Active appearance model: Difference between revisions

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An '''Activeactive Appearanceappearance Modelmodel''' ('''AAM''') is a [[Computercomputer Visionvision]] algorithm for matching a [[statistical model]] of object shape and apperanceappearance to a new image. They are built during a training phase. A set of images, ogethertogether with coordinates of landmarks, that appear in all of the images, is provided byto the training supervisor.

The model was first introduced by Edwards, Cootes and Taylor in the context of face analysis at the 3rd International Conference on Face and Gesture Recognition, 1998.<ref>{{Cite book | last1 = Edwards | first1 = G. J. | last2 = Taylor | first2 = C. J. | last3 = Cootes | first3 = T. F. | doi = 10.1109/AFGR.1998.670965 | chapter = Interpreting face images using active appearance models | title = Proceedings Third IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition | pages = 300 | year = 1998 | isbn = 978-0-8186-8344-2 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.33.1784 | s2cid = 11269423 }}</ref> Cootes, Edwards and Taylor further described the approach as a general method in computer vision at the European Conference on Computer Vision in the same year.<ref>{{Cite book | last1 = Cootes | first1 = T. F. | last2 = Edwards | first2 = G. J. | last3 = Taylor | first3 = C. J. | doi = 10.1007/BFb0054760 | chapter = Active appearance models | title = Computer Vision — ECCV'98 | series = Lecture Notes in Computer Science | volume = 1407 | pages = 484 | year = 1998 | isbn = 978-3-540-64613-6 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.374.7954 | s2cid = 2230657 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Cootes | first1 = T. F. | last2 = Edwards | first2 = G. J. | last3 = Taylor | first3 = C. J. | doi = 10.1109/34.927467 | title = Active appearance models | journal = IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence | volume = 23 | issue = 6 | pages = 681 | year = 2001 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.128.4967 }}</ref> The approach is widely used for [[face tracking|matching and tracking faces]] and for [[medical imaging|medical image interpretation]].

The approach is widely used for matching and tracking faces and for [[Medical Image Interpretation]].

The algorithm uses the difference between the current estimate of appearance and the target image to drive an [[Optimization (mathematics)|optimization]] process.

By taking advantage of the [[least squares]] techniques, it can match to new images very swiftly.

It is related to the [[active shape model]] (ASM). One disadvantage of ASM is that it only uses shape constraints (together with some information about the image structure near the [[Landmark point|landmarks]]), and does not take advantage of all the available information – the texture across the target object. This can be modelled using an AAM.

It is related to the [[Active Shape Model]].

==References==

{{Reflist}}

==External links==

* [http://www.isbe.man.ac.uk/~bim/software/am_tools_doc/index.html Free Tools] for experimenting with AAMs from Manchester University.

* [http://www.isbe.man.ac.uk/~bim//Models/index.html Description] of AAMs from Manchester University.

* [http://www.isbe.man.ac.uk/~bim Tim Cootes'] home page (one of the original co-inventors of AAMs).

== Some reading ==

[[Category:Computer vision]]

* T. F. Cootes, C. J. Taylor, D. H. Cooper, and J. Graham. [https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/e8f2/e06238ecd873b044740e9e95dd7592feb139.pdf Training models of shape from sets of examples]. ''In ProcceedingsProceedings of BMVC’92BMVC'92, pages 266–275, 1992''

[[de:Active Appearance Model]]

* S. C. Mitchell, J. G. Bosch, B. P. F. Lelieveldt, R. J. van der Geest, J. H. C. Reiber, and M. Sonka. [https://perso.telecom-paristech.fr/angelini/MIMED/papers_2010/mitchell_tmi_2002.pdf 3-d active appearance models: Segmentation of cardiac MR and ultrasound images]. ''IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging, 21(9):1167–1178, 2002''

* T.F. Cootes, G. J. Edwards, and C. J. Taylor. Active appearance models. ECCV, 2:484–498, 1998[https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~efros/courses/AP06/Papers/cootes-eccv-98.pdf [pdf<nowiki>]</nowiki>]

==External links==

== Some reading ==

* [http://wwwpersonalpages.isbe.manmanchester.ac.uk/~bimstaff/timothy.f.cootes/software/am_tools_doc/index.html Professor Tim Cootes AAM Code] Free Tools] for experimenting with AAMs from Manchester University (for research use only).

* [http://wwwpersonalpages.isbe.manmanchester.ac.uk/~bimstaff/timothy.f.cootes/Models/indexaam.html DescriptionProfessor Tim Cootes AAM Page] Co-creator of AAMsAAM page from Manchester University.

* T. F. Cootes, G. J. Edwards, and C. J. Taylor. Active appearance models. ''IEEE TPAMI, 23(6):681–685, 2001''

* [http://www2.imm.dtu.dk/~aam/ IMM AAM Code] Dr Mikkel B. Stegmann's home page of AAM-API, C++ AAM implementation (non-commercial use only).

* T. F. Cootes, C. J. Taylor, D. H. Cooper, and J. Graham. Training models of shape from sets of examples. ''In Procceedings of BMVC’92, pages 266–275, 1992''

* [http://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/26706-active-shape-model-asm-and-active-appearance-model-aam Matlab AAM Code] Open-source Matlab implementation of the original AAM algorithm.

* S. C. Mitchell, J. G. Bosch, B. P. F. Lelieveldt, R. J. van der Geest, J. H. C. Reiber, and M. Sonka. 3-d active appearance models: Segmentation of cardiac MR and ultrasound images. ''IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging, 21(9):1167–1178, 2002''

* [http://cvsp.cs.ntua.gr/software/AAMtools/ AAMtools] An Active Appearance Modelling Toolbox in Matlab by Dr George Papandreou.

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150122191259/http://staff.estem-uc.edu.au/roland/research/demolib-home/ DeMoLib] AAM Toolbox in C++ by Dr Jason Saragih and Dr Roland Goecke.

[[Category:Computer vision]]