Parallel rendering: Difference between revisions

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'''Parallel rendering''' (or '''Distributeddistributed rendering''') is the application of [[parallel programming]] to the computational ___domain of [[computer graphics]]. [[Rendering (computer graphics)|Rendering]] graphics can require massive computational resources for complex scenes that arise in [[scientific visualization]], [[medical visualization]], [[Computer-aided design|CAD]] applications, and [[virtual reality]]. Recent research has also suggested that parallel rendering can be applied to [[mobile gaming]] to decrease power consumption and increase graphical fidelity.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Wu|first1=C.|last2=Yang|first2=B.|last3=Zhu|first3=W.|last4=Zhang|first4=Y.|date=2017|title=Toward High Mobile GPU Performance through Collaborative Workload Offloading|journal=IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems|volume=PP|issue=99|pages=435–449|doi=10.1109/tpds.2017.2754482|issn=1045-9219|doi-access=free}}</ref> Rendering is an [[embarrassingly parallel]] workload in multiple domains (e.g., pixels, objects, frames) and thus has been the subject of much research.

== Workload Distributiondistribution ==

There are two, often competing, reasons for using parallel rendering. Performance scaling allows frames to be rendered more quickly while data scaling allows larger data sets to be visualized. Different methods of distributing the workload tend to favor one type of scaling over the other. There can also be other advantages and disadvantages such as [[Latency (engineering)|latency]] and [[load balancing (computing)|load balancing]] issues. The three main options for primitives to distribute are entire frames, pixels, or objects (e.g. [[triangle meshesmesh]]es).

=== Frame distribution ===

Each processing unit can render an entire frame from a different point of view or moment in time. The frames rendered from different points of view can improve image quality with anti-aliasing or add effects like depth-of-field and [[three-dimensional display]] output. This approach allows for good performance scaling but no data scaling.

When rendering sequential frames in parallel there will be a lag for interactive sessions. The lag between user input and the action being displayed is proportional to the number of sequential frames being rendered in parallel.

=== Pixel distribution ===

Sets of pixels in the screen space can be distributed among processing units in what is often referred to as sort first rendering.<ref>Molnar, S., M. Cox, D. Ellsworth, and H. Fuchs. “A“[http://www.cs.unc.edu/~fuchs/publications/SortClassify_ParalRend94.pdf A Sorting Classification of Parallel Rendering].” IEEE Computer Graphics and Algorithms, pages 23-32, July 1994.</ref>

Distributing interlaced lines of pixels gives good load balancing but makes data scaling impossible. Distributing contiguous 2D tiles of pixels allows for data scaling by culling data with the [[view frustum]]. However, there is a data overhead from objects on frustum boundaries being replicated and data has to be loaded dynamically as the view point changes. Dynamic load balancing is also needed to maintain performance scaling.

=== Object distribution ===

Distributing objects among processing units is often referred to as sort last rendering.<ref>Molnar, S., M. Cox, D. Ellsworth, and H. Fuchs. “A“[http://www.cs.unc.edu/~fuchs/publications/SortClassify_ParalRend94.pdf A Sorting Classification of Parallel Rendering].” IEEE Computer Graphics and Algorithms, pages 23-32, July 1994.</ref> It provides good data scaling and can provide good performance scaling, but it requires the intermediate images from processing nodes to be [[alpha compositing|alpha composited]] to create the final image. As the image resolution grows, the alpha compositing overhead also grows.

A load balancing scheme is also needed to maintain performance regardless of the viewing conditions. This can be achieved by over partitioning the object space and assigning multiple pieces to each processing unit in a random fashion, however this increases the number of alpha compositing stages required to create the final image. Another option is to assign a contiguous block to each processing unit and update it dynamically, but this requires dynamic data loading.

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== Open source applications ==

The open source software package [[Chromium (http://chromium.sourceforge.netcomputer graphics)|Chromium]] provides a parallel rendering mechanism for existing applications. It intercepts the [[OpenGL]] calls and processes them, typically to send them to multiple rendering units driving a [[video wall|display wall]].

Equalizer (http://www.equalizergraphics.com) is an open source rendering [[Software framework|framework]] and resource management system for multipipe applications. Equalizer provides an [[Application programming interface|API]] to write parallel, scalable visualization applications which are configured at run-time by a resource server.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.equalizergraphics.com/ |title=Equalizer: Parallel Rendering |access-date=2020-04-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511163442/http://www.equalizergraphics.com/ |archive-date=2008-05-11 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[OpenSG]] (http://www.opensg.org) is an open source [[Scene graph|scenegraph]] system that provides parallel rendering capabilities, especially on clusters. It hides the complexity of parallel [[Thread (computer science)|multi-threaded]] and clustered applications and supports sort-first as well as sort-last rendering.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.opensg.org/ |title=OpenSG |access-date=2020-04-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806213018/http://www.opensg.org/ |archive-date=2017-08-06 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Golem is an open source [[decentralized application]] used for [[parallel computing]] that currently works with rendering in [[Blender_(software)|Blender]] and has plans to incorporate more uses.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Golem Network|url=https://golem.network/|access-date=2021-05-16|website=golem.network}}</ref>

==See also==

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==External links==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070116035248/http://www.cs.princeton.edu/~rudro/cluster-rendering/ Cluster Rendering at Princeton University]

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{{Computer graphics}}

[[Category:3D computer graphics]]

[[Category:Applications of distributed computing]]