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==History==
[[Sarada K. Sarma|Sarma]] worked in the area of seismic analysis of earth dams under Professor [[NicolasNicholas Ambraseys|Ambraseys]] at [[Imperial College]] for his doctoral studies in the mid 1960s .<ref> Sarma S. K. (1968) ''[https://spiral.imperial.ac.uk/bitstream/10044/1/16071/2/Sarma-SK-1968-PhD-Thesis.pdf Response characteristics and stability of earth dams during strong earthquakes]''. PhD Thesis, Imperial College of Science & Technology, University of London </ref>. The methods for seismic analysis of dams available at that time were based on the [[Slope stability analysis#Limit equilibrium analysis|Limit Equilibrium]] approach and were restricted to planar or circular failures surfaces adopting several assumptions regarding force and moment equilibrium (usually satisfying one of the two) and about the magnitude of the forces (such as interslice forces being equal to zero).
Sarma looked into the various available methods of analysis and developed a new method for analysis in seismic conditions and calculating the permanent displacements due to strong shaking. His method was published in the 1970s (the very first publication was in 1973 <ref> {{Cite journal | last1 = Sarma | first1 = S. K. (1973),| title = ''Stability analysis of embankments and slopes '' | doi = 10. 1680/geot.1973.23.3.423 Geotechnique,| journal = Géotechnique | volume = 23 , 423| -issue 433= ,3 ISSN:| 0016-8505pages = 423–433 | year = 1973 | bibcode = 1973Getq...23..423S }}</ref> and later improvements came in 1975 <ref> {{Cite journal | last1 = Sarma | first1 = S. K. (1975),| title = ''Seismic stability of earth dams and embankments '' | doi = 10. 1680/geot.1975.25.4.743 Geotechnique,| journal = Géotechnique | volume = 25 , 743| -issue 761= ,4 ISSN:| 0016-8505pages = 743–761 | year = 1975 | bibcode = 1975Getq...25..743S }}</ref> and 1979 <ref> Sarma S. K. (1979), ''Stability analysis of embankments and slopes''. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE, 1979, 105, 1511 - 1524 1511–1524, {{ISSN : |0093-6405 }}</ref>). ▼
▲Sarma looked into the various available methods of analysis and developed a new method for analysis in seismic conditions and calculating the permanent displacements due to strong shaking. His method was published in the 1970s (the very first publication was in 1973 <ref> Sarma S. K. (1973), ''Stability analysis of embankments and slopes''. Geotechnique, 23, 423 - 433 , ISSN: 0016-8505 </ref> and later improvements came in 1975 <ref> Sarma S. K. (1975), ''Seismic stability of earth dams and embankments''. Geotechnique, 25, 743 - 761 , ISSN: 0016-8505 </ref> and 1979 <ref> Sarma S. K. (1979), ''Stability analysis of embankments and slopes''. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE, 1979, 105, 1511 - 1524 , ISSN: 0093-6405 </ref>).
==Method==
===Assumptions===
The method satisfies all conditions of equilibrium, (i.e. horizontal and vertical force equilibrium and moment equilibiumequilibrium for each slice). It may be applied to any shape of slip surface as the slip surfaces are not assumed to be vertical, but they may be inclined. It is assumed that magnitudes of vertical side forces follow prescribed patterns. For n slices (or wedges), there are 3n equations and 3n unknowns, and therefore it statically determinate without the need of any further additional assumptions.
===Advantages===
The Sarma method is called an advanced and rigorous method of static and seismic [[slope stability analysis]]. It is called advanced because it can take account of non-circular failure surfaces. Also, the multi-wedge approach allows for non -vertical slices<ref> [http://www.experts123.com/q/how-are-non-vertical-slices-generated-when-using-sarmas-method.html Non-vertical slices using Sarma's method] </ref> and irregular slope geometry.<ref> [http://www.experts123.com/q/what-is-the-advantage-of-using-sarmas-method.html Advantages of using Sarma's method] </ref>. It is called a rigorous method because it can satisfy all the three conditions of equilibrium, horizontal and vertical forces and moments. The Sarma method is nowadays used as a verification to finite element programs (also [[Finite element limit analysis|FE limit analysis]]) and it is the standard method used for seismic analysis.
===Use===
The method is used mainly for two purposes, to analyse earth slopes and earth dams. When used to analyse seismic slope stability it can provide the factor of safety against failure for a given earthquake load, i.e. horizontal seismic force iror acceleration (critical acceleration). Besides, it can provide the required earthquake load (force or acceleration) for which a given slope will fail, i.e. the factor of safety will be equal to 1.
When the method is used in the analysis of earth dams (i.e. the slopes of the dam faces), the results of the analysis, i.e. the critical acceleration is used in the [[Newmark's sliding block]] analysis <ref> Newmark, N. M. (1965) Effects of earthquakes on dams and embankments. Geotechnique, 15 (2) 139-160139–160. </ref> in order to calculate the induced permanent displacements. This follows the assumption that displacements will result if the earthquake induced accelerations exceed the value of the critical acceleration for stability.
==Accuracy==
===General acceptance===
The Sarma method has been extensively used in seismic analysis software<ref>[http://www.finesoftware.eu/geotechnical-software/help/slope-stability/sarma/ GEO 5 Geotechnical Software]</ref><ref>[http://www.slope-analysis.com/html/galena_faq.html slope stability software - Galena software ]</ref> for many years and has been the standard practice until recently for seismic slope stability for many years (similar to the [[Mononobe-OkabeMononobe–Okabe method]] <ref> Okabe, S. (1926) General theory of earth pressures. Journal of the Japanese Society of Civil Engineers, 12 (1) </ref> <ref> Mononobe, N & Matsuo, H. (1929) On the determination of earth pressures during earthquakes. Proceedings of the World Engineering Congress, 9. </ref> for retaining walls). Its accuracy has been verified by various researchers nadand it has been proved to yield results quite similar to the modern ''safe'' [[Lower Bound]] numerical stability [[Plasticity (physics)|Limit Analysis]] methods (e.g. the 51st [[Rankine Lecture]] <ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Sloan | first1 = S. W. | author-link1 = Scott W. Sloan| title = Geotechnical stability analysis | doi = 10.1680/geot.12.RL.001 | journal = Géotechnique| volume = 63 | issue = 7 | pages = 531–571 | year = 2013 | bibcode = 2013Getq...63..531S | hdl = 1959.13/1060002 | hdl-access = free }}</ref><ref>[http://bga.city.ac.uk/cms/html/51stRankineLecture.pdf 51st Rankine Lecture -– Geotechnical Stability Analysis] </ref>).
===Modern alternatives===
However, nowadays modern [[numerical analysis]] software employing usually the [[Finite element method|finite element]], [[Finite difference method|finite difference]] and [[Boundary element method|boundary element]] methods are more widely used for special case studies .<ref> Zienkiewicz O C, Chan A H C, Pastor M, Schrefler B A, Shiomi T (1999) Computational Geomechanics with Special Reference to Earthquake Engineering. John Wiley & Sons, London. </ref> <ref> Zienkiewicz, O. C. & Taylor, R. L. (1989) The Finite Element Method. McGraw-HillMcGraw–Hill, London. </ref>. Particular attention has been recently given to the finite element method <ref> Griffiths, D. V. & Lane, P. V. (1999) [http://inside.mines.edu/~vgriffit/slope64/slope64_user_manual.pdf Slope stability analysis by finite elements]. Geotechnique, 49 (3) 387 - 403 387–403</ref> which can provide very accurate results through the release of several assumptions usually adopted by the conventional methods of analysis. Special boundary conditions and constitutive laws can model the case in a more realistic fashion.
* [[Earthquake engineering]] ▼* [[Finite element analysismethod]] ▼* [[Slope stability analysis]] ▼
==References==
==Bibliography==
* Kramer, S. L. (1996) Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering. Prentice Hall, New Jersey.
* [[Slope stability]]
▲* [[Slope stability analysis]]
▲* [[Earthquake engineering]]
▲* [[Finite element analysis]]
== External links ==
* [http://www3.imperial.ac.uk/people/s.sarma Dr Sarada K Sarma]
* [http://www.finesoftware.eu/geotechnical-software/help/slope-stability/sarma/ Sarma method]
{{Geotechnical engineering}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sarma Method}}
[[Category:Soil mechanics]]
[[Category:GeologyLandslide analysis, prevention and mitigation]]
[[Category:Geotechnical engineering]]
[[Category:Earthquake engineering]]
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