Active appearance model: Difference between revisions

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An '''active appearance model''' ('''AAM)''') is a [[computer vision]] algorithm for matching a [[statistical model]] of object shape and appearance to a new image. They are built during a training phase. A set of images, together with coordinates of landmarks that appear in all of the images, is provided to the training supervisor.

The model was first introduced by Edwards, Cootes and Taylor in the context of face analysis at the 3rd International Conference on Face and Gesture Recognition, 1998.<ref>{{Cite book | last1 = Edwards | first1 = G. J. | last2 = Taylor | first2 = C. J. | last3 = Cootes | first3 = T. F. | doi = 10.1109/AFGR.1998.670965 | chapter = Interpreting face images using active appearance models | title = Proceedings Third IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition | pages = 300 | year = 1998 | isbn = 978-0-8186-8344-2 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.33.1784 | s2cid = 11269423 }}</ref> Cootes, Edwards and Taylor further described the approach as a general method in computer vision at the European Conference on Computer Vision in the same year.<ref>{{Cite book | last1 = Cootes | first1 = T. F. | last2 = Edwards | first2 = G. J. | last3 = Taylor | first3 = C. J. | doi = 10.1007/BFb0054760 | chapter = Active appearance models | title = Computer Vision — ECCV'98 | series = Lecture Notes in Computer Science | volume = 1407 | pages = 484 | year = 1998 | isbn = 978-3-540-64613-6 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.374.7954 | s2cid = 2230657 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Cootes | first1 = T. F. | last2 = Edwards | first2 = G. J. | last3 = Taylor | first3 = C. J. | doi = 10.1109/34.927467 | title = Active appearance models | journal = IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence | volume = 23 | issue = 6 | pages = 681 | year = 2001 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.128.4967 }}</ref> The approach is widely used for [[face tracking|matching and tracking faces]] and for [[medical imaging|medical image interpretation]].

The approach is widely used for matching and tracking faces and for [[medical imaging|medical image interpretation]].

The algorithm uses the difference between the current estimate of appearance and the target image to drive an [[Optimization (mathematics)|optimization]] process.

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It is related to the [[active shape model]] (ASM). One disadvantage of ASM is that it only uses shape constraints (together with some information about the image structure near the [[Landmark point|landmarks]]), and does not take advantage of all the available information – the texture across the target object. This can be modelled using an AAM.

==External linksReferences==

* [http://www.isbe.man.ac.uk/~bim/software/am_tools_doc/index.html Free Tools] for experimenting with AAMs from Manchester University.

{{Reflist}}

* [http://www.isbe.man.ac.uk/~bim//Models/index.html Description] of AAMs from Manchester University.

* [http://personalpages.manchester.ac.uk/staff/timothy.f.cootes/ Tim Cootes'] home page (one of the original co-inventors of AAMs).

* [http://www2.imm.dtu.dk/~aam/ Mikkel B. Stegmann's ] home page of AAM-API, open source C++ AAM implementation.

* [http://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/26706-active-shape-model-asm-and-active-appearance-model-aam Original Active Appearance Model] Open-source Matlab implementation

* [http://cvsp.cs.ntua.gr/software/AAMtools/] AAMtools: An Active Appearance Modeling Toolbox

== Some reading ==

* T. F. Cootes, C. J. Taylor, D. H. Cooper, and J. Graham. [https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/e8f2/e06238ecd873b044740e9e95dd7592feb139.pdf Training models of shape from sets of examples]. ''In Proceedings of BMVC’92BMVC'92, pages 266–275, 1992''

* Edwards G, Taylor C, Cootes T. ''Interpreting face images using active appearance models Proceeding of the International Conference on Face And Gesture Recognition 1998, pages 300-305'' (first publication of AAM algorithm)

* S. C. Mitchell, J. G. Bosch, B. P. F. Lelieveldt, R. J. van der Geest, J. H. C. Reiber, and M. Sonka. [https://perso.telecom-paristech.fr/angelini/MIMED/papers_2010/mitchell_tmi_2002.pdf 3-d active appearance models: Segmentation of cardiac MR and ultrasound images]. ''IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging, 21(9):1167–1178, 2002''

* T. F. Cootes, G. J. Edwards, and C. J. Taylor. Active appearance models. ''IEEE TPAMI, 23(6):681–685, 2001''

* T.F. Cootes, G. J. Edwards, and C. J. Taylor. Active appearance models. ECCV, 2:484–498, 1998[httphttps://www.cs.cmu.edu/~efros/courses/AP06/Papers/cootes-eccv-98.pdf [pdf<nowiki>]</nowiki>]

* T. F. Cootes, C. J. Taylor, D. H. Cooper, and J. Graham. Training models of shape from sets of examples. ''In Proceedings of BMVC’92, pages 266–275, 1992''

* S. C. Mitchell, J. G. Bosch, B. P. F. Lelieveldt, R. J. van der Geest, J. H. C. Reiber, and M. Sonka. 3-d active appearance models: Segmentation of cardiac MR and ultrasound images. ''IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging, 21(9):1167–1178, 2002''

* T.F. Cootes, G. J. Edwards, and C. J. Taylor. Active appearance models. ECCV, 2:484–498, 1998[http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~efros/courses/AP06/Papers/cootes-eccv-98.pdf [pdf<nowiki>]</nowiki>]

[[Category:Computer vision]]

==External links==

[[de:Active Appearance Model]]

* [http://wwwpersonalpages.isbe.manmanchester.ac.uk/~bimstaff/timothy.f.cootes/software/am_tools_doc/index.html Professor Tim Cootes AAM Code] Free Tools] for experimenting with AAMs from Manchester University (for research use only).

* [http://wwwpersonalpages.isbe.manmanchester.ac.uk/~bimstaff/timothy.f.cootes/Models/indexaam.html DescriptionProfessor Tim Cootes AAM Page] Co-creator of AAMsAAM page from Manchester University.

* [http://www2.imm.dtu.dk/~aam/ IMM AAM Code] Dr Mikkel B. Stegmann's ] home page of AAM-API, open source C++ AAM implementation (non-commercial use only).

* [http://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/26706-active-shape-model-asm-and-active-appearance-model-aam OriginalMatlab ActiveAAM Appearance ModelCode] Open-source Matlab implementation of the original AAM algorithm.

* [http://cvsp.cs.ntua.gr/software/AAMtools/] AAMtools:] An Active Appearance ModelingModelling Toolbox in Matlab by Dr George Papandreou.

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150122191259/http://staff.estem-uc.edu.au/roland/research/demolib-home/ DeMoLib] AAM Toolbox in C++ by Dr Jason Saragih and Dr Roland Goecke.

[[Category:Computer vision]]