Content deleted Content added
No edit summary |
→Clinical use of bone segment navigation: The systems, which were used by Cutting and Watzinger do not meet the criteria of bone segment navigation (see first paragraph), since they still use artificial reference markers instead of natural reference surfaces and achieve only an accuracy of 2 - 4 mm. |
||
Line 30:
Initial bone fragment positioning efforts using an electro-magnetic system were abandoned due to the need for an environment without ferrous metals.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Cutting|first1=C|last2=Grayson|first2=B|last3=Kim|first3=H|date=1990|title=Precision multi-segment bone positioning using computer aided methods in craniofacial surgical procedures.|journal=Proc. IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Soc.|volume=12|pages=1926–7}}</ref> In 1991 Taylor at IBM working in collaboration with the craniofacial surgery team at New York University developed a bone fragment tracking system based on an [[Infrared|infrared (IR)]] camera and IR [[transmitters]] attached to the skull.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A Model-Based Optimal Planning and Execution System with Active Sensing and Passive Manipulation for Augmentation of Human Precision in Computer-Integrated Surgery|last1=Taylor|first1=RH|last2=Cutting|first2=C|last3=Kim|first3=Y|display-authors=etal|work=Proceedings International Symposium on Experimental Robotics.|publisher=Springer-Verlag|year=1991|___location=Toulouse, France}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Taylor|first1=RH|last2=Paul|first2=H|last3=Cutting|first3=C|display-authors=etal|date=1992|title=Augmentation of Human Precision in Computer Integrated Surgery.|journal=Innovation et Technologie en Biologie et Medicine|volume=13|issue=4|pages=450–68}}</ref> This system was patented by IBM in 1994.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Signaling device and method for monitoring positions in a surgical operation.|last1=Taylor|first1=R|last2=Kim|first2=Y (inventors)|publisher=United States Patent 5,279,309|year=1994|___location=Ossining, NY}}</ref> At least three IR transmitters are attached in the [[neurocranium]] area to compensate the movements of the patient's head. There are three or more IR transmitters are attached to the bones where the osteotomy and bone repositioning is about to be performed onto. The [[Three-dimensional space|3D]] position of each transmitter is measured by the IR camera, using the same principle as in [[satellite navigation]]. A computer workstation is constantly visualizing the actual position of the bone fragments, compared with the predetermined position, and also makes real-time spatial determinations of the free-moving bony segments resulting from the osteotomy.
Thus, fragments can be very accurately positioned into the target position, predetermined by surgical simulation. More recently a similar system, the [[Surgical Segment Navigator]] (SSN), was developed in 1997 at the [[University of Regensburg|University of Regensburg, Germany]], with the support of the [[Carl Zeiss AG|Carl Zeiss Company]].<ref name=":0">Marmulla R, Niederdellmann H: ''Computer-assisted Bone Segment Navigation'', J Craniomaxillofac Surg 26: 347-359, 1998</ref>
== References ==
| |||