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[[Image:Zurich.jpeg|thumb|250px|General view showing Grossmünster church.]]
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'''Zürich''' [[International_Phonetic_Alphabet|IPA]] [ˈtsyːrɪç] (in English often '''Zurich''', which is also the standard French form of the name) is the largest city in [[Switzerland]] (population 364,558 in [[2002]]; as agglomeration 1,091,732) and [[capital]] of the [[canton of Zürich]]. The city is Switzerland's main commercial centre, and home to the country's largest [[airport]]. It is also home of the [[Cabaret Voltaire]] where the [[Dada movement]] began in [[1916]]
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The origin of the name is most likely the [[Celtic]] word ''Turus'', a corroborating reference to which was found on a tomb inscription dating from the [[Roman Empire|Roman]] occupation in the 2nd century AD. The Roman name for the town was ''Turicum'' and in the local dialect it is called ''Züri'' [[International_Phonetic_Alphabet|IPA]] [ˈtsyrɪ].
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== Geography ==
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[[Image:Zurich.jpg|thumb|left|200px|[http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=16500 Streets of central Zürich]]]
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Situated where the river [[Limmat]] leaves the [[Lake Zürich]], surrounded by wooded hills. The river [[Sihl]] meets with the Limmat at the end of Platzspitz, which borders the [[Swiss National Museum]] (''Landesmuseum'').
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== History ==
Numerous lake side settlements from the [[Neolithic]] and [[Bronze age]] were found, like Zürich Pressehaus and Zürich Mozartstrasse.
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In Roman times, ''Turicum'' was a tax collecting point for goods entering the imperial province of [[Raetia]] by river. The earliest record of the town's name is preserved on a tombstone found in the 18. century on Lindenhof, referring to the roman castle as ''STA(tio) TUR(i)CEN(sis)''.
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A [[carolingian]] castle, built on the site of the roman castle by the grandson of [[Charlemagne]], [[Louis the German]], is mentioned in [[835]] (''"in castro Turicino iuxta fluvium Lindemaci"''). Louis also founded the [[Fraumünster]] abbey in [[853]] for his daughter Hildegard. He endowed the [[benedictine]] convent with the lands of Zürich, [[Uri]], and the ''Albis'' forest, and granted the convent immunity, placing it under his direct authority.
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In [[1045]], king [[Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry III]] granted the convent the rights to hold markets, collect tolls, and the [[coinage prerogative]] and thus effectively made the abbess the ruler of the city.
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Zürich became ''[[reichsunmittelbar]]'' in [[1218]] with the extinction of the main line of the [[Zähringer]] family. Emperor [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick II]] promoted the abbess of the Fraumünster to the rank of a duchess in [[1234]]. The abbess assigned the [[mayor]], and she frequently delegated the coinage prerogative to citizens of the city. However, the political power of the convent would slowly wane in the 14th century, beginning with the establishment of the ''Zunftordnung'' ([[guild]] laws) in [[1336]] by [[Rudolf Brun]] (d. 1360), who also became the first independent mayor, i.e. not assigned by the abbess.
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The [[Codex Manesse]], a major source of medieval german poetry, was written and illustrated in the early [[14th century]] in Zürich.
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Zürich joined the [[Switzerland|Swiss confederation]] (which at that point was a loose confederation of [[Cantons of Switzerland|independent states]]) as the fifth member in [[1351]]. Zürich was expelled from the confederation in [[1440]] due to a war with the other member states over the territory of [[Toggenburg]] (the [[Old Zürich War]]). Zürich was defeated in [[1446]], and re-admitted to the confederation in [[1450]].
[[Huldrych Zwingli|Zwingli]] started the Swiss reformation at the time when he was the main preacher in Zürich. He lived there from [[1518]] until his death in [[1531]].
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== Sights ==
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*[[Grossmünster]] (great [[minster (cathedral)|minster]]) (near Lake Zürich, in the old city), where [[Zwingli]] was pastor
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*[[Fraumünster]] (our lady's minster) first church built before 874; the [[Romanesque]] choir dates from 1250-70; [[Marc Chagall]] stained glass choir windows; (on the opposite side of the Limmat)
*[[St. Peter, Zürich|St. Peter]] (downstream of Fraumünster, in the old city); with the largest clock face in Europe
*[[Lindenhof]] (linden court), near St. Peter; site of the Roman and medieval castle. View over river and old town.
*Guild houses along the river (downstream Grossmünster)
*Old town on both sides of the river
*[[Bahnhofstrasse, Zürich]] (shopping avenue) starting at main train station
*[[Schweizerisches Landesmuseum|Landesmuseum]] (Swiss National Museum, directly opposite Zürich's main train station.)
*Art Museum (''[[Kunsthaus Zürich]]'')
*[[Zürich Zoo|Zoological garden]]
*[[Lake Zürich]], running from Zürich to [[Rapperswil]] and linking with the [[Obersee]]
*[[Üetliberg]], at altitude 813 metres above sea level
[[Image:ZurichFraumuenster.straightened.jpg|thumbnail|300px|Fraumünster church.]]
== Industry and Commerce ==
[[UBS AG|UBS]], [[Credit Suisse]] and many private banks have their headquarters in Zürich, the commercial center of Switzerland. The Swiss Stock Exchange is also headquartered in Zürich (see also [[Swiss banking]], [[Gnomes of Zurich]]).
== Education and Research ==
*[[ETH Zurich]]
*[[University of Zurich]]
==Sports==
*[[FIFA|Federation Internationale de Football Association]] (FIFA)
*[[IIHF|International Ice Hockey Federation]] (IIHF)
*Swimming in the lake, in the river or in several outdoor swimming pools (June-September)
==Transportation==
[[Image:Trams in Zurich.jpg|thumbnail|250px|Trams in Zurich]]
Zürich is a hub for rail, road and air traffic. It has several railway stations, including '''[[Zürich Main Station]]''', [[Zürich Oerlikon]], [[Zürich Stadelhofen]], and [[Zürich Altstetten]]. The [[Cisalpino]], [[InterCity Express]] and even the [[TGV]] high-speed trains stop in Zürich.
The [[A1 (Switzerland)|A1]], [[A3 (Switzerland)|A3]] and [[A4 (Switzerland)|A4]] motorways leave Zürich (the A1 heads west towards [[Bern]] and [[Geneva]], east towards [[St. Gallen]], and the A3 heads northwest towards [[Basel]] and southeast towards [[Sargans]].)
Zürich has a major [[Zurich International Airport|international airport at Kloten]], less than 10 kilometres northeast of the city. There is also an airfield in [[Dübendorf]], although it is not used for civil aviation.
Within Zürich and throughout the canton of Zürich, the [[ZVV]] network of public transport has traffic density rating among the highest worldwide.
== Notable people ==
born or died in Zürich
*[[Huldrych Zwingli]] ([[1484]] - [[1531]]), reformer
*[[Conrad Gessner]] ([[1516]] - [[1565]]), born and died in Zürich
*[[Johann Jakob Scheuchzer]] ([[1672]] - [[1733]]), scholar, born in Zürich
*[[Johann Kaspar Lavater]] ([[1741]] - [[1801]]), poet and physiognomist, born in Zürich
*[[Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi]] ([[1746]] - [[1827]]), educational reformer, born in Zürich
*[[Gottfried Keller]] ([[1819]] - [[1890]]) , poet, born and died in Zürich
*[[Conrad Ferdinand Meyer]] ([[1825]] - [[1898]]), poet, born in Zürich
*[[Johanna Spyri]] ([[1827]] - [[1901]]), author of ''[[Heidi]]'', died in Zürich
*[[Wilhelm Filchner]] ([[1877]] - [[1957]]), explorer, died in Zürich
*[[James Joyce]] ([[1882]] - [[1941]]), Irish novelist, died in Zürich (buried at Fluntern cemetery in Zürich)
*[[Felix Bloch]] ([[1905]] - [[1983]]), physicist, born in Zürich
*[[Elias Canetti]] ([[1905]] - [[1994]]), novelist, died in Zürich
*[[Max Frisch]] ([[1911]] - [[1991]]), novelist, born and died in Zürich
*[[Bruno Ganz]] (*[[1941]]), actor, born in Zürich
*[[Martin Suter]] (*[[1948]]), author, born in Zürich
famous residents:
*[[Richard Wagner]] ([[1849]]–[[1861]])
*[[Albert Einstein]] ([[1896]]–[[1900]], [[1909]]–[[1911]], [[1912]]–[[1914]])
*[[Lenin]] ([[1917]])
*[[Thomas Mann]] ([[1933]]–[[1942]])
*[[Kurt Tucholsky]] ([[1932]]–[[1933]])
==Hotels==
: ''Hotel '''Savoy [[Baur en Ville]]''''' ([http://www.savoy-baurenville.ch Weblink])
: ''Hotel '''[[Baur au Lac]]''''' ([http://www.bauraulac.ch/ Weblink])
: ''Grand Hotel '''[[Dolder]]''''' ([http://www.doldergrand.ch/ Weblink])
: ''Hotel '''Alden Splügenschloss''''' ([http://www.alden.ch/ Weblink])
: ''Hotel '''Eden au Lac''''' ([http://www.edenaulac.ch/ Weblink])
: '''''Park [[Hyatt]]''' Zürich'' ([http://www.zurich.park.hyatt.com/ Weblink])
: ''Hotel '''Widder''''' ([http://www.widderhotel.ch/ Weblink])
: '' Hotel '''Marriott''''' ([http://www.marriotthotels.com/ Weblink])
: ''Hotel '''Ascot''''' ([http://www.ascot.ch/ Weblink])
see also [http://www.zuerich.com/hotel/hotelliste.php?lg=1&displayLanguage=en Zürich Tourism]
[[Image:ZurichStPeter.jpg|thumbnail|300px|St. Peter church.]]
==External links==
*[http://www.zuerich.com/index.php?&displayLanguage=en Zürich Tourism]
*[http://www.stadt-zuerich.ch/ Stadt Zürich], official site in German.
*[http://www.swx.com/top/index_en.html SWX Swiss Exchange]
[[Category:Cities in Switzerland]]
[[da:Zürich]]
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[[es:Zúrich]]
[[fr:Zurich (ville)]]
[[it:Zurigo]]
[[he:ציריך]]
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[[ja:チューリッヒ]]
[[pl:Zurych]]
[[pt:Zurique]]
[[ro:Zürich]]
[[ru:Цюрих]]
[[sv:Zürich]]
[[zh:苏黎世]]
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