrose & Sons, 1968)
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