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<!-- {{Expand Russian|Жаманшин|topic=geo|date=October 2011}}
{| class="wikitable infobox" style="margin: 0.5em 0 0.5em 1em; width: 22em;"
{{Infobox terrestrial impact site
|-
| name = Zhamanshin crater
|+ '''TKS spacecraft'''
| other_name =
|-
| photo = Импактное стекло Жаманшинит.jpg
! colspan="3" | [[File:TKS spacecraft drawing.png|285px|Soviet TKS crew delivery/cargo ship]]
| photo_size =
|-
| photo_alt =
! colspan="3" | Description
| photo_caption = Impact glass from the Zhamanshin impact site
|-
| map = Kazakhstan
| '''Role:'''
| map_alt =
| colspan="2" | Manned [[spacecraft]] to supply the military [[Almaz]] space station
| map_caption = Location of the crater in Kazakhstan
|-
| map_size =
| '''Crew: '''
| ___location =
| colspan="2" | three
| label =
|-
| label_position =
! colspan="3" | Dimensions
| coordinates = {{coord|48|24|N|60|58|E|type:landmark_scale:100000|display=inline,title}}
|-
| coordinates_ref =
| '''Height:'''
| confidence = Confirmed
| 13.2 m
| diameter = {{convert|14|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| 43.31 ft
| depth =
|-
| rise =
| '''Diameter:'''
| 4.15imp_size m=
| age = 900,000 ± 100,000 years<br>[[Pleistocene|Mid Pleistocene]]
| 13.61 ft
| exposed = Yes
|-
| drilled = Yes
| '''Volume:'''
| bolide = [[Chondrite]]
|
| translation =
| 45.00 m<sup>3</sup>
| language =
|-
| pronunciation =
! colspan="3" | Rocket engines
| topo =
|-
| access =
| '''Main Engine''' (N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/UDMH):
| country = [[Kazakhstan]]
| 7840 N
| state = [[Aktobe Region]]
| 1763 lbf ea
| province =
|-
| district =
! colspan="3" | Performance
| municipality =
|-
}} -->
| ''' Endurance:'''
| 7 days
|
|-
| ''' Apogee:'''
| 266 km
|
|-
| ''' Perigee:'''
| 223 km
|
|-
| ''' Inclination:'''
| 52 degrees
|
|-
| ''' Spacecraft delta v:'''
| 700 m/s
| 2290 ft/s
|-
! colspan="3" | ''' Cutaway of TKS vehicle'''
|-
! colspan="3" | [[File:TKS cutaway.png|260px|Cutaway of TKS vehicle. Details are conjectural. The broad black line outlines the vehicle’s pressurized compartments. A tunnel (stippled) connects the FGB and VA spacecraft]]
|}
{{Mappa di localizzazione
'''TKS''' ({{lang-ru| Транспортный корабль снабжения}}, {{lang|ru-Latn|Transportnyi Korabl’ Snabzheniia}}, ''Navetta per trasporto di rifornimenti'',<ref>{{cite web|title=Space Race – SPIES IN SPACE|url=http://airandspace.si.edu/exhibitions/gal114/SpaceRace/sec400/sec442.htm|publisher=Smithsonian – National Air and Space Museum|accessdate=1 September 2012}}</ref> [[GRAU index]] '''11F72''')
|KAZ
era un [[veicolo spaziale]] [[Unione Sovietica|sovietico]] concepito alla fine degli anni sessanta per rifornire la stazione spaziale militare Almaz.
|caption=
|latitudineGradi = 48
|latitudinePrimi = 24
|latitudineSecondi = 0
|latitudineNS = N
|longitudineGradi = 60
|longitudinePrimi = 58
|longitudineSecondi = 0
|longitudineEW = E
}}
Il '''Cratere di Zhamanshin''' è un [[Cratere meteoritico|cratere da impatto meteoritico]] in [[Kazakistan]] del diametro di circa 14 km, prodottosi nel [[Pleistocene]] ed esposto alla superficie. La sua età stimata è di circa 900 mila anni.
Il veicolo era stato progettato sia per voli con equipaggio, sia per voli automatizzati di rifornimento in configurazione cargo. Durante il programma vennero lanciati solo quattro veicoli di test, tre dei quali si agganciarono alla stazione spaziale Salyut, ma il programma non raggiunse mai l'operatività.<ref>
La tecnologia del modulo TKS-FGB (''Functional Cargo Block'') fu successivamente alla base di altri moduli di stazioni spaziali, tra cui il modulo [[Zarya]] della [[Stazione spaziale internazionale]].</ref>
== Descrizione ==
La navetta era costituita da due veicoli spaziali collegati tra loro, che entrambi potevano operare indipendentemente:
Si crede che il cratere Zhamanshin sia il luogo più recente sulla Terra dell'impatto di un meteorite di una magnitudine sufficiente per aver prodotto una distruzione comparabile a quella di un [[inverno nucleare]], ma non sufficientemente grande per aver causato un'[[estinzione di massa]].<ref>{{en}} [https://www.unb.ca/passc/ImpactDatabase/essay.html Essay "Impact Cratering on Earth"], basato su: R.A.F. Grieve, 1990, Impact cratering on the Earth, Scientific American, v. 262, 66-73.</ref>
* la navicella '''VA''' (identificato in occidente come ''navicella Merkur''), destinato ad accogliere i cosmonauti durante il lancio e il rientro della navicella, contenente i sistemi vitali e i motori di manovra per il rientro; e
* il modulo '''FGB''' (''Functional Cargo Block''), contenente i motori per le manovre orbitali dell'intero veicolo, i serbatoi e un grande compartimento pressurizzato destinato ai rifornimenti alla stazione spaziale Almaz.
Gli studi preliminari pubblicati negli anni 1970 suggerivano che l'[[area di dispersione australasitica]] fosse stata originata dal meteorite che aveva provocato questo impatto.
Il modulo FGB era stato concepito per essere utilizzabile anche da solo come modulo cargo, mentre
Tuttavia, studi più recenti contestano tale conclusione, dato che tale area sarebbe troppo estesa perchè sia sufficiente un meteorite delle dimensioni di quello caduto a Zhamanshin, per cui si ritiene che l'area sia stata generata da un impatto di più grandi dimensioni non ancora identificato.
la navicella VA poteva essere lanciata in configurazione ''Almaz APOS'', connessa al modulo principale Almaz-OPS della stazione spaziale che forniva le funzioni di sistema di manovra orbitale primario.
== Progetto ==
[[File:TKSmodel1.jpg|thumb|Modello del veicolo spaziale TKS.
On the left is the cylindrical [[Functional Cargo Block]] with attached solar panels. In the middle is the [[VA spacecraft]], with the conical VA return capsule for the crew and the VA's orbital maneuvering engines in the long nose section. Standing right front is the [[launch escape system]], which would have been attached to the top of the VA's nose section during launch and jettisoned after a successful launch.]]
The TKS spacecraft was designed by [[Vladimir Chelomei]] (the VA capsule) and V. N. Bugayskiy (the FGB block)<ref name=JBIS>{{cite journal | last = Siddiqi | first = Asif A. | date = November–December 2001 | title = The Almaz Space Station Complex: A History, 1964-1992, part one | url = http://faculty.fordham.edu/siddiqi/writings/p18a_siddiqi_jbis_almaz_2001.pdf | journal = Journal of the British Interplanetary Society | publisher = | volume = 54 | issue = 11/12 2001 | pages = 399 | bibcode = | doi = | access-date= 8 October 2015}}</ref> as a manned [[spacecraft]] launched with [[Proton rocket]] alternative to the [[Soyuz spacecraft|Soyuz]] spacecraft for use with ''Almaz'' space stations. Development began in 1965; the ''Almaz programme'' had been abandoned by the time the first TKS spacecraft flew in 1977.
The [[VA spacecraft]] (''"Vozvrashaemiy Apparat"'') was flown separately on four test missions with two craft per launch to test the design, as well as one "all-up" test mission and three resupply missions.<ref name=SFN>{{cite web|url=http://www.svengrahn.pp.se/histind/Almprog/tksalm.htm|title=The TKS ferry for the Almaz Space Station|author=Sven Grahn|publisher=Space History Notes}}</ref>
The project had further evolved with space station ''"Modulny"'' (''"Modular"'') based on the TKS design outline, reworked to dock with '''[[Salyut 7]]''', '''[[Mir]]''' and '''[[ISS]]''' space stations. This development was designated '''FGB''', or '''[[Functional Cargo Block]]'''.{{Citation needed|date=December 2010}}
The TKS spacecraft consisted of an 11F74 "Vozvraschaemyi Apparat" (or ''Return Vehicle'' commonly referred to as the '''''VA'''''), attached to an 11F77 "Transportniy Korabl Snabzheniya" (''Functional/Cargo Block'' module or '''''FGB''''').
=== TKS VA ===
{{main|VA spacecraft}}
The TKS VA spacecraft was itself a very compact and efficient spacecraft. Typically it would reenter the atmosphere within 2 orbits, but could fly autonomously for up to 31 hours. The pressurized crew re-entry capsule was equipped with its own environmental control system, and topped with reaction control system, de-orbit braking engine, parachute system, and soft landing engines. Although extensively flight tested, it never flew with a crew on board.
The VA design was derived from the planned capsule for the Chelomei's [[LK-1]] manned circumlunar spacecraft of the 1960s. It was also the basis for Chelomei's [[LK-700]] Lunar Lander crew capsule. The VA looked somewhat similar to the [[Apollo Command/Service Module|Apollo capsule]], but was 30% smaller than its NASA counterpart.
=== TKS FGB ===
{{main|Functional Cargo Block}}
The '''FGB''' was entered from the '''VA''' spacecraft via a short tunnel. At the aft end a pilot station was equipped with controls and windows for manual docking with the '''[[Almaz]]''' space station. The docking port was also located here. Operational '''TKS''' spacecraft would have delivered '''[[KSI (spacecraft)|KSI]] film return capsules''' to '''Almaz''' stations. These would have been stored around the docking port for transfer to the film capsule airlock for loading.
== Details ==
[[File:Kosmos 1443 return capsule.JPG|thumb|[[VA capsule|TKS VA return capsule]] of [[Kosmos 1443]]]]
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+ Specifications
|-
! scope="row" | Crew size:
| 3
|-
! scope="row" | Design life:
| 7 days
|-
! scope="row" | Orbital storage:
| 200 days
|-
! scope="row" | Typical orbit:
| 223 km × 266 km at 52° inclination
|-
! scope="row" | Length:
| 13.2 m (43.31 ft)
|-
! scope="row" | Maximal diameter:
| 4.15 m (13.61 ft)
|-
! scope="row" | Span:
| 17.00 m (55.00 ft)
|-
! scope="row" | Habitable volume:
| 45.00 m<sup>3</sup>
|-
! scope="row" | Mass:
| 17,510 kg (38,600 lb)
|-
! scope="row" | Payload:
| 12,600 kg (27,700 lb)
|-
! scope="row" | Main-engine thrust:
| 7.840 kN (1,763 lbf)
|-
! scope="row" | Main-engine propellants:
| N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/UDMH <br/> 3,822 kg (8,426 lb)
|-
! scope="row" | Main-engine ''I''<sub>sp</sub>:
| 291 [[second|s]]
|-
! scope="row" | Spacecraft Δ''v'':
| 700 m/s (2,290 ft/s)
|-
! scope="row" | Electrical system:
| [[Photovoltaic module|Solar panels]] (17 m span, 40 m²)
|-
! scope="row" | Electric system:
| 2.40 kW average
|-
! scope="row" | Associated launch vehicle:
| [[Proton (rocket)|Proton 8K82K]]
|}
== Missions ==
===VA spacecraft test flights===
{{main|VA spacecraft#Test flights}}
Four flights with eight VA spacecraft without an FGB module were conducted to speed up the development of the TKS spacecraft:<ref name=SFN />
* Orbital test of a pair of two VA spacecraft [[Kosmos 881]] and [[Kosmos 882]] in 1976-12-15 that started jointly and reentered on the same day.
* VA #009L/P and VA #009P/P: Launched on 1977-08-04. Launch vehicle failure forty seconds into the flight on a suborbital test of two VA spacecraft. VA #009L/P is destroyed in the resulting booster explosion, VA #009P/P is rescued by the Proton SAS abort system and is recovered safely.
* On 1978-03-30 pair of two VA spacecraft [[Kosmos 997]] and [[Kosmos 998]] started jointly and reentered separately
* On 1979-05-23 pair of two VA spacecraft [[Kosmos 1100]] and [[Kosmos 1101]] that started jointly and reentered separately
==={{anchor|Kosmos 929}} TKS-1 (Kosmos 929) ===
{{hatnote|"Kosmos 929" redirects here.}}
Kosmos 929 was the first flight of a "complete" TKS spacecraft (VA spacecraft with FGB), launched on 17 July 1977<ref name=SFN /> – it was a "solo" test flight and was not destined for a Salyut space station.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1977-066A |title=Kosmos 929 - NSSDC ID: 1977-066A |publisher=NASA NSSDC}}</ref> The VA capsule returned to Earth 16 August 1977. The remainder of the spacecraft – the FGB – deorbited on 2 February 1978.<ref name=cords-largest>{{cite web |url=http://www.reentrynews.com/largeobject.html |title=Largest Objects to Reenter |publisher=The Aerospace Corporation |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080929165244/http://www.reentrynews.com/largeobject.html |archivedate=29 September 2008 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
=== TKS-2 (Kosmos 1267) ===
{{main|Kosmos 1267}}
On 25 April 1981, TKS-2 was launched unmanned as [[Kosmos 1267]], the first FGB to dock with a space station.<ref name=SFN /> After separation and recovery of the VA capsule on 24 May 1981, the FGB docked on 19 June with [[Salyut 6]], after 57 days of autonomous flight. It remained attached to the station until both deorbited and were destroyed on 29 July 1982.
==={{anchor|Kosmos 1443}} TKS-3 (Kosmos 1443) ===
{{hatnote|"Kosmos 1443" redirects here.}}
On 2 March 1983, TKS-3 was launched unmanned as Kosmos 1443.<ref name=SFN /> This time, the VA remained attached and the first "complete" TKS docked to [[Salyut 7]] two days after launch. TKS-3 separated from the station on 14 August. After undocking, the FGB and the VA spacecraft separated and the VA spacecraft continued in space for four more days demonstrating autonomous flight, before the VA capsule successfully re-entered on 23 August 1983, landing 100 km south-east of [[Arkalsk]] and returning 350 kg of material from the station. The FGB deorbited itself on 19 September 1983.
=== TKS-4 (Kosmos 1686) ===
{{main|Kosmos 1686}}
[[File:Mir-78.png|thumb|A drawing of the last flown TKS spacecraft, Kosmos 1686, depicted docked to the Salyut 7 space station. The VA capsule is visible on the bottom left. The "nose section" of the VA spacecraft, that would have contained the de-orbit engines for the VA capsule, has been replaced with remote sensing instruments.<ref name=SFN /><ref name=eaTKS>{{cite web |title=TKS |url=http://www.astronautix.com/craft/tks.htm |publisher=[[Encyclopedia Astronautica]] |accessdate=31 August 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825003630/http://www.astronautix.com/craft/tks.htm |archivedate=25 August 2012 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>]]
TKS-4 was launched unmanned as [[Kosmos 1686]] on 27 September 1985. The landing systems, ECS, seats, and manned controls were removed from the VA spacecraft, and instead other payload was installed: a high-resolution photo apparatus, an [[infrared telescope]] and the [[Ozon (spectrometer)|''Ozon'']] [[spectrometer]]. The TKS successfully docked with [[Salyut 7]].
The "military" long-duration crew [[Salyut 7 EO-4]], consisting of [[Viktor Savinykh]], [[Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Volkov|Alexander Volkov]] and the commander [[Vladimir Vasyutin]], had manned Salyut 7 that month to conduct experiments with TKS-4. Commander Vasyutin fell ill soon after arriving at the station.
Originally scheduled to have a six-month stay aboard Salyut 7, Vasyutin's illness forced the crew to make an emergency return to Earth on 21 November 1985, preventing the crew from finishing the TKS experiments.
The crew of [[Soyuz T-15]] returned to Salyut 7 in May 1986, to conclude some of the experiments and ferry equipment to the then new Mir space station.<ref name=SFN /><ref name=MHH>{{cite web |url=http://ston.jsc.nasa.gov/collections/TRS/_techrep/RP1357.pdf |title=Mir Hardware Heritage |author=D. S. F. Portree |publisher=NASA |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5il9QixAg?url=http://ston.jsc.nasa.gov/collections/TRS/_techrep/RP1357.pdf |archivedate=3 August 2009 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
Salyut 7 was moved to a higher orbit after that mission, while awaiting another "TKS" crew – there were even plans to return using the [[Buran (spacecraft)|Buran]] shuttle. Such flights never materialized before Salyut 7 and Kosmos 1686 deorbited on 7 February 1991, burning up together over Argentina.
== Further usage ==
{{main|Functional Cargo Block}}
The TKS design, which has never been flown manned, has gone on to provide the basic structure for several later space-station components, such as:
* [[Kvant-1]] tug<ref name=SFN />
* [[Kvant-2]] Mir module<ref name=SFN />
* [[Kristall]] Mir module<ref name=SFN />
* [[Spektr]] Mir module<ref name=SFN />
* [[Priroda]] Mir module<ref name=SFN />
* [[Polyus (spacecraft)|Polyus]] (FGB) spacecraft<ref name=SFN />
* [[Zarya]] (FGB-1) ISS module<ref name=SFN />
* [[Russian Research Module]] (FGB-2) ISS module (canceled)
* [[Nauka (ISS module)|Nauka]] (FGB-2) ISS module
Two TKS/Almaz VA capsules were bought for commercial use by the [[private spaceflight]] company [[Excalibur Almaz]]. As of 2014, one of those were auctioned for 1 million [[euro]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.parabolicarc.com/2014/05/09/excalibur-almaz-space-capsule-bought-auction/ |title= Excalibur Almaz Space Capsule Bought at Auction |publisher=parabolicarc.com |date=19 May 2014 |author=Doug Messier }}</ref> and the other was reportedly shipped away from the company's headquarters on [[Isle of Man]] in an undisclosed direction.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.parabolicarc.com/2015/03/11/line-excalibur-almaz/ |title= End of the Line for Excalibur Almaz? |publisher=parabolicarc.com |date=11 March 2015 |author=Doug Messier }}</ref>
==Existing hardware<ref>http://www.kosmonavtika.com/vaisseaux/tks/visite/visite.html</ref>==
Some VA capsules are on display in museums or in storage.
Known articles include:
* #103/1 – [[Memorial Museum of Cosmonautics]]
* #103/2 – [[Excalibur Almaz]]
* #103/4 – [[Smithsonian Museum]]
* #009A/2 – [[Excalibur Almaz]]
* #009/2 – [[NPO Mashinostroyeniya]]
* #009/3 – [[Excalibur Almaz]]
* #? – [[International Space University]], Strasbourg
* #? – [[Yevpatoria]]
* #? – [[NPO Energomash]]
* #? – [[Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center]]
* #? – Vladimir Tchelomey School, Kazakhstan
== Galleria ==
TKS-based and descendant spacecraft and modules.
<gallery perrow=4>
File:TKS spacecraft drawing.png|Soviet TKS crew delivery/cargo ship
File:TKS cutaway.png|Cutaway of TKS vehicle. Details are conjectural
File:Kosmos-1686 drawing.png|[[Kosmos 1686]]. Note the [[VA capsule]] (left), heavily modified to house scientific instruments
File:Salyut 7 and Cosmos 1686 drawing.png|[[Kosmos 1686]] and [[Salyut 7]]
File:Polyus cutaway.png|Polyus cutaway
File:Kvant module and FSM drawing.png | Kvant-1 with its orbital tug attached
File:Kvant-2 - Mir module.png| Cut-way view of Kvant-2
File:Kristall - Mir module.png|Cut-way view of Kristall
File:Spektr - Mir module.png|Cut-away view of Spektr
File:Priroda - Mir module.png|Cut-away view of Priroda
File:Zarya from STS-88.jpg|Zarya module as seen from STS-88
image:MLM - ISS module.jpg|MLM docked to the ISS
</gallery>
== Note ==
{{reflist}}
<references/>
== Collegamenti esterni ==
* [http://www.astronautix.com/t/tks.html TKS] at [[Encyclopedia Astronautica]]
* http://www.russianspaceweb.com/tks.html
* [http://www.russianspaceweb.com/almaz_ops4.html RussianSpaceWeb.com: OPS-4 space station]
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