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[[Image:Bocksbeutels.jpg|200px|thumb|right|German wine from [[Franconia|Franken]] in the characteristic round bottles ([[Bocksbeutel]])]]
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'''German wine''' is produced in many parts of Germany, which due to the northerly ___location has produced [[wine]]s quite unlike any others in Europe, many of outstanding quality. Despite this it is still better known abroad for cheap, sweet, low-quality mass-produced wines such as [[Liebfraumilch]].
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{{Babel-2|en|en-us-n}}
The wines have historically been predominantly white, and the finest made from [[riesling]]. Many wines have been sweet and low in [[alcohol]], light and [[unoaked]]. Historically many of the wines (other than late harvest wines) were probably dry ([[trocken]]), as techniques to stop fermentation did not exist. Recently much more German white wine is being made in the dry style again. Much of the wine sold in Germany is dry, especially in restaurants. However most exports are still of sweet wines, particularly to the traditional export markets such as [[Great Britain]]. Red wine has always been hard to produce in the German climate, and in the past was usually light coloured, closer to [[rosé]] or the red wines of [[Alsace]]. However recently there has been greatly increased demand and darker, richer red wines (often [[barrique]] aged) are produced from grapes such as [[Dornfelder]] and Spätburgunder, the German name for [[pinot noir]].
==Articles I created==
Perhaps the most distinctive characteristic of German wines is the high level of [[acidity]] in them, caused both by the lesser ripeness in a northerly climate and by the selection of grapes such as [[riesling]] which retain acidity even at high ripeness levels.
* [[Harry Vines]]
Many wines in Germany are produced using [[biodynamic agriculture|biodynamic]] or [[organic farming]] methods. [[Chaptalization]] is allowed only up to the [[QbA]] level and all wines must be fermented dry. In order to balance the wine, unfermented grape juice, called [[Süssreserve]], may be added after fermentation to balance the wine.
* [[Naval Nuclear Power School]]
* [[North Pulaski High School]]
* [[Sylvan Hills High School]]
==HistoryBasics==
The Romans started cultivating vinifera vines in Germany in 100 BC. Later, the Church began to play an important role in Germany and selected the vineyard sites and experimented with different vines. At one point, the Church controlled most of the major vineyards in Germany. In the 1800s Napoleon took control of all the vineyards from the Church, including the best, divided and [[Secularization|secularized]] them. Since then, the napoleonic inheritance laws in Germany broke up the parcels of vineyards further leading to cooperatives as no one has enough land to sell an own [[brand]] of wine.
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==Geography and climate==
{{User:UBX/male}}
The main wine-producing climate lies below the 50th parallel. Above this line the climate becomes less conducive to wine production, but there are still vineyards above this line.
{{user 1|black|white|[[Image:Mortarboard.jpg|40px]]| This user graduated from '''[[Sylvan Hills High School]]'''.}}
{{user 1|black|white|[[Image:Mortarboard.jpg|40px]]| This user graduated from '''[[Thomas Edison State College]]'''.}}
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==History==
Because of the northerly climate, there has been a search for suitable grape varieties (particularly frost resistant and early harvesting ones), and many crosses have been developed, such as [[Müller-Thurgau]] in the [[Geisenheim Grape Breeding Institute]]. Recently there has been an increase in plantings of riesling as local and international demand has been demanding high quality wines.
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The wines are all produced around rivers, mainly the [[Rhine]] and its tributaries, often sheltered by mountains. The rivers have significant microclimate effects to moderate the temperature. The soil is slate to absorb the sun's heat and retain it overnight. The great sites are often extremely steep so they catch the most sunlight, but they are difficult to harvest mechanically. The slopes are also positioned facing the south or south-west to angle towards the sun. The vineyards are extremely small compared to new world vineyards. This makes the lists of wines produced long and complex, and many wines hard to obtain as production is so limited.
{| cellspacing="0" style="width: 238px; background: #ffd600;"
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==Grapes==
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[[Image:Deutscher Weinbau am Bodensee.jpg|thumb|200px|right|German vineyards overlooking [[Lake Constance]] in [[Meersburg]].]]
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Overall nearly 135 [[grape]] varieties may be ciltivated in Germany. 100 are released for white wine production and 35 for red wine production. According to the international image, Germany is still regarded to be a region for white wine production. Sine the 1980ies the demand for German red wine is constanly increasing. This resulted in a duplication of the vineyards assigned for the production of red wine. Nowadays nearly 35 % of the vineyards are cultivated with red grapes. Some of the red grapes are also used to produce [[Rosé]].
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Out of all the below listed grape varieties, only 20 have a significant market share.
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{|
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| style="width: 45px; height: 45px; background: blue; text-align: center; font-size: {{{id1-s|14}}}pt;" | ''' '''
{| {{prettytable}}
| style="font-size: 8pt; color: #100000; padding: 4pt; line-height: 1.25em;" | <center> This user once lived in the state of '''[[New York]]'''. <center/>
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! colspan="5" | Leading grape varieties in Germany (status quo 2005)
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|- bgcolor="lightgrey"
<br>
! variety|| colour|| synonym || area (%) || area(ha)
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|- bgcolor="FFFFE0"
{| cellspacing="0" style="width: 238px; background: #ffd600;"
| 1. [[Riesling]] || white|| || align="right" | 20,4 || align="right" | 20.794
| style="width: 45px; height: 45px; background: blue; text-align: center; font-size: {{{id1-s|14}}}pt;" | ''' '''
|- bgcolor="FFFFE0"
| style="font-size: 8pt; color: #100000; padding: 4pt; line-height: 1.25em;" | <center> This user thrice lived in the state of '''[[Virginia]]'''. <center/>
| 2. [[Müller-Thurgau]] || white|| Rivaner || align="right" | 14,1 || align="right" | 14.346
| style="width: 45px; height: 45px; background: #000000; text-align: center; font-size: {{{id2-s|{{{id1-s|14}}}}}}pt;" | '''[[Image:Flag of Virginia.svg|68px|center|Flag of Virginia]]'''
|- bgcolor="FFA07A"
|}</div>
| 3. [[Spätburgunder]] || red || Pinot Noir || align="right" | 11,4 || align="right" | 11.660
|- bgcolor="FFA07A"
| 4. [[Dornfelder]] || red || || align="right" | 8,1 || align="right" | 8.259
|- bgcolor="FFFFE0"
| 5. [[Silvaner]] || white|| || align="right" | 5,3 || align="right" | 5.383
|- bgcolor="FFA07A"
| 6. [[Blauer Portugieser]] || red || || align="right" | 4,7 || align="right" | 4.818
|- bgcolor="FFFFE0"
| 7. [[Kerner]] || white|| ||align="right" | 4,2 || align="right" | 4.253
|- bgcolor="FFFFE0"
| 8. [[Grauburgunder]] || white|| Ruländer, Pinot Gris ||align="right" | 4,1 || align="right" | 4.211
|- bgcolor="FFFFE0"
| 9. [[Pinot Blanc]] || white|| Klevner, Weißer Burgunder||align="right" | 3,3 || align="right" | 3.335
|}
| valign="top" width="50%" |
{| {{prettytable}}
|- bgcolor="lightgrey"
! colspan="6" | Other relevant varieties in Germany
|- bgcolor="lightgrey"
! variety || colour|| synonym || variety || colour|| synonym
|- bgcolor="FFFFE0"
| [[Scheurebe]] || white|| || bgcolor="FFA07A" | [[Trollinger]]|| bgcolor="FFA07A" | red || bgcolor="FFA07A" |
|- bgcolor="FFFFE0"
| [[Gewürztraminer]] || white|| || bgcolor="FFA07A" | [[Blaufränkisch]] || bgcolor="FFA07A" | red || bgcolor="FFA07A" | Lemberger
|- bgcolor="FFFFE0"
| [[Muskateller]] || white|| || bgcolor="FFA07A" | [[Schwarzriesling]] || bgcolor="FFA07A" | red || bgcolor="FFA07A" | Samtrot
|- bgcolor="FFFFE0"
| [[Chardonnay]] || white|| || bgcolor="FFA07A" | [[Cabernet Sauvignon]] || bgcolor="FFA07A" | red|| bgcolor="FFA07A" |
|- bgcolor="FFFFE0"
| [[Sauvignon Blanc]] || white|| || bgcolor="FFA07A" | [[Regent (grape)|Regent]] || bgcolor="FFA07A" | red || bgcolor="FFA07A" |
|}
|}
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A complete overview may be provided by the below listed varieties, which are officially released for commercial cultivation. These include varieties only released for selected experimental cultivation.
{| cellspacing="0" style="width: 238px; background: #ffd600;"
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| style="font-size: 8pt; color: #100000; padding: 4pt; line-height: 1.25em;" | <center> This user once lived in the state of '''[[Ohio]]'''. <center/>
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{| {{prettytable}} width="100%"
{| cellspacing="0" style="width: 238px; background: #ffd600;"
|- bgcolor="lightgrey"
| style="width: 45px; height: 45px; background: blue; text-align: center; font-size: {{{id1-s|14}}}pt;" | '''[[Image:Indiana state seal.png|40px|center|Seal of Indiana]]'''
! colspan="4" |
| style="font-size: 8pt; color: #100000; padding: 4pt; line-height: 1.25em;" | <center> This user once lived in the state of '''[[Indiana]]'''. <center/>
{| width="100%" style="background:lightgrey"
| style="width: 45px; height: 45px; background: #000000; text-align: center; font-size: {{{id2-s|{{{id1-s|14}}}}}}pt;" | '''[[Image:Flag of Indiana.svg|68px|center|Flag of Indiana]]'''
| width="10" | [[image:White Wine Glas.jpg|14px]]
|}</div>
| align="center" | released white grapes
<br>
| width="10" align="right" | [[image:White Wine Glas.jpg|14px]]
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{| cellspacing="0" style="width: 238px; background: #ffd600;"
|- bgcolor="FFFFE0"
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| width="25%" valign="top" |
| style="font-size: 8pt; color: #100000; padding: 4pt; line-height: 1.25em;" | <center> This user once lived in the state of '''[[Michigan]]'''. <center/>
* [[Albalonga]]
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* [[Arnsburger]]
|}</div>
* [[Auxerrois]]
* [[Bacchus grape|Bacchus]]
* [[Blue Silvaner]]
* [[Bronner]]
* [[Chardonnay]]
* [[Ehrenbreitsteiner]]
* [[Ehrenfelser]]
* [[Elbling]]
* [[Faber]]rebe
* [[Findling (grape)|Findling]]
* [[Fontanara]]
* [[Freisamer]]
* [[Früher Malingre]]
* [[Gelber Muskateller]]
* [[Gewürztraminer]]
| width="25%" valign="top" |
* [[Goldriesling]]
* [[Grauburgunder]]
* [[Gutedel]]
* [[Hibernal]]
* [[Hölder]]
* [[Huxelrebe]]
* [[Oliver Irsay|Irsay Oliver]]
* [[Johanniter (grape)|Johanniter]]
* [[Juwel (grape)|Juwel]]
* [[Kanzler (grape)|Kanzler]]
* [[Kerner (grape)|Kerner]]
* [[Kernling]]
* [[Mariensteiner (grape)|Mariensteiner]]
* [[Merzling]]
* [[Morio-Muskat]]
* [[Müller-Thurgau]] (Rivaner)
* [[Muskat-Ottonel]]
| width="25%" valign="top" |
* [[Nobling]]
* [[Optima (grape)|Optima]]
* [[Orion (grape)|Orion]]
* [[Ortega (grape)|Ortega]]
* [[Osteiner]]
* [[Perle von Alzey|Perle]]
* [[Perle von Csaba]]
* [[Phoenix (Rebsorte)|Phoenix]]
* [[Prinzipal (Rebsorte)|Prinzipal]]
* [[Regner]]
* [[Reichensteiner]]
* [[Rieslaner]]
* [[Riesling]]
* [[Roter Elbling]]
* [[Roter Gutedel]]
* [[Roter Muskateller]]
* [[Sauvignon Blanc]]
| width="25%" valign="top" |
* [[Scheurebe]]
* [[Schönburger]]
* [[Septimer (grape)|Septimer]]
* [[Siegerrebe]]
* [[Silcher]]
* [[Silvaner]]
* [[Sirius (grape)|Sirius]]
* [[Staufer (grape)|Staufer]]
* [[Veltliner]]
* [[Weißer Burgunder]]
* [[Würzer (Rebsorte)|Würzer]]
|}
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|{{User:Disavian/Userboxes/United States}}
{| {{prettytable}} width="100%"
|-
|- bgcolor="lightgrey"
! colspan="4" |
{| width="100%" style="background:lightgrey"
| width="10" | [[image:Red Wine Glas.jpg|15px]]
| align="center" | released red grapes
| width="10" align="right" | [[image:Red Wine Glas.jpg|15px]]
|}
|- bgcolor="FFA07A"
| width="25%" valign="top" |
* [[Acolon]]
* [[André (grape)|André]]
* [[Blauburger]]
* [[Cabernet Dorsa]]
* [[Cabernet Mitos]]
* [[Cabernet Sauvignon]]
* [[Dakapo]]
* [[Deckrot]]
* [[Domina (grape)|Domina]]
| width="25%" valign="top" |
* [[Dornfelder]]
* [[Dunkelfelder]]
* [[Frühburgunder]]
* [[Hegel (grape)|Hegel]]
* [[Helfensteiner]]
* [[Heroldrebe]]
* [[Blaufränkisch|Lemberger]]
| width="25%" valign="top" |
* [[Merlot]]
* [[Muskat-Trollinger]]
* [[Palas (grape)|Palas]]
* [[Blauer Portugieser|Portugieser]]
* [[Regent (grape)|Regent]]
* [[Rondo (grape)|Rondo]]
* [[Rotberger]]
* [[Schwarzriesling]]
| width="25%" valign="top" |
* [[Spätburgunder]]
* [[St. Laurent]]
* [[Tauberschwarz]]
* [[Trollinger]]
* [[Zweigelt]]
|}
''See Also:'' [[List of grape varieties]]
===White wine grapes===
White wine accounts for 70% of the wine produced in Germany. Principal varieties are listed below; there are larger numbers of less important varieties too.
*'''[[Riesling]]''' (Klingelberger) is the benchmark grape in Germany and is the most commonly produced. The drawback to Riesling is that it takes 130 days to ripen and in marginal years, the riesling crop tends to be poor.
*[[Müller-Thurgau]] is an alternative grape to Riesling that growers have been using. Unlike the long ripening time of Riesling, this grape only requires 100 days to ripen, however, this grape has a more neutral flavor than Riesling.
*[[Silvaner]]
*[[Kerner]]
*[[Bacchus grape|Bacchus]]
*[[Scheurebe]]
*[[Gewürztraminer]]
*Grauer Burgunder or Ruländer ([[Pinot Gris]])
*Weisser Burgunder ([[Pinot Blanc]])
===Red wine grapes===
Red wine only accounts for 30% of the production of Germany but has increased in recent years.
*Spätburgunder and Frühburgunder ([[Pinot Noir]])
*[[Portugieser]]
*[[Dornfelder]]
*[[Trollinger]]
*Schwarzriesling ([[Pinot Meunier]])
*[[Lemberger]]
==Classification==
{{main|German wine classification}}
*'''[[Deutscher Tafelwein]]''' (German [[table wine]]) is mostly consumed in the country and not exported.
*'''[[Deutscher Landwein]]''' (German [[country wine]]) comes from a larger designation and again don't play an important role in the export market.
* '''Qualitätswein bestimmter Anbaugebiete''' ([[QbA]]) wines are simple wines that meet the first level of quality.
* '''Qualitätswein mit Prädikat''' ([[QmP]]) wines are of greater quality. The grapes for these wines must meet a certain level of ripeness. As ripeness increases, the fruit characteristics and price increase.
**'''[[Kabinett]]''' wines are made from grapes picked several days after the QbA grapes are picked. These are the first picked grapes of the Pradikat level.
**'''[[Spätlese]]''' wines are made from grapes harvested 12-14 days after the Kabinett grapes are picked.
**'''[[Auslese]]''' wines are made from grapes that have been hand-selected out from the other grapes. These grapes are late-harvest and have a high sugar content.
**'''[[Beerenauslese]]''' meaning "berries selected out" are wines from grapes that have been left on the vine longer than the Auslese grapes. These grapes develop the fungus, Botrytis, which removes the moisture from the grape. Thus, these wines are very sweet and make good dessert wines.
**'''[[Eiswein]]''' ([[ice wine]]) wine is made from Beerenauslese stage grapes that freeze naturally on the vine. Right when they are frozen, the grapes are harvested and crushed. The ice keeps the moisture isolated to achieve the high sugar content of these wines.
**'''[[Trockenbeerenauslese]]''' meaning "dry berries selected out" are extremely expensive wines. It takes a person one day to pick enough grapes to make 7-8 bottles of this wine.
In addition, wines are classified by the Verband Deutscher Pradikatswein (VDP). Top wines are classified according to region and the very best vineyards.
On wine labels, German wine may be classified according to the residual sugar of the wine. '''Trocken''' refers to dry wine. These wines have less than 9 grams/liter of residual sugar. These bottles are usually identified by a yellow-colored capsule. '''Halbtrocken''' wines are off-dry and are identified by a green-colored capsule.
There are also several terms to identify the grower and producers of the wine.
* '''Weingut''' refers to a wine producing estate.
* '''Weinkellerei''' refers to a wine blended by a blender.
* '''Winzergenossenschaft''' refers to a winegrower's co-operative wine.
* '''Gutsabfüllung''' refers to a grower/producer wine that is estate bottled.
* '''Abfüller''' refers to a bottler or shipper.
If the suffix "-er" appears after the name of the town, the wine comes from a particular vineyard located in that town.
Other entries
*[[Classic]]
*[[Öchsle scale]]
*[[Grosse Gewachs]]
*[[Liebfraumilch]]
*[[Blue Nun]]
*[[Lieblich]]
*[[Hock (wine)|Hock]]
*[[Federweißer]]
*[[Sekt]] ([[sparkling wine]])
==Regions==
[[Image:German wine regions.jpg|450px|right|]]
'''There are 13 regions where wine is grown in Germany''':
:1. [[Ahr]]
:2. [[Baden Germany|Baden]]
:3. [[Franken]]
:4. [[Hessische Bergstrasse]]
:5. [[Mittelrhein]]
:6. [[Mosel-Saar-Ruwer]] is located along the Mosel River and its tributaries, the Saar and Ruwer Rivers. This region produces wine that is light in body, crisp and with a high acidity. There is also a high minerality because of slate in the soil.
:7. [[Nahe]]
:8. [[Palatinate (wine region)|Palatinate]] is the second largest producing region in Germany. This southern region produces wines that are more fruity and low in minerality.
:9. [[Rheingau]] is small, but known for producing the best German wines. These wines have less acidity and more floral and spicy fruit flavors. The wines have less minerality and a higher alcohol content.
:10. [[Rheinhessen]] is the largest production area in Germany. A new generation of wine makers has been educted during the last 25 years.
:11. [[Saale-Unstrut]]
:12. [[Sächsische Weinstrasse]]
:13. [[Württemberg]]
These 13 regions are broken down into 39 districts which are further broken down into collective vineyards of which there are 165. The individual vineyard sites number over 2,600+.
==References==
*Stephen Brook, ''The Wines of Germany''. ISBN 1-84000-791-5.
*Alfred Langenbach, ''German Wines and Vines''. Vista Books 1962.
*S.F. Hallgarten, ''German Wines''. ISBN 0-9507410-0-0.
*Andrew Barr, ''Wine Snobbery: An Insiders Guide to the Booze Business''. ISBN 0-571-15060-8. Especially Chapter 8 on history of sweetness in German wines.
==See also==
*[[German cuisine]]
*[[History of Wine]]
*[[German wine label]]
[[Category:Wikipedians in Maryland|Djharrity]]
{{Wines}}
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[[Category:German wines| ]]
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