Community structure theory: Difference between revisions

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'''Community structure theory''' provides a powerful framework for analyzing society’ssociety's influence on media coverage. It has been identified by Funk and McCombs (2015) as the “conceptual inverse” of [[Agenda-setting theory|agenda-setting]],<ref>{{citeCite journal|last=Funk|first=Marcus J.|last2=McCombs|first2=M.Maxwell|date=2015|year=2017-07-03|title=Strangers on a theoreticalTheoretical train: Inter-media agenda setting, community structure, and local news coverage|url=Train|journal=Journalism Studies|volume=18|pagesissue=1–217|viapages=845–865|last1doi=Funk10.1080/1461670X.2015.1099460|first1issn=M.J.1461-670X}}</ref> focusing on demographic characteristics of communities shaping news instead of news as a driver of public perception. For example, community structure theory has found repeated links between indicators of vulnerability (such as unemployment levels, poverty levels, crime rate, etc.) and favorable coverage of critical US national issues such as immigration reform or universal health care.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Tilted mirrors: Media alignment with political and social change: A community structure approach|last=Pollock|first=J.C.|publisher=Hampton|year=2007|isbn=|___location=Cresskill, NJ|pages=}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Journalism and human rights: How demographics drive media coverage|last=Pollock|first=J.C.|publisher=Routledge|year=2015|isbn=|___location=London and New York|pages=}}</ref> Further, in cross-national studies comparing national characteristics and reporting on human trafficking, HIV/AIDS treatment access, water handling/contamination, and child labor, media coverage varied significantly with levels of "female empowerment"— female literacy rate, female child life expectancy, and female school life expectancy.<ref name=":0" />

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== Early Influencesinfluences ==

'''Community structure theory''' provides a powerful framework for analyzing society’s influence on media coverage. It has been identified by Funk and McCombs as the “conceptual inverse” of [[Agenda-setting theory|agenda-setting]],<ref>{{cite journal|last2=McCombs|first2=M.|date=2015|year=|title=Strangers on a theoretical train: Inter-media agenda setting, community structure, and local news coverage|url=|journal=Journalism Studies|volume=|pages=1–21|via=|last1=Funk|first1=M.J.}}</ref> focusing on demographic characteristics of communities shaping news instead of news as a driver of public perception. For example, community structure theory has found repeated links between indicators of vulnerability (such as unemployment levels, poverty levels, crime rate, etc.) and favorable coverage of critical US national issues such as immigration reform or universal health care.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Tilted mirrors: Media alignment with political and social change: A community structure approach|last=Pollock|first=J.C.|publisher=Hampton|year=2007|isbn=|___location=Cresskill, NJ|pages=}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Journalism and human rights: How demographics drive media coverage|last=Pollock|first=J.C.|publisher=Routledge|year=2015|isbn=|___location=London and New York|pages=}}</ref> Further, in cross-national studies comparing national characteristics and reporting on human trafficking, HIV/AIDS treatment access, water handling/contamination, and child labor, media coverage varied significantly with levels of "female empowerment"— female literacy rate, female child life expectancy, and female school life expectancy.<ref name=":0" />

The modern community structure model originated with the work of University of Chicago’sChicago's Robert Park, who in ''The Immigrant Press and Its Control'' <ref>{{Cite book|title=The immigrant press and its control|last=Park|first=R.|publisher=Harper|year=1922|isbn=|___location=New York|pages=}}</ref> first suggested society could influence media. Morris Janowitz <ref>{{Cite book|title=The community press in an urban setting|last=Janowitz|first=M.|publisher=The Free Press|year=1952|isbn=|___location=Chicago and Glencoe, IL|pages=}}</ref> later introduced the concept that press coverage could serve as an index of the [[social structure]] and values of distinct [[Community|communities]]. Janowitz employed multiple methodologies for his research, including reader surveys, in-depth interviews with journalists, and content analysis of 82 different community newspapers in the Chicago area.

Tichenor, Donohue and Olien<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tichenor|first=P.J.|last2=Donohue|first2=G.A.|last3=Olien|first3=C.N.|year=1973|title=Mass communication research: Evolution of a structural model|url=|journal=Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly|volume=50 (|issue=3)|pages=419–425|viadoi=10.1177/107769907305000301}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Community conflict and the press|last=Tichenor|first=P.J.|last2=Donohue|first2=G.A.|last3=Olien|first3=C.N.|publisher=SAGE|year=1980|isbn=|___location=Beverly Hills, CA|pages=}}</ref> evolved Park’sPark's and Janowitz’sJanowitz's work with their concept of [[Structural pluralism|structural pluralism,]], finding differences between newspaper reporting in smaller, relatively homogenoushomogeneous metropolitan areas and that in larger, more demographically diverse areas, the latter manifesting more progressive coverage. These University of Minnesota theorists later developed the “guard dog” hypothesis, emphasizing the “social control” role of media, whereby local media function less as watchdogs and more as guard dogs protecting the interests of powerful, elite members of society.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Donohue|first=G.A.|last2=Tichenor|first2=P.J.|last3=Olien|first3=C.N.|date=1995-06-01|title=A Guardguard Dogdog Perspectiveperspective on the Rolerole of Media|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1995.tb00732.x/abstractmedia|journal=Journal of Communication|language=en|volume=45|issue=2|pages=115–132|doi=10.1111/j.1460-2466.1995.tb00732.x|issn=1460-2466}}</ref>

== Early Influences ==

The modern community structure model originated with the work of University of Chicago’s Robert Park, who in ''The Immigrant Press and Its Control'' <ref>{{Cite book|title=The immigrant press and its control|last=Park|first=R.|publisher=Harper|year=1922|isbn=|___location=New York|pages=}}</ref> first suggested society could influence media. Morris Janowitz <ref>{{Cite book|title=The community press in an urban setting|last=Janowitz|first=M.|publisher=The Free Press|year=1952|isbn=|___location=Chicago and Glencoe, IL|pages=}}</ref> later introduced the concept that press coverage could serve as an index of the [[social structure]] and values of distinct [[Community|communities]]. Janowitz employed multiple methodologies for his research, including reader surveys, in-depth interviews with journalists, and content analysis of 82 different community newspapers in the Chicago area.

Other scholars in the late 90s (Hindman, 1999; Demers & Viswanath, 1999; McLeod and Hertog, 1999) also recognized a connection between mass media coverage and community characteristics, but emphasized the role of media less as mechanisms for social control than for social change.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/231777603|title=Mass media, social control, and social change : a macrosocial perspective|last=P.|first=Demers, D.|last2=Viswanath|first2=K.|date=1999-01-01|publisher=Iowa State Univ. Press|year=|isbn=0813826829|___location=|pages=978-0813826820|oclc=231777603}}</ref> When Hindman compared media coverage in large vs. small ethic populations, he found a difference in how similar stories were covered based on the relative size of ethnic groups in communities. Similarly, McLeod and Hertog (1999) found news media covered protest mobilizations more favorably in communities with a greater numbers of protesters. Demers and Viswanath (1999) enhanced previous structural findings by exploring the role of media as agents of both social control and social change.

Tichenor, Donohue and Olien<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tichenor|first=P.J.|last2=Donohue|first2=G.A.|last3=Olien|first3=C.N.|year=1973|title=Mass communication research: Evolution of a structural model|url=|journal=Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly|volume=50 (3)|pages=419–425|via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Community conflict and the press|last=Tichenor|first=P.J.|last2=Donohue|first2=G.A.|last3=Olien|first3=C.N.|publisher=SAGE|year=1980|isbn=|___location=Beverly Hills, CA|pages=}}</ref> evolved Park’s and Janowitz’s work with their concept of [[Structural pluralism|structural pluralism,]] finding differences between newspaper reporting in smaller, relatively homogenous metropolitan areas and that in larger, more demographically diverse areas, the latter manifesting more progressive coverage. These University of Minnesota theorists later developed the “guard dog” hypothesis, emphasizing the “social control” role of media, whereby local media function less as watchdogs and more as guard dogs protecting the interests of powerful, elite members of society.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Donohue|first=G.A.|last2=Tichenor|first2=P.J.|last3=Olien|first3=C.N.|date=1995-06-01|title=A Guard Dog Perspective on the Role of Media|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1995.tb00732.x/abstract|journal=Journal of Communication|language=en|volume=45|issue=2|pages=115–132|doi=10.1111/j.1460-2466.1995.tb00732.x|issn=1460-2466}}</ref>

With the introduction of digital tools for analyzing media texts, the community structure model or approach was successfully expanded, tested, and used to study systematic news reports of critical events in communities across the nation and throughout the world by [[John C. Pollock]], who began identifying this work as “Community Structure” research.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">Pollock, J. C. (2013a). Community structure research. In P. Moy (Ed.), ''Oxford Bibliographies Online.'' New York, NY: Oxford University Press.</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=Media and social inequality: Innovations in community structure research|last=Pollock|first=J.C.|publisher=Routledge|year=2013|isbn=|___location=New York|pages=}}</ref>

Other scholars in the late 90s (Hindman, 1999; Demers & Viswanath, 1999; McLeod and Hertog, 1999) also recognized a connection between mass media coverage and community characteristics, but emphasized the role of media less as mechanisms for social control than for social change.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/231777603|title=Mass media, social control, and social change : a macrosocial perspective|last=P.|first=Demers, D.|last2=Viswanath|first2=K.|date=1999-01-01|publisher=Iowa State Univ. Press|year=|isbn=0813826829|___location=|pages=|oclc=231777603}}</ref> When Hindman compared media coverage in large vs. small ethic populations, he found a difference in how similar stories were covered based on the relative size of ethnic groups in communities. Similarly, McLeod and Hertog (1999) found news media covered protest mobilizations more favorably in communities with a greater numbers of protesters. Demers and Viswanath (1999) enhanced previous structural findings by exploring the role of media as agents of both social control and social change.

== Contemporary Applicationsapplications ==

With the introduction of digital tools for analyzing media texts, the community structure model or approach was successfully expanded, tested, and used to study systematic news reports of critical events in communities across the nation and throughout the world by John Pollock, who began identifying this work as “Community Structure” research.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">Pollock, J. C. (2013a). Community structure research. In P. Moy (Ed.), ''Oxford Bibliographies Online.'' New York, NY: Oxford University Press.</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=Media and social inequality: Innovations in community structure research|last=Pollock|first=J.C.|publisher=Routledge|year=2013|isbn=|___location=New York|pages=}}</ref>

Pollock and coauthors made three key contributions to community structure theory. First, they conducted among the first US nationwide and cross-national studies using the community structure model, comparing multiple large metropolitan areas and countries, expanding study sample sizes beyond a focus on one or two cities. Second, Pollock et al. also evolved the theory to include a Media Vector methodological tool for measuring both content direction and editorial prominence of articles, then combining them into a single score, thereby adding a way to consider editorial evaluation as well as article content. Third, Pollock and coauthor findings often challenged the traditional “guard dog” hypothesis by concluding that media can often reflect the interests of more vulnerable stakeholders.<ref name=":1" /> Community structure studies are related to work focusing on the roles of [[social capital]] (in political science and sociology literatures) and [[social determinants of health]] (in health communication and public health literatures) and [[Social ecological model|social ecological modelsmodel]]s (in sociology and public health). In 20132008, Pollock authored the entry on the "Community Structure model" for the International Encyclopedia of Communication,<ref>{{Cite book|title=International Encyclopedia of Communication, IIII|last=Pollock|first=J.C.|publisher=Blackwell|year=2008|editor-last=Donsbach|editor-first=W.|___location=London, UK|pages=870–873|chapter=Community structure model}}</ref> and in 2013, he authored an authoritative annotated bibliography on Community Structure scholarship for Oxford Bibliographies Online.<ref name=":2" />

== Contemporary Applications ==

Pollock and coauthors made three key contributions to community structure theory. First, they conducted among the first US nationwide and cross-national studies using the community structure model, comparing multiple large metropolitan areas and countries, expanding study sample sizes beyond a focus on one or two cities. Second, Pollock et al. also evolved the theory to include a Media Vector methodological tool for measuring both content direction and editorial prominence of articles, then combining them into a single score, thereby adding a way to consider editorial evaluation as well as article content. Third, Pollock and coauthor findings often challenged the traditional “guard dog” hypothesis by concluding that media can often reflect the interests of more vulnerable stakeholders.<ref name=":1" /> Community structure studies are related to work focusing on the roles of [[social capital]] (in political science and sociology literatures) and [[social determinants of health]] (in health communication and public health literatures) and [[Social ecological model|social ecological models]] (in sociology and public health). In 2013, Pollock authored an authoritative annotated bibliography on Community Structure scholarship for Oxford Bibliographies Online.<ref name=":2" />

== References ==

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===AdditionalFurther reading===

* {{Cite journal|last=Ackerson|first=Leland K.|last2=Viswanath|first2=K.|date=2009-05-20|title=The Social Context of Interpersonal Communication and Health|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10810730902806836|journal=Journal of Health Communication|volume=14|issue=sup1|pages=5–17|doi=10.1080/10810730902806836|issn=1081-0730|pmid=19449264}}

* {{Cite journal|last=Alexandre|first=Kelly|last2=Sha|first2=Cynthia|last3=Pollock|first3=John C.|last4=Baier|first4=Kelsey|last5=Johnson|first5=Jessica|date=2014-08-08|title=Cross-National Coverage of Human Trafficking: A Community Structure Approach|journal=Atlantic Journal of Communication|volume=22|issue=3–4|pages=160–174|doi=10.1080/15456870.2014.916289|issn=1545-6870}}

* {{Cite journal|last=AlexandreAnderson|first=KellyWilliam|last2=ShaLowrey|first2=Cynthia|last3=Pollock|first3=John C.|last4=Baier|first4=Kelsey|last5=Johnson|first5=JessicaWilson|date=20142007-0811-0801|title=Cross-NationalWhat CoverageFactors Influence Control Over Work in the Journalism/Public Relations Dynamic? An Application of HumanTheory Trafficking:From Athe CommunitySociology Structureof Approach|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15456870.2014.916289Occupations|journal=AtlanticMass JournalCommunication ofand CommunicationSociety|volume=2210|issue=3-4|pages=160–174385–402|doi=10.1080/15456870.2014.91628915205430701577819|issn=15451520-68705436}}

* {{Cite journal|last=Armstrong|first=C.|date=2006|title=Revisiting structural pluralism: A two-dimensional conception of community power|url=|journal=Mass Communication and Society|volume=9( |issue=3)|pages=287–300|doi=10.1207/s15327825mcs0903_2}}

* {{Cite journal|last=AndersonBeaudoin|first=WilliamChristopher E.|last2=LowreyThorson|first2=WilsonEsther|date=20072016-1106-0125|title=WhatSocial Factors Influence Control Over WorkCapital in theRural Journalism/Publicand RelationsUrban Dynamic?Communities: AnTesting ApplicationDifferences ofin TheoryMedia FromEffects theand Sociology of Occupations|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15205430701577819Models|journal=Journalism & Mass Communication and SocietyQuarterly|language=en|volume=1081|issue=42|pages=385–402378–399|doi=10.10801177/15205430701577819|issn=1520-5436107769900408100210}}

* {{Cite journal|last=Berkowitz|first=D|last2=TerKeurst|first2=Jv|date=1999-09-01|title=Community as interpretive community: rethinking the journalist-source relationship|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1999.tb02808.x/abstract|journal=Journal of Communication|language=en|volume=49|issue=3|pages=125–136|doi=10.1111/j.1460-2466.1999.tb02808.x|issn=1460-2466}}

{{Cite journal|last=Armstrong|first=C.|date=2006|title=Revisiting structural pluralism: A two-dimensional conception of community power|url=|journal=Mass Communication and Society|volume=9(3)|pages=287–300}}

{{Cite journal|last=Beaudoin|first=Christopher E.|last2=Thorson|first2=Esther|date=2016-06-25|title=Social Capital in Rural and Urban Communities: Testing Differences in Media Effects and Models|url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/107769900408100210|journal=Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly|language=en|volume=81|issue=2|pages=378–399|doi=10.1177/107769900408100210}}

{{Cite journal|last=Berkowitz|first=D|last2=TerKeurst|first2=Jv|date=1999-09-01|title=Community as interpretive community: rethinking the journalist-source relationship|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1999.tb02808.x/abstract|journal=Journal of Communication|language=en|volume=49|issue=3|pages=125–136|doi=10.1111/j.1460-2466.1999.tb02808.x|issn=1460-2466}}

[[Category:MediaMass media theories]]