Lymphoid neoplasms with plasmablastic differentiation: Difference between revisions

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[[File:Plasmablast, Wright stain.png|thumb|Plasmablast, [[Wright stain]].]]

{{Orphan|date=April 2020}}

'''Lymphoid neoplasms with plasmablastic differentiation''' were classified by the [[World Health Organization]], 2017 as a sub-grouping of several distinct but rare lymphomas in which the malignant cells are [[B-cell]] lymphocytes that have become plasmablasts, i.e. [[Plasma cell#Immature plasma cells|immature plasma cells]].<ref name="pmid31725418">{{cite journal | vauthors = Chen BJ, Chuang SS | title = Lymphoid Neoplasms With Plasmablastic Differentiation: A Comprehensive Review and Diagnostic Approaches | journal = Advances in Anatomic Pathology | volume = 27 | issue = 2 | pages = 61–74 | date = March 2020 | pmid = 31725418 | doi = 10.1097/PAP.0000000000000253 | urls2cid = 208039484 | doi-access = }}</ref> Normally, [[B-cell]]s take up foreign antigens, move to the [[germinal center]]s of secondary [[lymphoid organs]] such the [[spleen]] and [[lymph node]]s, and at these sites are stimulated by [[T-cell]] lymphocytes to [[Cellular differentiation|differentiate]] (i.e. change their cell type) into plasmablasts and thereafter mature plasma cells. Plasmablasts, and to a greater extent, plasma cells make and secrete [[antibodies]] that bind the antigens to which their predecessor B-cells were previously exposed (see [[Plasma cell#differentiation|plasma cell differentiation]]). Antibodies function, in part, to neutralize harmful bacteria and viruses by binding antigens that are exposed on their surfaces. Due to their malignant nature, however, the plasmablasts in lymphoid neoplasms with plasmablastic differentiation do not mature into plasma cells or form antibodies but rather uncontrollably proliferate in and damage various tissues and organs. The individual lymphomas in this sub-group of [[malignancies]] have heterogeneous clinical, morphological, and gene findings that often overlap with other members of the sub-group. In consequence, correctly diagnosing these lymphomas has been challenging.<ref name="pmid31360094">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lopez A, Abrisqueta P | title = Plasmablastic lymphoma: current perspectives | journal = Blood and Lymphatic Cancer : Targets and Therapy | volume = 8 | issue = | pages = 63–70 | date = 2018 | pmid = 31360094 | pmc = 6467349 | doi = 10.2147/BLCTT.S142814 | urldoi-access = free }}</ref> Nonetheless, it is particularly important to diagnose them correctly because they often have very different prognoses and treatments.<ref name="pmid31725418"/> The lymphoid neoplasms with plasmacytic differentiation are:<ref name="pmid31725418"/><ref name="pmid31360094"/>

* '''1)''' [[Plasmablastic lymphoma]]: The most common of these lymphoid neoplasms.

'''Lymphoid neoplasms with plasmablastic differentiation''' were classified by the [[World Health Organization]], 2017 as a sub-grouping of several distinct but rare lymphomas in which the malignant cells are [[B-cell]] lymphocytes that have become plasmablasts, i.e. [[Plasma cell#Immature plasma cells|immature plasma cells]].<ref name="pmid31725418">{{cite journal | vauthors = Chen BJ, Chuang SS | title = Lymphoid Neoplasms With Plasmablastic Differentiation: A Comprehensive Review and Diagnostic Approaches | journal = Advances in Anatomic Pathology | volume = 27 | issue = 2 | pages = 61–74 | date = March 2020 | pmid = 31725418 | doi = 10.1097/PAP.0000000000000253 | url = }}</ref> Normally, [[B-cell]]s take up foreign antigens, move to the [[germinal center]]s of secondary [[lymphoid organs]] such the [[spleen]] and [[lymph node]]s, and at these sites are stimulated by [[T-cell]] lymphocytes to [[Cellular differentiation|differentiate]] (i.e. change their cell type) into plasmablasts and thereafter mature plasma cells. Plasmablasts, and to a greater extent, plasma cells make and secrete [[antibodies]] that bind the antigens to which their predecessor B-cells were previously exposed (see [[Plasma cell#differentiation|plasma cell differentiation]]). Antibodies function, in part, to neutralize harmful bacteria and viruses by binding antigens that are exposed on their surfaces. Due to their malignant nature, however, the plasmablasts in lymphoid neoplasms with plasmablastic differentiation do not mature into plasma cells or form antibodies but rather uncontrollably proliferate in and damage various tissues and organs. The individual lymphomas in this sub-group of [[malignancies]] have heterogeneous clinical, morphological, and gene findings that often overlap with other members of the sub-group. In consequence, correctly diagnosing these lymphomas has been challenging.<ref name="pmid31360094">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lopez A, Abrisqueta P | title = Plasmablastic lymphoma: current perspectives | journal = Blood and Lymphatic Cancer : Targets and Therapy | volume = 8 | issue = | pages = 63–70 | date = 2018 | pmid = 31360094 | pmc = 6467349 | doi = 10.2147/BLCTT.S142814 | url = }}</ref> Nonetheless, it is particularly important to diagnose them correctly because they often have very different prognoses and treatments.<ref name="pmid31725418"/> The lymphoid neoplasms with plasmacytic differentiation are:<ref name="pmid31725418"/><ref name="pmid31360094"/>

* '''2)''' [[Epstein-Barr virus-associated lymphoproliferative diseases#Epstein–Barr virus-associated plasma cell|Plasmablastic plasma cell lymphoma]] or [[Epstein-Barr virus-associated lymphoproliferative diseases#Epstein–Barr virus-associated plasma cell|plasmablastic plasmacytoma]]: A lymphoid neoplasm that disseminates widely like the plasma cell lesions in [[multiple myeloma]] or is localized like the plasma cell lesions in [[plasmacytoma]].

*'''1)''' [[Plasmablastic lymphoma]]: The most common of these lymphoid neoplasms.

* '''43)''' [[Primary effusion lymphoma|Primary effusion lymphoma, human herpes virus-negativepositive]]: Also termed primary effusion lymphoma, type III; it is usually characterized by manifesting [[effusion]]s in body cavities.

*'''2)''' [[Epstein-Barr virus-associated lymphoproliferative diseases#Epstein–Barr virus-associated plasma cell|Plasmablastic plasma cell lymphoma]] or [[Epstein-Barr virus-associated lymphoproliferative diseases#Epstein–Barr virus-associated plasma cell|plasmablastic plasmacytoma]]: A lymphoid neoplasm that disseminates widely like the plasma cell lesions in [[multiple myeloma]] or is localized like the plasma cell lesions in [[plasmacytoma]].

* '''34)''' [[Primary effusion lymphoma#KSHV/HHV8-negative primary effusion lymphoma|Primary effusion lymphoma, human herpes virus-positivenegative]]: Also termed primary effusion lymphoma, type III; it is characterized by having effusions in body cavities.

* '''5)''' [[ALK+ large B-cell lymphoma|Anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive large B-cell lymphoma]]: An [[anaplastic large cell lymphoma]] in which the malignant cells have plasmablastic features and a distinguishing [[mutation]] in the ''[[anaplastic lymphoma kinase]]'' gene.

*'''4)''' [[Primary effusion lymphoma, human herpes virus-negative]]: Also termed primary effusion lymphoma, type II.

* '''56)''' [[ALK+Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma|Anaplastic#Epstein–Barr lymphoma kinasevirus-positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma]]:, Annot [[anaplasticotherwise specified|Human herpesvirus 8-positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma]], innot whichotherwise thespecified]]: malignantThis cellslymphoid haveneoplasm usually plasmablasticarises featuresfrom andthe alymphoproliferative distinguishingdisease, [[mutationidiopathic]] in the ''[[anaplasticCastleman lymphomadisease#Human kinaseherpesvirus 8 associated multicentric Castleman disease|multicentric Castleman disease]]'' gene.

*'''6)''' [[HHV-8-associated MCD|Human herpesvirus 8-positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified]]: This lymphoid neoplasm usually arises from the lymphoproliferative disease, [[idiopathic]] [[Castleman disease#Human herpesvirus 8 associated multicentric Castleman disease|multicentric Castleman disease]].

Except for human herpesvirus 8-positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified, these lymphoid neoplasms are often associated with [[Epstein-Barr virus]] infection of the malignant plasmablastic cells. In cases so infected, the lymphoid neoplasm may result, at least in part, from this viral infection and therefore can be considered as examples of the [[Epstein-Barr virus-associated lymphoproliferative diseases#EBV+ B cell lymphoproliferative diseases|Epstein-Barr virus-associated lymphoproliferative diseases]].<ref name="pmid31725418"/>

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==References==

{{Reflist}}

[[:Category:Lymphoid-related cutaneous conditions]]

[[Category:Lymphoma]]

[[Category:Non-Hodgkin lymphoma]]

[[Category:Epstein–Barr virus-associatedvirus–associated diseases]]

[[Category:Infectious causes of cancer]]