Regional Ocean Modeling System: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 14:45, 13 January 2021

Latest revision as of 06:47, 17 February 2024

(10 intermediate revisions by 8 users not shown)

Line 1:

{{short description|A freeFree-surface, terrain-following, primitive equations ocean model}}

[[File:ROMS logo.png|thumb]]

'''Regional Ocean Modeling System''' (ROMS)''' is a free-surface, terrain-following, [[primitive equations]] ocean model widely used by the scientific community for a diverse range of applications. The model is developed and supported by researchers at the [[Rutgers University]], [[University of California Los Angeles]] and contributors worldwide.

ROMS is used to model how a given region of the ocean responds to physical forcings such as heating or wind. It can also be used to model how a given ocean system responds to inputs like sediment, freshwater, ice, or nutrients, requiring coupled models nested within the ROMS framework.

Line 9:

=== Kernel ===

Central to the ROMS modelframework are four models that form what is called the dynamical/numerical centercore or "kernel" of the model:

# NonlinearNon-Linear Model kernel (NLM): NLROMS<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shchepetkin|first=Alexander F.|date=2003|title=A method for computing horizontal pressure-gradient force in an oceanic model with a nonaligned vertical coordinate|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research|language=en|volume=108|issue=C3|page=3090 |doi=10.1029/2001jc001047|issn=0148-0227|doi-access=free|bibcode=2003JGRC..108.3090S }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=The Regional Ocean Modeling System: A Split-Explicit, Free-Surface, Topography-Following-Coordinate Ocean Model, 2003|lastlast1=Shchepetkin|firstfirst1=A.F.|last2=McWilliams|first2=J.C.|publisher=University of California at Los Angeles: Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics|year=2005|___location=Los Angeles, California}}</ref>

# Perturbation Tangent linearLinear Model kernel (TLM): TLROMS

# RepresenterFinite-amplitude tangent linear Representer Model kernel (RPM): RPROMS

# Adjoint Model kernel (ADM): ADROMS<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2004-01-01|title=A comprehensive ocean prediction and analysis system based on the tangent linear and adjoint of a regional ocean model|journal=Ocean Modelling|language=en|volume=7|issue=1–2|pages=227–258|doi=10.1016/j.ocemod.2003.11.001|issn=1463-5003|last1=Moore|first1=Andrew M.|last2=Arango|first2=Hernan G.|last3=Di Lorenzo|first3=Emanuele|last4=Cornuelle|first4=Bruce D.|last5=Miller|first5=Arthur J.|last6=Neilson|first6=Douglas J.|bibcode=2004OcMod...7..227M }}</ref>

=== Vertical grid ===

The vertical grid is a hybrid stretched grid. It is hybrid in that its stretching intervals fall somewhere between the two extremes of 1) the evenly-spaced sigma grid used by the [[Princeton Ocean Model]] and 2) a true z-grid with a static depth interval . The vertical grid can be squeezed or stretched to increase or decrease the resolution for an area of interest, such as a [[thermocline]] or bottom boundary layer. Grid stretching in the vertical direction follows bottom topography, allowing for the idealized flow of water over features such as seamounts. <ref>{{Cite journal|date=1994-11-01|title=A Semi-implicit Ocean Circulation Model Using a Generalized Topography-Following Coordinate System|journal=Journal of Computational Physics|language=en|volume=115|issue=1|pages=228–244|doi=10.1006/jcph.1994.1189|issn=0021-9991|last1=Song|first1=Yuhe|last2=Haidvogel|first2=Dale|bibcode=1994JCoPh.115..228S }}</ref> The numbering of the vertical grid goes from the bottom waters upward to the air-water interface: the bottom water level is level 1 and the topmost surface water level is the highest number (such as level 20). With a coupled sediment module, the numbering of the sediment seabed levels goes from the sediment-water interface downward: the topmost seabed level is level 1 and the deepest seabed level is the highest number.

=== Horizontal grid ===

Line 45:

=== Input ===

Boundaries such as coastlines can be specified for a given region using land- and sea-masking. The top vertical boundary, the air-sea interface, uses an interaction scheme developed by Fairall et al. (1996).<ref>{{Cite journal|lastlast1=Fairall|firstfirst1=C. W.|last2=Bradley|first2=E. F.|last3=Rogers|first3=D. P.|last4=Edson|first4=J. B.|last5=Young|first5=G. S.|date=1996-02-15|title=Bulk parameterization of air-sea fluxes for Tropical Ocean-Global Atmosphere Coupled-Ocean Atmosphere Response Experiment|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans|language=en|volume=101|issue=C2|pages=3747–3764|citeseerx=10.1.1.469.6689|doi=10.1029/95jc03205|bibcode=1996JGR...101.3747F |issn=0148-0227}}</ref> The bottom vertical boundary, the [[Sediment–water interface|sediment-water interface]], uses a bottom stress or bottom-boundary-layer scheme developed by Styles and Glenn (2000).<ref>{{Cite journal|lastlast1=Styles|firstfirst1=Richard|last2=Glenn|first2=Scott M.|date=2000-10-15|title=Modeling stratified wave and current bottom boundary layers on the continental shelf|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans|language=en|volume=105|issue=C10|pages=24119–24139|doi=10.1029/2000jc900115|s2cid=140144365 |issn=0148-0227|urldoi-access=http://pdfsfree|bibcode=2000JGR.semanticscholar.org/8350/d67073a1547a0a67dfb7d3693371d3865dea.pdf10524119S }}</ref>

Inputs that are needed for an implementer to run ROMS for a specific ocean region include:

Line 78:

=== Coupled model applications ===

Biogeochemical, bio-optical, sea ice, sediment, and other models can be embedded within the ROMS framework to study specific processes. These are usually developed for specific regions of the world's oceans but can be applied elsewhere. For example, the sea ice application of ROMS was originally developed for the Barents Sea Region.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Budgell|first=W. P.|date=2005-12-01|title=Numerical simulation of ice-ocean variability in the Barents Sea region|journal=Ocean Dynamics|language=en|volume=55|issue=3–4|pages=370–387|doi=10.1007/s10236-005-0008-3|s2cid=54845941 |issn=1616-7341}}</ref>

ROMS modeling efforts are increasingly being coupled with observational platforms, such as [[Weather buoy|buoys]], satellites, and ship-mounted underway sampling systems, to provide more accurate forecasting of ocean conditions.

Line 86:

There is an ever-growing number of applications of ROMS to particular regions of the world's oceans. These integrated ocean modeling systems use ROMS for the circulation component, and add other variables and processes of interest. A few examples are:

* Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere-Wave-Sediment Transport (COAWST)<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2010-01-01|title=Development of a Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere–Wave–Sediment Transport (COAWST) Modeling System|journal=Ocean Modelling|language=en|volume=35|issue=3|pages=230–244|doi=10.1016/j.ocemod.2010.07.010|issn=1463-5003|last1=Warner|first1=John C.|last2=Armstrong|first2=Brandy|last3=He|first3=Ruoying|last4=Zambon|first4=Joseph B.|bibcode=2010OcMod..35..230W |hdl=1912/4099|url=http://darchive.mblwhoilibrary.org/bitstream/1912/4099/1/Warner-OM.pdf|hdl-access=free}}</ref>

* Experimental System for Predicting Shelf and Slope Optics (ESPRESSO)

* New York Harbor Observing and Prediction System (NYHOPS)

* Chesapeake Bay Estuarine Carbon & Biogeochemistry (ChesROMS ECB)<ref>{{Cite journal|lastlast1=Feng|firstfirst1=Yang|last2=Friedrichs|first2=Marjorie A. M.|last3=Wilkin|first3=John|last4=Tian|first4=Hanqin|last5=Yang|first5=Qichun|last6=Hofmann|first6=Eileen E.|author-link6=Eileen Hofmann|last7=Wiggert|first7=Jerry D.|last8=Hood|first8=Raleigh R.|date=2015|title=Chesapeake Bay nitrogen fluxes derived from a land-estuarine ocean biogeochemical modeling system: Model description, evaluation, and nitrogen budgets |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences|language=en|volume=120|issue=8|pages=1666–1695|doi=10.1002/2015jg002931|pmc=5014239|pmid=27668137 |bibcode=2015JGRG..120.1666F }}</ref>

* Climatic indices in the Gulf of Alaska<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2007-10-01|title=Intrinsic and forced interannual variability of the Gulf of Alaska mesoscale circulation|journal=Progress in Oceanography|language=en|volume=75|issue=2|pages=266–286|doi=10.1016/j.pocean.2007.08.011|issn=0079-6611|last1=Combes|first1=Vincent|last2=Di Lorenzo|first2=Emanuele|bibcode=2007PrOce..75..266C |hdl=1853/14532|hdl-access=free}}</ref>

*[http://faculty.washington.edu/pmacc/LO/LiveOcean.html LiveOcean] daily forecast model of the NE Pacific and Salish Sea

*The Western Mediterranean OPerational forecasting system (WMOP)<ref>{{Cite web |title=SOCIB System Description |url=https://www.socib.es/?seccion=modelling&facility=forecast_system_description |access-date=2022-08-14 |website=www.socib.es}}</ref>

== See also ==

Line 115 ⟶ 116:

[[Category:Numerical climate and weather models]]

[[Category:Physical oceanography]]

[[Category:Oceanography]]