Mobile cloud computing: Difference between revisions

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{{refimprovemore citations needed|date=September 2011}}

'''Mobile Cloud Computing''' (MCC) is the combination of [[cloud computing]], and [[mobile computing]] and [[wireless network]]s to bring rich computational resources to mobile users, network operators, as well as cloud computing providers.<ref name="Khan 393–413">{{Cite journal|lastlast1=Khan|firstfirst1=A. u R.|last2=Othman|first2=M.|last3=Madani|first3=S. A.|last4=Khan|first4=S. U.|date=2014-01-01|title=A Survey of Mobile Cloud Computing Application Models|url=http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6553297/|journal=IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials|volume=16|issue=1|pages=393–413|doi=10.1109/SURV.2013.062613.00160|issn=1553-877X|citeseerx=10.1.1.402.1725|s2cid=3042864}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite journal|last=Abolfazli|first=Saeid|author2=Sanaei, Zohreh |author3=Ahmed, Ejaz |author4=Gani, Abdullah |author5= Buyya, Rajkumar |title=Cloud-Based Augmentation for Mobile Devices: Motivation, Taxonomies, and Open Challenges|journal=IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials|date=1 July 2013|volume=99|issue=pp|pages=1–32337–368|doi=10.1109/SURV.2013.070813.00285|arxiv=1306.4956|bibcode=2013arXiv1306.4956A|s2cid=5322364}}</ref><ref name="mccsurvey">Fangming Liu, Peng Shu, Hai Jin, Linjie Ding, Jie Yu, Di Niu, Bo Li, "[http://grid.hust.edu.cn/fmliu/iwc2013-mcc-fangmingliu.pdf Gearing Resource-Poor Mobile Devices with Powerful Clouds: Architecture, Challenges and Applications] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304104745/http://grid.hust.edu.cn/fmliu/iwc2013-mcc-fangmingliu.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }}";, ''IEEE Wireless Communications Magazine'', Special Issue on Mobile Cloud Computing, vol. 20, no. 3, pp.14-22, June, 2013.</ref> The ultimate goal of MCC is to enable execution of [[rich mobile application]]s on a plethora of mobile devices, with a rich user experience.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Abolfazli|first=Saeid|author2=Sanaei, Zohreh |author3=Gani, Abdullah |author4=Xia, Feng |author5= Yang, Laurence T. |title=Rich Mobile Applications: Genesis, taxonomy, and open issues|journal=Journal of Network and Computer Applications|date=1 September 2013|doi=10.1016/j.jnca.2013.09.009 |volume=40 |pages=345–362}}</ref> MCC provides business opportunities for mobile network operators as well as cloud providers.<ref name="Khan 42–49">{{Cite journal|lastlast1=Khan|firstfirst1=A. u R.|last2=Othman|first2=M.|last3=Xia|first3=F.|last4=Khan|first4=A. N.|date=2015-05-01|title=Context-Aware Mobile Cloud Computing and Its Challenges|url=http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7158968/|journal=IEEE Cloud Computing|volume=2|issue=3|pages=42–49|doi=10.1109/MCC.2015.62|s2cid=16019778|issn=2325-6095}}</ref><ref name="definition">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/{{cite journal|doi/=10.1002/wcm.1203/abstract?systemMessage | volume=Wiley+Online+Library+will+be+disrupted+on+26+May+from+10%3A0013 | issue=18 | title=A survey of mobile cloud computing: architecture, applications, and approaches | journal=Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing | pages=1587–1611 | last1 = Dinh | first1 = Hoang T.| year=2013 | doi-12%3A00+BST+%2805%3A00-07%3A00+EDT%29+for+essential+maintenanceaccess=free }}</ref> More comprehensively, MCC can be defined as "a rich mobile computing technology that leverages unifiedunified elastic resources of varied clouds and network technologies toward unrestricted functionality, storage, and mobility to serve a multitude of mobile devices anywhere, anytime through the channel of Ethernet or Internet regardless of heterogeneous environments and platforms based on the pay-as-you-use principle."<ref name="Sanaei 2013 1–24">{{cite journal|last=Sanaei|first=Zohreh|author2=Abolfazli, Saeid |author3=Gani, Abdullah |author4= Buyya, Rajkumar |title=Heterogeneity in Mobile Cloud Computing: Taxonomy and Open Challenges|journal=IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials|date=1 January 2013|volume=16 |issue=99|pages=1–24369–392|doi=10.1109/SURV.2013.050113.00090porn00090|s2cid=8751555 |url=http://www.buyya.com/papers/MobileCloud-Taxonomy.pdf}}</ref>

==Architecture==

[[File:Mobile Cloud Architecture.jpg|thumb|right|Mobile cloud architecture]]

MCC uses computational augmentation approaches (computations are executed remotely instead of on the device) by which resource-constraint mobile devices can utilize computational resources of varied cloud-based resources.<ref name=":0" /> In MCC, there are four types of cloud-based resources, namely distant immobile clouds, proximate immobile computing entities, proximate mobile computing entities, and hybrid (combination of the other three model).<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Khan 42–49"/> Giant clouds such as Amazon EC2 are in the distant immobile groups whereas [[cloudlet]] or surrogates are member of proximate immobile computing entities. Smartphones, tablets, handheld devices, and wearable computing devices are part of the third group of cloud-based resources which is proximate mobile computing entities.<ref name="Khan 42–49"/><ref>{{cite journal|last=Fernando|first=Niroshinie|author2=Seng W. Loke |author3=Wenny Rahayu |title=Mobile cloud computing: A survey|journal=Future Generation Computer Systems|year=2013|volume=29|pages=84–106|url=http://homepage.cs.latrobe.edu.au/sloke/papers/1-s2.0-S0167739X12001318-main.pdf|doi=10.1016/j.future.2012.05.023}}</ref>

[[Vodafone]],<ref name="refname1">{{Cite web |url=http://www.vodafone.com/content/dam/vodafone/about/what/white_papers/connecting_tothecloud.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2011-07-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110626062613/http://www.vodafone.com/content/dam/vodafone/about/what/white_papers/connecting_tothecloud.pdf |archive-date=2011-06-26 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Orange (telecommunications)|Orange]] and [[Verizon]] have started to offer cloud computing services for companies.

== Challenges ==

In the MCC landscape, an amalgam of mobile computing, cloud computing, and communication networks (to augment smartphones) creates several complex challenges such as Mobile Computation Offloading, Seamless Connectivity, Long WAN Latency, Mobility Management, Context-Processing, Energy Constraint, Vendor/data Lock-in, Security and Privacy,<ref>{{Cite journal|lastname="Khan|first=Atta ur Rehman|last2=Othman|first2=Mazliza|last3=Ali|first3=Mazhar|last4=Khan|first4=Abdul Nasir|last5=Madani|first5=Sajjad Ahmad|date=2013-12-01|title=Pirax: framework for application piracy control in mobile cloud environment|url=http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11227-013-1061-1|journal=The Journal of Supercomputing|language=en|volume=68|issue=2|pages=753–776|doi=10.1007/s11227-013-1061-1|issn=0920-8542}}<"/ref> Elasticity that hinder MCC success and adoption.<ref name="Khan 42–49"/><ref name="Sanaei 2013 1–24"/>

===Open research issues===

Although significant research and development in MCC is available in the literature, efforts in the following domains is still lacking:<ref name="mccsurvey"/><ref name="Sanaei 2013 1–24"/>

* '''Architectural issues: '''A reference architecture for heterogeneous MCC environment is a crucial requirement for unleashing the power of mobile computing towards unrestricted ubiquitous computing.

* '''Energy-efficient transmission: '''MCC requires frequent transmissions between cloud platform and mobile devices, due to the stochastic nature of wireless networks, the transmission protocol should be carefully designed.<ref>Peng Shu, Fangming Liu, Hai Jin, Min Chen, Feng Wen, Yupeng Qu, Bo Li, "[http://grid.hust.edu.cn/fmliu/infocom-etime.pdf eTime: Energy-Efficient Transmission between Cloud and Mobile Devices]", in Proc. of ''IEEE INFOCOM'' (Mini-conference), Italy, April, 2013.</ref><ref>Fangming Liu, Peng Shu, "[http://committees.comsoc.org/mmc/e-news/E-Letter-January13.pdf eTime: Energy-Efficient Mobile Cloud Computing for Rich-Media Applications]", ''IEEE COMSOC MMTC'' E-Letter (IEEE Communications Society, Multimedia Communications Technical Committee), vol. 8, no. 1, January 2013.</ref>

* '''[[context awareness|Context-awareness]] issues: '''Context-aware and socially-aware computing are inseparable traits of contemporary handheld computers. To achieve the vision of mobile computing among heterogeneous converged networks and computing devices, designing resource-efficientefficient environment-aware applications is an essential need.

* '''Live VM migration issues: '''Executing resource-intensive mobile application via Virtual Machine (VM) migration-based application offloadingoffloading involves encapsulation of application in VM instance and migrating it to the cloud, which is a challenging task due to additional overhead of deploying and managing VM on mobile devices.

* '''Mobile communication congestion issues: '''Mobile data traffictraffic is tremendously hiking by ever increasing mobile user demands for exploiting cloud resources which impact on mobile network operators and demand future efforts to enable smooth communication between mobile and cloud endpoints.

* '''Trust, security, and privacy issues:''' Trust is an essential factor for the success of the burgeoning MCC paradigm. It is because the data along with code/component/application/complete VM is offloaded to the cloud for execution. Moreover, just like software and mobile application piracy, the MCC application development models are also affected by the piracy issue.<ref name="Khan 753–776">{{Cite journal|lastlast1=Khan|firstfirst1=Atta ur Rehman|last2=Othman|first2=Mazliza|last3=Ali|first3=Mazhar|last4=Khan|first4=Abdul Nasir|last5=Madani|first5=Sajjad Ahmad|date=2013-12-01|title=Pirax: framework for application piracy control in mobile cloud environment|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11227-013-1061-1|journal=The Journal of Supercomputing|language=en|volume=68|issue=2|pages=753–776|doi=10.1007/s11227-013-1061-1|s2cid=14880069|issn=0920-8542}}</ref> Pirax<ref name="Khan 753–776"/> is known to be the first specialized framework for controlling application piracy in MCC environment.requirements

==MCC research groups in the IT and computer science cloud have infrastructure as a serviceactivities==

Several academic and industrial research groups in MCC have been emerging since last few years. Some of the MCC research groups in academia with large number of researchers and publications include:

* MDC,<ref name=":1" /> Mobile and Distributed Computing research group is at Faculty of Computer and Information Science, King Saud University. MDC research group focuses on architectures, platforms, and protocols for mobile and distributed computing. The group has developed algorithms, tools, and technologies which offer energy efficient, fault tolerant, scalable, secure, and high performance computing on mobile devices.

* MobCC lab,<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=http://mz.ksu.edu.sa/ar/computersciences/rg|title=MDCRG|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=King Saud University|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|accessdate=}}</ref> Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, University Malaya. The lab was established in 2010 under the High Impact Research Grant, Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia. It has 17 researchers and has track of 22 published articles in international conference and peer reviewed CS journals.

* ICCLAB,<ref>{{cite web|title=ICCLAB|url=http://www.cloudcomp.ch/|access-date=2013-08-17|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130817173352/http://www.cloudcomp.ch/|archive-date=2013-08-17|url-status=dead}}</ref> Zürich University of Applied Sciences has a segment working on MCC. The InIT Cloud Computing Lab is a research lab within the Institute of Applied Information Technology (InIT) of Zürich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW). It covers topic areas across the entire cloud computing technology stack.

* Mobile & Cloud Lab,<ref>{{cite web|title=Mobile and Cloud Computing Laboratory (Mobile & Cloud Lab)|url=http://mc.cs.ut.ee|publisher=University of Tartu}}</ref> Institute of Computer Science, University of Tartu. Mobile & Cloud Lab conducts research and teaching in the mobile computing and cloud computing domains. The research topics of the group include cloud computing, mobile application development, mobile cloud, mobile web services and migrating scientific computing and enterprise applications to the cloud.

* SmartLab,<ref>{{cite web|title=SmartLab Smartphone Programming Cloud Testbed|url=http://smartlab.cs.ucy.ac.cy/|publisher=University of Cyprus}}</ref> Data Management Systems Laboratory, Department of Computer Science, University of Cyprus. SmartLab is a first-of-a-kind open cloud of smartphones that enables a new line of systems-oriented mobile computing research.

* Mobile Cloud Networking:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mobile-cloud-networking.eu/site/|title=MCN|website=www.mobile-cloud-networking.eu|language=en|access-date=2017-09-06}}</ref> Mobile Cloud Networking (MCN) was an EU FP7 Large-scale Integrating Project (IP, 15m Euro) funded by the European Commission. The MCN project was launched in November 2012 for the period of 36 month. The project was coordinated by SAP Research and the ICCLab<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://blog.zhaw.ch/icclab|title=Home|work=Service Engineering (ICCLab & SPLab)|access-date=2017-09-06|language=en-US}}</ref> at the Zurich University of Applied Science.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.zhaw.ch|title=Willkommen an der ZHAW {{!}} ZHAW Zürcher Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften|website=ZHAW Zürcher Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften|language=de-DE|access-date=2017-09-06}}</ref> In total 19 partners from industry and academia established the first vision of Mobile Cloud Computing. The project was primarily motivated by an ongoing transformation that drives the convergence between the Mobile Communications and Cloud Computing industry enabled by the Internet and is considered the first pioneer in the area of [[Network function virtualization|Network Function Virtualization.]]

==See also==

* [[Cloudlet]]

* [[Cloud computing]]

* [[Cloud collaboration]]

* [[Mobile collaboration]]

* [[Crowd computing]]

==References==

{{Commons category|Cloud computing}}

{{Reflist}}

{{Commons category|Cloud computing}}

[[Category:Cloud computing]]