Normalization process model: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 10:05, 18 June 2009

Latest revision as of 06:49, 8 May 2024

(28 intermediate revisions by 23 users not shown)

Line 1:

{{Short description|Sociological model}}

The '''Normalization Process Model''' is a theory that explains how new technologies are embedded in health care work <ref>May, C. 2006. "A rational model for assessing and evaluating complex interventions in health care." BMC Health Services Research 6: 1-11.[http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6963/6/86].</ref>. The model was developed by [[Carl R May]] and co-workers <ref>Finch, T. L., F. S. Mair, and C. R. May. 2007. "Teledermatology in the UK: lessons in service innovation." British Journal of Dermatology 156: 521-527; May, C., M. Mort, T. Williams, F.S. Mair, and L. Gask. 2003a. "Health Technology Assessment in its local contexts: studies of telehealthcare." Social Science and Medicine 57: 697-710; May, C.R., R. Harrison, T. Finch, A. MacFarlane, F.S. Mair, and P. Wallace. 2003b. "Understanding the normalization of telemedicine services through qualitative evaluation." Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association 10: 596-604.</ref>, and is an empirically derived [[grounded theory]] in [[medical sociology]] and [[Science and Technology Studies]] ([[STS]]), based on [[qualitative methods]]. Carl May developed the model after he appeared as a witness at a [[British House of Commons]] Health Committee Inquiry on New Medical Technologies in the NHS in 2005 <ref>House of Commons Health Committee. (2005) Inquiry on New Medical Technologies in the NHS. [http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.com/pa/cm200405/cmselect/cmhealth/398/39802.htm]</ref>. He asked how new technologies became routinely embedded, and taken-for-granted, in everyday work, in view of the increasing corporate [[organization]] and [[regulation]] of [[healthcare]]<ref>May, C. 2007. "The clinical encounter and the problem of context." Sociology 41: 29-45.</ref>. The model explains embedding by looking at the work that people do to make it possible.

{{Use American English|date=March 2021}}

{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2021}}

{{primary sources|date=March 2016}}

The '''normalization process model''' is a sociological model, developed by [[Carl R. May]], that describes the adoption of new technologies in health care. The model provides framework for process evaluation using three components{{snd}}actors, objects, and contexts{{snd}}that are compared across four constructs: Interactional workability, relational integration, skill-set workability, and contextual integration. This model helped build the [[normalization process theory]].

The model is a [[theory]] in sociology that fits well with macro approaches to [[innovation]] like the [[diffusion of innovations]] theory developed by [[Everett Rogers]]. Although the Normalization Process Model is limited in scope to [[healthcare]] settings<ref>May C, , T Finch, FS Mair, L Ballini, C Dowrick, et al. 2007a. "Understanding the implementation of complex interventions in health care: the Normalization Process Model." BMC Health Services Research [http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6963/7/148]</ref> recent work by May and colleagues has led to the development of [[Normalization Process Theory]], which presents a general sociological theory of implementation and integration of technological and organizational innovations.<ref>May, C., Finch, T., 2009. Implementation, embedding, and integration: an outline of Normalization Process Theory. Sociology. In Press.</ref> <ref>May, C., Innovation and Implementation in Health Technology: Normalizing Telemedicine. In: J. Gabe, M. Calnan, Eds.), The New Sociology of the Health Service. Routledge, London, 2009.</ref> <ref>May, C., Mundane Medicine, Therapeutic Relationships, and the Clinical Encounter.’ In (eds.) In: B. Pescosolido, et al., Eds.), Handbook of the Sociology of Health, Illness, and Healing: A Blueprint for the 21st Century. Springer, New York, 2009.</ref>[[Category:sociology]] [[Normalization Process Theory]] has now superseded the more limited Normalization Process Model.

== Development ==

The Normalization Process Model provides a framework for process evaluation and also for comparative studies of complex interventions, especially of [[randomized controlled trials]]. Clinical trials and other evaluations of healthcare interventions often focus on the complex relationships between actors, objects and contexts, making a simple explanatory model, that fits well with other frameworks a necessary tool for clinical and health service researchers. In the Normalization Process Model, A complex intervention is defined as a deliberately initiated attempt to introduce new, or modify existing, patterns of collective action in health care.

The '''Normalizationnormalization Processprocess Model'''model is a [[theory]] that explains how new technologies are embedded in health care work .<ref>May, C. 2006. "A rational model for assessing and evaluating complex interventions in health care." BMC Health Services Research 6: 1-11.[http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6963/6/86].</ref>. The model was developed by [[Carl R. May]] and co-workers ,<ref>Finch, T. L., F. S. Mair, and C. R. May. 2007. "Teledermatology in the UK: lessons in service innovation." British Journal of Dermatology 156: 521-527; May, C., M. Mort, T. Williams, F.S. Mair, and L. Gask. 2003a. "Health Technology Assessment in its local contexts: studies of telehealthcare." Social Science and Medicine 57: 697-710; May, C.R., R. Harrison, T. Finch, A. MacFarlane, F.S. Mair, and P. Wallace. 2003b. "Understanding the normalization of telemedicine services through qualitative evaluation." Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association 10: 596-604.</ref>, and is an empirically derived [[grounded theory]] in [[medical sociology]] and [[Sciencescience and Technologytechnology Studiesstudies]] ([[STS]]), based on [[qualitative methods]]. Carl May developed the model after he appeared as a witness at a [[British House of Commons]] Health Committee Inquiry on New Medical Technologies in the NHS in 2005 .<ref>House of Commons Health Committee. (2005) Inquiry on New Medical Technologies in the NHS. [http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.com/pa/cm200405/cmselect/cmhealth/398/39802.htm]</ref>. He asked how new technologies became routinely embedded, and taken-for-granted, in everyday work, in view of the increasing corporate [[organization]] and [[regulation]] of [[healthcare]].<ref>May, C. 2007. "The clinical encounter and the problem of context." Sociology 41: 29-45.</ref>. The model explains embedding by looking at the work that people do to make it possible.

The model is a [[theory]] in sociology that fits well with macro approaches to [[innovation]] like the [[diffusion of innovations]] theory developed by [[Everett Rogers]]. Although the Normalizationnormalization Processprocess Modelmodel is limited in scope to [[healthcare]] settings<ref>May C, , T Finch, FS Mair, L Ballini, C Dowrick, et al. 2007a. "Understanding the implementation of complex interventions in health care: the Normalization Process Model." BMC Health Services Research [http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6963/7/148]</ref> recent work by May and colleagues has led to the development of [[Normalizationnormalization Processprocess Theorytheory]], which presents a general sociological theory of implementation and integration of technological and organizational innovations.<ref>May, C., Finch, T., 2009. Implementation, embedding, and integration: an outline of Normalization Process Theory. Sociology. In Press.</ref> <ref>May, C., Innovation and Implementation in Health Technology: Normalizing Telemedicine. In: J. Gabe, M. Calnan, Eds.), The New Sociology of the Health Service. Routledge, London, 2009.</ref> <ref>May, C., Mundane Medicine, Therapeutic Relationships, and the Clinical Encounter.’ In (eds.) In: B. Pescosolido, et al., Eds.), Handbook of the Sociology of Health, Illness, and Healing: A Blueprint for the 21st Century. Springer, New York, 2009.</ref>[[Category:sociology]] [[Normalization Processprocess Theory]]theory has now superseded the more limited Normalizationnormalization Processprocess Modelmodel.

A complex intervention has three kinds of components <ref>May, C, FS Mair, C Dowrick, and T. 2007b. "Process evaluation of complex interventions in primary care: understanding trials using the normalization process model." BMC Family Practice 8</ref>:

The Normalizationnormalization Processprocess Modelmodel provides a framework for process evaluation and also for comparative studies of complex interventions, especially of [[randomized controlled trials]]. Clinical trials and other evaluations of healthcare interventions often focus on the complex relationships between actors, objects and contexts, making a simple explanatory model, that fits well with other frameworks a necessary tool for clinical and health service researchers. In the Normalizationnormalization Processprocess Modelmodel, Aa complex intervention is defined as a deliberately initiated attempt to introduce new, or modify existing, patterns of collective action in health care.

1. '''Actors''' are the individuals and groups that encounter each other in health care settings. They can include physicians, other health professionals, managers, patients, and family members. The aims of interventions aimed at actors are often to change people’s behaviour and its intended outcomes.

=== Components ===

2. '''Objects''' are the institutionally sanctioned means by which knowledge and practice are enacted. They can include procedures, protocols, hardware, and software The aims of interventions aimed at objects often include changing people’s expertise and actions.

A complex intervention has three kinds of components :<ref>May, C, FS Mair, C Dowrick, and T. 2007b. "Process evaluation of complex interventions in primary care: understanding trials using the normalization process model." BMC Family Practice 8</ref>:

3. '''Contexts''' are the physical, organisational, institutional, and legislative structures that enable and constrain, and resource and realize, people and procedures. The aims of interventions aimed at contexts are often to change the ways that people organize their work to achieve goals in health care (or other) services.

1.# '''Actors''' are the individuals and groups that encounter each other in health care settings. They can include physicians, other health professionals, managers, patients, and family members. The aims of interventions aimed at actors are often to change people’speople's behaviour and its intended outcomes.

The normalization process model explains theembedding of complex interventions by reference to four constructs of collective action that are demonstrated to promote or inhibit the operationalization and embedding of complex interventions (interactional workability, relational integration, skill-set workability, and contextual integration)in a rigorous and sound theory <ref>May C, , T Finch, FS Mair, L Ballini, C Dowrick, et al. 2007a. "Understanding the implementation of complex interventions in health care: the Normalization Process Model." BMC Health Services Research [http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6963/7/148]</ref>.

2.# '''Objects''' are the institutionally sanctioned means by which knowledge and practice are enacted. They can include procedures, protocols, hardware, and software The aims of interventions aimed at objects often include changing people’speople's expertise and actions.

3.# '''Contexts''' are the physical, organisational, institutional, and legislative structures that enable and constrain, and resource and realize, people and procedures. The aims of interventions aimed at contexts are often to change the ways that people organize their work to achieve goals in health care (or other) services.

==== Constructs ====

1. '''Interactional workability:''' This describes how a complex intervention is operationalized by the people using it. A complex intervention will affect co-operative [[interactions]] over work (its congruence), and the normal pattern of outcomes of this work (its disposal). Therefore: a complex intervention is disposed to normalization if it confers an interactional advantage in flexibly accomplishing congruence and disposal of work.

The normalization process model explains theembeddingthe embedding of complex interventions by reference to four constructs of collective action that are demonstrated to promote or inhibit the operationalization and embedding of complex interventions (interactional workability, relational integration, skill-set workability, and contextual integration) in a rigorous and sound theory .<ref>May C, , T Finch, FS Mair, L Ballini, C Dowrick, et al. 2007a. "Understanding the implementation of complex interventions in health care: the Normalization Process Model." BMC Health Services Research [http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6963/7/148]</ref>.

2. '''Relational integration:''' This describes how knowledge and work is mediated and understood within the [[social networks]] of people around it. A complex intervention will affect not only the knowledge required by its users (its accountability), but also the ways that they understand the actions of people around them (its confidence). Therefore: a complex intervention is disposed to normalization if it equals or improves accountability and confidence within networks.

3.# '''Skill-setInteractional workability:''' This describes thehow distributiona andcomplex conductintervention ofis workoperationalized inby athe [[divisionpeople ofusing labor]]it. A complex intervention will affect theco-operative ways[[Social thatinteraction|interactions]] over work is defined and distributed (its allocationcongruence), and the waysnormal inpattern whichof itoutcomes isof undertakenthis and evaluatedwork (its performancedisposal). Therefore: a complex intervention is disposed to normalization if isit calibrated toconfers an agreedinteractional skill-setadvantage atin aflexibly recognizableaccomplishing ___locationcongruence inand the divisiondisposal of laborwork.

2.# '''Relational integration:''' This describes how knowledge and work is mediated and understood within the [[social networks]] of people around it. A complex intervention will affect not only the knowledge required by its users (its accountability), but also the ways that they understand the actions of people around them (its confidence). Therefore: a complex intervention is disposed to normalization if it equals or improves accountability and confidence within networks.

# '''Skill-set workability:''' This describes the distribution and conduct of work in a [[division of labor]]. A complex intervention will affect the ways that work is defined and distributed (its allocation), and the ways in which it is undertaken and evaluated (its performance). Therefore: a complex intervention is disposed to normalization if it is calibrated to an agreed skill-set at a recognizable ___location in the division of labor.

4.# '''Contextual integration:''' This refers to the incorporation of work within an [[organization]]al setting. A complex intervention will affect the mechanisms that link work to existing structures and procedures (its execution), and for allocating and organizing resources for them (its realization). Therefore: a complex intervention is disposed to normalization if it confers an advantage on an organization in flexibly executing and realizing work.

==References==

4. '''Contextual integration:''' This refers to the incorporation of work within an [[organization]]al setting. A complex intervention will affect the mechanisms that link work to existing structures and procedures (its execution), and for allocating and organizing resources for them (its realization). Therefore: a complex intervention is disposed to normalization if it confers an advantage on an organization in flexibly executing and realizing work.

{{Reflist|33em}}

==External links==

[[Category:medical sociology]]

*[http://www.normalizationprocess.org Normalization Process Theory Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426031340/http://www.normalizationprocess.org/ |date=April 26, 2021 }}

*[[{{DEFAULTSORT:Normalization Process Theory]]Model}}

[[Category:medicalMedical sociology]]

[[Category:Innovation]]

[[Category:Diffusion]]

==See also==

*[[Normalization Process Theory]]

----

'''EXTERNAL LINKS'''

[http://www.normalizationprocess.co.uk Normalization Process Theory Website]

----

'''REFERENCES'''

{{Reflist}}