Beam propagation method: Difference between revisions

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The '''beam propagation method''' ('''BPM''') is an approximation technique for simulating the propagation of [[light]] in [[slowly varying envelope approximation|slowly varying]] [[optical waveguideswaveguide]]s. It is essentially the same as the so-called Parabolic[[parabolic Equationequation]] (PE) method in underwater [[acoustics]]. Both BPM and the PE were first introduced in 1970'sthe 1970s. When a wave propagates along a waveguide for a large distance (larger compared with the wavelength), rigorous numerical simulation is difficult. The BPM relies on approximate differential equations which are also called the one-way models. These one-way models involve only a first order [[derivative]] in the variable z (for the waveguide axis) and they can be solved as "initial" value problem. The "initial" value problem does not involve time, rather it is for the spatial variable z.<ref>{{citation|title=Integrated Photonics|author=Clifford R. Pollock, Michal. Lipson|year= 2003|publisher=Springer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DNJEoypcI6oC&dq=%22Beam+propagation+method%22&pg=RA1-PA210|isbn=978-1-4020-7635-0}}</ref>

The original BPM and PE were derived from the [[slowly varying envelope approximation]] and they are the so-called paraxial one-way models. Since then, a number of improved one-way models are introduced. They come from a one-way model involving a square root operator. They are obtained by applying rational approximations to the square root operator. After a one-way model is obtained, weone still havehas to solve it by discretizing the variable z. However, it is possible to merge the two steps (rational approximation to the square root operator and discretization of z) into one step. Namely, weone can find rational approximations to the so-called one-way propagator (the exponential of the square root operator) directly. The rational approximations are not trivial. Standard diagonal Padé approximants have trouble with the so-called evanescent modes. These evanescent modes should decay rapidly in z, but the diagonal Padé approximants will incorrectly propagate them as propagating modes along the waveguide. Modified rational approximants that can suppress the evanescent modes are now available. The accuracy of the BPM can be further improved, if weyou use the energy-conserving one-way model or the single-scatter one-way model.

==Principles==

BPM is generally formulated as a solution to [[Helmholtz equation]] in a time-harmonic case,

<ref>Okamoto K. 2000 Fundamentals of Optical Waveguides (San Diego, CA: Academic)</ref>

<ref>EE290F: BPM course slides, Devang Parekh, University of Berkeley, CA</ref>

:<math>

(\nabla^2 + k_0^2n^2)\psi = 0

</math>

with the field written as,

:<math>E(x,y,z,t)=\psi(x,y)\exp(-j\omega t)</math>.<!-- Where is the variable z in the right hand side of equation? It should be in the complex amplitude: Phi(x,y,z). -->

Now the spatial dependence of this field is written according to any one [[Transverse mode|TE or TM]] polarizations

:<math>\psi(x,y) = A(x,y)\exp(+jk_o\nu y)

</math>,<!-- Confusion between a transverse direction called y and the propagation direction called y too. The propagation direction should be called z and replace y in the exponential term. -->

with the envelope

:<math>A(x,y)

</math> following a slowly varying approximation,

:<math>

\frac{\partial^2( A(x,y) )}{\partial y^2} = 0

</math><!-- The amplitude should vary slowly along the propagation, hence the derivative should be done with respect to z. -->

Now the solution when replaced into the Helmholtz equation follows,

:<math>

\left[\frac{\partial^2 }{\partial x^2} + k_0^2(n^2 - \nu^2) \right]A(x,y) = \pm 2 jk_0 \nu \frac{\partial A_k(x,y)}{\partial y}

</math><!-- Same problem. The left operator should contain a double derivative with respect to y and the derivative in the right hand side of the equation should be realized with respect to z. -->

With the aim to calculate the field at all points of space for all times, we only need to compute the function

<math>A(x,y)</math> for all space, and then we are able to reconstruct <math>\psi(x,y)</math>. Since the solution

is for the time-harmonic Helmholtz equation, we only need to calculate it over one time period. We can

visualize the fields along the propagation direction, or the cross section waveguide modes.

==Numerical methods==

Both ''spatial ___domain'' methods, and ''frequency (spectral) ___domain'' methods are available for the numerical solution of the discretized master equation. Upon discretization into a grid, (using various [[central difference|centralized difference]], [[Crank–Nicolson method]], FFT-BPM etc.) and field values rearranged in a causal fashion, the field evolution is computed through iteration, along the propagation direction. The spatial ___domain method computes the field at the next step (in the propagation direction) by solving a linear equation, whereas the spectral ___domain methods use the powerful forward/inverse [[Fast Fourier transform|DFT]] algorithms. Spectral ___domain methods have the advantage of stability even in the presence of nonlinearity (from refractive index or medium properties), while spatial ___domain methods can possibly become numerically unstable.

==Applications==

BPM is a quick and easy method of solving for fields in integrated optical devices. It is typically used only in solving for intensity and modes within shaped (bent, tapered, terminated) waveguide structures, as opposed to scattering problems. These structures typically consist of [[isotropic]] optical materials, but the BPM has also been extended to be applicable to simulate the propagation of light in general [[anisotropic]] materials such as [[liquid crystals]]. This allows one to [https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.17.010895 analyze] e.g. the polarization rotation of light in anisotropic materials, the tunability of a directional coupler based on liquid crystals or the light diffraction in LCD pixels.

==Limitations of BPM==

The Beam Propagation Method relies on the [[slowly varying envelope approximation]], and is inaccurate for the modelling of discretely or fastly varying structures. Basic implementations are also inaccurate for the modelling of structures in which light propagates in large range of angles and for devices with high refractive-index contrast, commonly found for instance in [[silicon photonics]]. Advanced implementations, however, mitigate some of these limitations allowing BPM to be used to accurately model many of these cases, including many silicon photonics structures.

The BPM method can be used to model bi-directional propagation, but the reflections need to be implemented iteratively which can lead to convergence issues.

==See also==

*[[Computational electromagnetics]]

*[[Finite-difference time-___domain method]]

*[[Eigenmode expansion]]

*[[Finite element method]]

*[[Maxwell's equations]]

*[[Method of lines]]

*[[Light]]

*[[Photon]]

==References==

<references/>

[[Category:Computational electromagnetics]]

[[Category:Electrodynamics]]

[[Category:Physical optics]]