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When commonly used, '''grotesque''' means strange, fantastic, ugly or bizarre, and thus is often used to describe shapes and distorted forms such as [[Halloween]] masks or [[gargoyle]]s on churches. More specifically, the grotesque forms on buildings which are not used as drainspouts should not be called gargoyles, but rather referred to simply as grotesques.
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See also: [[Sheela Na Gig]], [[Hunky Punk]], [[mask]], [[mummers play]], [[pumpkin]]
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[[Image:RerumNaturaFrescoVdEste.jpg|thumb|right|280px|Mother Nature is surrounded by ''grottesche'' in this fresco detail from [[Villa d'Este]]]]
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==In art history==
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In art, '''grotesques''' are a decorative form of [[arabesque]]s with interlaced garlands and strange animal figures which were fashionable in ancient [[Rome]] (as wall decoration, mosaics, etc.) and in [[Renaissance]] art as wall decoration, in marquetry (fine woodwork), in book illustration and in other decorative uses. It should not be confused with the decorative form of [[strapwork]] (the portrayal of leather straps in plaster or wood moldings). In Medieval [[Illuminated manuscript]]s terminology, [[drolleries]], half-human thumbnails drawn in the margins, are also called "grotesques".
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==In typography==
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'''Grotesque''' (generally with an upper-case ''G'') is the style of the [[serif|sans serif]] types of the [[19th century]]. The name was coined by William Thorowgood, the first to produce a san serif type with [[minuscule|lower case]], in 1832. ([[majuscule|Capital]]-only faces of this style were available from 1816.) Examples of Grotesque designs are:
* Akzidenz Grotesk (1898)
* [[Franklin Gothic]] (1905), [[Morris Benton]]
* [[Univers]] (1957), [[Adrian Frutiger]]
* [[Helvetica]] (1958), [[Max Miedinger]], based on Akzidenz Grotesk
The later designs are sometimes classified as ''neo-grotesque'' (see: [[Typeface#3._Sans-serif_fonts|typeface]]).
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==In literature==
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In fiction, a character is usually considered a '''grotesque''' if he induces both empathy and disgust. (A character who inspires disgust alone is simply a villain or a [[monster]].) Obvious examples would include the physically deformed and the mentally deficient, but people with cringe-worthy social traits are also included. The reader becomes piqued by the grotesque's positive side, and continues reading to see if the character can conquer his darker side.
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[[Southern Gothic]] is the genre most frequently identified with grotesques and [[William Faulkner]] is often cited as the ringmaster. [[Flannery O'Connor]] wrote, "Whenever I'm asked why Southern writers particularly have a penchant for writing about freaks, I say it is because we are still able to recognize one" ("Some Aspects of the Grotesque in Southern Fiction," 1960). In her often-anthologized story "A Good Man is Hard to Find," the Misfit is clearly a maimed soul, utterly callous to human life but driven to seek the truth. The less obvious grotesque is the polite, doting grandmother who is unaware of her own astonishing selfishness.
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==In Architecture==
[[Image:anatomy.jpg|thumb|300px|Grotesque at the University of Chicago]]
While often confused with [[gargoyles]], these stone carvings are not born from the general form of a water spout. Rather, they may take any number of upright positions.
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==Etymology==
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The word ''grotesque'' comes from the same [[Latin]] root as ''"[[grotto]]"'', meaning a small cave or hollow. The expression comes from the unearthing and rediscovery of ancient Roman decorations in caves and buried sites in the 15th century.
[[Category:Art genres]] [[Category:Folklore]] [[Category:Stock characters]]
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[[sv:Grotesk (arkitektur)]]
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