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{{Short description|Microscopy technique}}
'''Imaging particle analysis''' is a technique for making particle measurements using [[digital imaging]], one of the techniques defined by the broader term [[particle size analysis]]. The measurements that can be made include [[particle size]], particle shape (morphology or [[shape analysis (digital geometry)|shape analysis]] and [[grayscale]] or [[RGB color model#Numeric representations|color]], as well as distributions (graphs) of [[Population (statistics)|statistical population]] measurements.
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Imaging particle analysis uses the techniques common to [[image analysis]] or [[image processing]] for the analysis of particles. Particles are defined here per [[particle size analysis]] as particulate solids, and thereby not including atomic or sub-atomic particles. Furthermore, this article is limited to [[real image]]s (optically formed), as opposed to "synthetic" (computed) images ([[computed tomography]], [[confocal microscopy]], SIM and other [[super resolution microscopy]] techniques, etc.).
Given the above, the primary method for imaging particle analysis is using optical microscopy. While [[optical microscope]]s have been around and used for particle analysis since the 1600s,<ref name="Hogg1887">{{cite book|author=[[Jabez Hogg]]|title=The Microscope: Its History, Construction, and Application: Being a Familiar Introduction to the Use of the Instrument, and the Study of Microscopical Science|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wzM5AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA8|year=1887|publisher=G. Routledge and Sons|pages=8|edition=12th}}</ref> the "analysis" in the past has been accomplished by humans using the human [[visual system]]. As such, much of this analysis is subjective, or qualitative in nature. Even when some sort of qualitative tools are available, such as a measuring [[reticle]] in the microscope, it has still required a human to determine and record those measurements.
Beginning in the late 1800s<ref name="Tissandier1877">{{cite book|author=Gaston Tissandier|title=A History and Handbook of Photography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lWo9AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1|year=1877|publisher=Sampson, Low, Marston, Low, & Searle|pages=1}}</ref> with the availability of [[photographic plate]]s, it became possible to capture microscope images permanently on film or paper, making measurements easier to acquire by simply using a scaled ruler on the hard copy image. While this significantly speeded up the acquisition of particle measurements, it was still a tedious, labor-intensive process, which not only made it difficult to measure statistically significant particle populations, but also still introduced some degree of human error to the process.
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# A digital camera captures an image of the [[field of view]] in the optical system.
# A gray scale [[Thresholding (image processing)|thresholding]] process is used to perform [[Image segmentation#Thresholding|image segmentation]], segregating out the particles from the background, creating a [[binary image]] of each particle.<ref name=Gonzalez>{{cite book|last=Gonzalez|first=Rafael C.|title=Digital Image Processing|year=2002|publisher=Pearson Education|isbn=978-8178086293|pages=595–611|author2=Woods, Richard E.}}</ref><ref name="Sankur2004">{{cite journal|last1=Sankur|first1=Bulent|title=Survey over image thresholding techniques and quantitative performance evaluation|journal=Journal of Electronic Imaging|volume=13|issue=1|year=2004|pages=146|issn=1017-9909|doi=10.1117/1.1631315|bibcode = 2004JEI....13..146S }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=A Threshold Selection Method from Gray-Level Histograms|journal=IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics|volume=9|issue=1|year=1979|pages=62–66|issn=0018-9472|doi=10.1109/TSMC.1979.4310076|last1=Otsu|first1=Nobuyuki}}</ref>
# [[Digital image processing]] techniques are used to perform [[image analysis]] operations, resulting in morphological and grey-scale measurements to be stored for each particle.<ref name="CarterYan2005">{{cite journal|last1=Carter|first1=R M|last2=Yan|first2=Y|title=Measurement of particle shape using digital imaging techniques|journal=Journal of Physics: Conference Series|volume=15|issue=1|year=2005|pages=177–182|issn=1742-6588|doi=10.1088/1742-6596/15/1/030|bibcode = 2005JPhCS..15..177C |doi-access=free}}</ref>
# The measurements saved for each particle are then used to generate image population statistics,<ref>{{cite web|last=Pouli|first=T.|title=Image Statistics and their Applications in Computer Graphics (2010)|url=http://www.cs.bris.ac.uk/~reinhard/papers/eg2010_tania.pdf|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20110401055809/http://www.cs.bris.ac.uk/~reinhard/papers/eg2010_tania.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 April 2011|publisher=Eurographics, State of the Art|accessdate=2 January 2014|author2=Cunningham, D|author3=Reinhard, E.}}</ref> or as inputs to algorithms for filtering and sorting the particles into groups of similar types. In some systems, sophisticated [[pattern recognition]] techniques<ref name="Rosenfeld1981">{{cite journal|last1=Rosenfeld|first1=A.|title=Image pattern recognition|journal=Proceedings of the IEEE|volume=69|issue=5|year=1981|pages=596–605|issn=0018-9219|doi=10.1109/PROC.1981.12027|s2cid=13410801}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Young|first=T. Y.|title=Handbook of Pattern Recognition and Image Processing|year=1986|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0127745602|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/handbookofpatter0000unse}}</ref> may also be employed in order to separate different particle types contained in a heterogeneous sample.
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[[Category:Laboratory equipment]]
[[Category:Counting instruments]]
[[Category:Microscopy]]
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