Android science: Difference between revisions

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{{short description|Interdisciplinary framework}}

'''Android science''' is an interdisciplinary framework for studying human interaction and cognition based on the premise that a very humanlike [[robot]] (that is, an [[Android (robot)|android]]) can elicit human-directed social responses in human beings.<ref>Reeves, B. & [[Clifford Nass|Nass, C.]] (2002). ''[[The mediaMedia equationEquation]]: How people treat computers, television, and new media like real people and places.'' University of Chicago Press. {{ISBN |978-1-57586-053-4}}</ref><ref>MacDorman, K. F., Minato, T., Shimada, M., Itakura, S., Cowley, S. J., & Ishiguro, H. (2005). Assessing human likeness by eye contact in an android testbed. In ''Proceedings of the XXVII Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society.'' July 25-2625–26, Stresa, Italy.</ref> The android's ability to elicit human-directed social responses enables researchers to employ an android in experiments with human participants as an apparatus that can be controlled more precisely than a human actor.<ref>[http://www.macdorman.com MacDorman, K. F.] & [http://www.ed.ams.eng.osaka-u.ac.jp/ Ishiguro, H.] (2006). [http://www.macdorman.com/kfm/writings/pubs/MacDorman2006AndroidScience.pdf The uncanny advantage of using androids in cognitive science research.] ''Interaction Studies, 7''(3), 297-337.</ref>

While mechanical-looking robots may be able to elicit social responses to some extent, a robot that looks and acts like a human being is in a better position to stand in for a human actor in social, psychological, cognitive, or neuroscientific experiments.<ref>[http://www.macdorman.com MacDorman, K. F.] & [http://www.ed.ams.eng.osaka-u.ac.jp/ Ishiguro, H.] (2006). [http://www.macdorman.com/kfm/writings/pubs/MacDorman2006OpeningPandorasUncannyBox.pdf Opening Pandora’s uncanny box: Reply to commentaries on “The uncanny advantage of using androids in social and cognitive science research.”] Interaction Studies, 7(3), 361-368.</ref> This gives experiments with androids a level of ecological validity with respect to human interaction found lacking in experiments with mechanical-looking robots.<ref>{{citeCite doijournal| first1 = K. F.| first2 = H. | title = The uncanny advantage of using androids in cognitive and social science research| last1 = Macdorman | journal = Interaction Studies | volume = 7| issue = 3 | pages = 297–337 | year = 2006 | doi = 10.1075/is.7.3.03mac| last2 = Ishiguro}}</ref>

An experimental setting for human-android interaction also provides a testing ground for models concerning how cognitive or neural processing influence human interaction, because models can be implemented in the android and tested in interaction with human participants. In android science, cognitive science and engineering are understood as enjoying a synergistic relationship in which the results from a deepening understanding of human interaction and the development of increasingly humanlike androids feed into each other.<ref>Ishiguro, H. (2005). Android science: Toward a new cross-disciplinary framework. In ''Toward social mechanisms of android science: A CogSci 2005 Workshop.'' July 25-2625–26, Stresa, Italy, pp. 1-6.</ref>

SomeAndroid researchers{{Who|date=Augustscience 2009}}can be broadly construe android scienceconstrued to include all the effects of engineered human likeness, such as the impact of humanlike robots on society or the study of the relationship between [[anthropomorphism]] and human perception. The latter relates to an observation made by [[Masahiro Mori (roboticist)|Masahiro Mori]] that human beings are more sensitive to deviations from humanlike behavior or appearance in near-human forms. Mori refers to this phenomenon as the [[uncanny valley]].<ref>Mori, M. (1970). Bukimi no tani (The uncanny valley; K. F. MacDorman & T. Minato, Trans.). ''Energy, 7''(4), 33–35.</ref> In android science this heightened sensitivity is seen as a diagnostic tool for enhancing the human likeness of an android.{{Citation needed|date=August 2009}}

==Conferences, workshops, and symposia==

*[http://www.siggraph.org/s2007/presenters/panels/ Uncanny Valley] panel. Siggraph 2007: The 34th International Conference and Exhibition on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques. San Diego, August 5-9, 2007.

*[http://www.androidscience.com Toward Social Mechanisms of Android Science] long symposium at the [http://www.jcss.gr.jp/meetings/ICCS2006/ICCS2006.html Fifth International Conference of the Cognitive Science], July 26, 2006 at Sheraton Vancouver Wall Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada.

*[http://www.theuncannyvalley.org Views of the Uncanny Valley], A Humanoids 2005 Workshop, [http://www.humanoidrobots.org/humanoids2005/ IEEE-RAS International Conference on Humanoid Robots], Echopal Tsukuba International Congress Center, Tsukuba, Japan, 5 December 2005.

*[http://www.androidscience.com/ Toward Social Mechanisms of Android Science] workshop at the [http://www.psych.unito.it/csc/cogsci05/ 27th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society], July 25 and 26, 2005 at Regina Palace Hotel, Stresa, Italy.

==See also==

*[[Affective computing]]

{{portalpar|Robotics|Animation2.gif}}

*[[Android (robot)|Android]]

*[[Cognitive science]]

*[[Robot]]

*[[Human-robot interaction]]

*[[Robot]]

*[[Uncanny valley]]

*[[Affective computing]]

==References==

{{reflistReflist}}

==External links==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090930011847/http://informatics.iupui.edu/android/ Android Science Center]

* [http://www.macdorman.com MacDorman, K.F.] & [http://www.ed.ams.eng.osaka-u.ac.jp Ishiguro, H.] (2006). [http://www.macdorman.com/kfm/writings/pubs/MacDorman2006AndroidScience.pdf The uncanny advantage of using androids in social and cognitive science research]. ''Interaction Studies, 7''(3).

* [http://www.macdorman.com MacDorman, K. F.], Minato, T., Shimada, M., Itakura, S., [http://www.psy.herts.ac.uk/pub/sjcowley/index.html Cowley, S. J.] & [http://www.ed.ams.eng.osaka-u.ac.jp Ishiguro, H.] (2005). [http://www.macdorman.com/kfm/writings/pubs/MacDormani2005AssessHumanLikenessCogSci.pdf Assessing human likeness by eye contact in an android testbed.] Proceedings of the XXVII Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society. July 21 – 23, 2005. Stresa, Italy.

* [http://199.246.67.28/exnmedia/exn20050324-android.asf Android Science] segment on the Daily Planet Goes to Japan, the Discovery Channel, March 24, 2005.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Android Science}}

[[Category:Robotics]]

{{Androids}}

[[ja:アンドロイドサイエンス]]

[[zh:人型机器人学]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Android Science}}

[[Category:RoboticsAndroid (robot)|*]]