Latin and Islam during the Song dynasty: Difference between pages

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{{Islam and China}}

{{language|

The change in dynasty in China from the [[Tang]] to the dynasties that included the [[Song]] did not greatly interrupt the trends of [[Islam in China|Muslims]] established during the [[Tang]].

name=Latin|

nativename=lingua Latina|

familycolor=lawngreen|

states=[[Vatican City]]|

region=Italic peninsula|

speakers=none native|

rank=not ranked|

family=[[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]<br>&nbsp;[[Italic languages|Italic]]<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''Latin'''|

nation=[[Vatican City]]|

agency=[[Roman Catholic Church]]|

iso1=la|

iso2=lat|

sil=LTN}}

'''Latin''' was the [[Language]] originally spoken in the region around [[Rome]] called [[Latium]]. It gained great importance as the formal [[language]] of the [[Roman Empire]]. All [[Romance languages]] are descended from Latin, and many words based on Latin are found in other modern languages such as [[English language|English]]. It is said that 80% of scholarly English words are derived from Latin (in a large number of cases by way of [[French language|French]]). Moreover, in the Western world, Latin was a [[lingua franca]], the learned language for scientific and political affairs, for more than a thousand years, being eventually replaced by French in the [[18th century]] and [[English language|English]] in the late [[19th century|19th]]. [[Ecclesiastical Latin]] remains the formal language of the [[Roman Catholic Church]] to this day, which makes it the official national language of the [[Vatican City|Vatican]]. The Church used Latin as its primary [[liturgical language]] until the [[Second Vatican Council]] in the 1960s. Latin is also still used (drawing heavily on [[Greek language|Greek]] roots) to furnish the names used in the [[scientific classification]] of living things.

==Islam continues to increase its influence==

==Main features==

Many Muslims began to go to China to trade during the [[Tang]] Dynasty. During the [[Song]] Dynasty, Muslims began to have a greater economic impact and influence on the country. During the [[Song Dynasty]] (960-1279), Muslims in China dominated foreign trade and the import/export industry to the south and west.<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/china_1.shtml BBC Religion and Ethics ISLAM Origins]</ref>

==Migration of Muslims to China==

Italian

In 1070, the Song emperor, Shen-tsung (Shenzong) invited 5,300 Arab men from [[Bukhara]], to settle in China. The emperor used these men in his campaign against the Liao empire in the northeast. Later on these men were settled between the Sung capital of Kaifeng and Yenching (modern day [[Beijing]]). The object was to create a buffer zone between the Chinese and the Liao. In 1080, 10,000 Arab men and women migrated to China on horseback and settled in all of the provinces of the north and north-east.<ref>Israeli (2002), pg. 283-4</ref>

is a [[Synthetic_language|synthetic]] or inflectional language: [[affix|affixes]] are attached to fixed stems to express gender, number, and case in adjectives, nouns, and pronouns, which is called [[declension]]; and person, number, tense, voice, mood, and aspect in verbs, which is called [[Latin conjugation|conjugation]]. There are five declensions of nouns and four conjugations of verbs.

The Arabs from Bukhara were under the leadership of Prince Amir Sayyid "So-fei-er" (his Chinese name). The prince was later given an honorary title. He is reputed of being the "father" of the Muslim community in China. Prior to him Islam was named by the Tang and Song Chinese as ''Ta-shi fa'' ("law of Islam"). He renamed it to ''Hui Hui Jiao'' ("the Religion of Double return").<ref>Israeli (2002), pg. 284</ref>

The six noun cases are:

#[[nominative case|nominative]] (used of the subject of the verb),

#[[genitive case |genitive]] (used to indicate relation or possession, often represented by the English ''of''),

#[[dative case|dative]] (used of the indirect object of the verb, often represented by the English ''to'' or ''for''),

#[[accusative case|accusative]] (used of the direct object of the verb),

#[[ablative case|ablative]] (separation, source, cause, or [[instrumental case|instrument]], often represented by the English ''by'', ''with'', ''from''),

#[[vocative case|vocative]] (used of the person or thing being addressed).

==Notes==

In addition, some nouns have a [[locative case|locative case]] used to express place (normally expressed by the ablative with a preposition such as ''in''), but this survival from Indo-European is found only in the names of lakes, cities, towns, similar places, and a few other words, including those for house, ground, and countryside.

<references/>

==LatinSee and Romancealso==

* [[Islam during the Tang Dynasty]]

After the collapse of the [[Roman Empire]], Latin evolved into the various [[Romance languages]]. These were for many centuries only spoken languages, Latin being still used for writing. (For example, Latin was the official language of [[Portugal]] until [[1296]] when it was replaced by [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]].)

* [[Islam by country]]

* [[Religion in China]]

* [[Demographics of China]]

* [[Chinese Patriotic Islamic Association]]

* [[Tibetan Muslims]]

* [[Islam in China]]

* [[Ma Yize]]

[[Category:Islam in China|China]]

The Romance languages evolved from [[Vulgar Latin]], the spoken language of common usage, which in turn evolved from an older speech which also produced the formal [[Classical Latin|classical]] standard. Latin and Romance differ (for example) in that Romance had distinctive stress, whereas Latin had distinctive length of vowels. In [[Italian language|Italian]] and [[Sardo logudorese]], there is distinctive length of consonants and stress, in [[Spanish language|Spanish]] only distinctive stress, and in [[French language|French]] even stress is no longer distinctive.

Another major distinction between Romance and Latin is that Romance languages, excluding Romanian, have lost their case endings in most words except for some pronouns. [[Romanian language|Romanian]] still has five cases (though the [[ablative case]] is no longer represented).

==Latin and English==

''See [[Latin influence in English]] for a fuller exposition.''

[[English grammar]] is independent of [[Latin grammar]], though [[prescription and description|prescriptive grammarians]] in English have been influenced by Latin. Attempts to make English grammar follow Latin rules &mdash; such as the prohibition against the [[split infinitive]] &mdash; have not worked successfully in regular usage. However, as many as half the words in English were derived from Latin, including many words of [[Ancient Greek language|Greek]] origin first adopted by the [[Romans]], not to mention the thousands of French, Spanish, and Italian words of Latin origin that have also enriched English.

During the 16th and on through the 18th century English writers created huge numbers of new words from Latin and Greek roots. These words, dubbed "inkhorn" or "inkpot" words (as if they had spilled from a pot of ink), were rich in flavor and meaning. Many of these words were used once by the author and then forgotten, but some remain. ''Imbibe'', ''extrapolate'', and ''inebriation'' are all inkhorn terms carved from Latin and Greek words.

Latin was once taught in most British schools. However, after the introduction of the Modern Language [[General Certificate of Secondary Education|GCSE]], it was gradually replaced by other languages, although it is now being taught by more schools along with other classical languages.

==Latin education==

Latin courses offered in high schools and universities are primarily geared toward translating Latin texts into modern languages rather than teaching it as a tool of communication. As such, the skill of reading is heavily emphasized, whereas speaking and listening skills are barely touched upon. Nevertheless, there is a growing [[Living Latin]] movement, whose supporters believe that Latin can, or should, be taught in the same way that modern "living" languages are taught i.e. as a means of both spoken and written communication. One of the most interesting aspects of such an approach is that it allows for speculative insight into how many of the ancient authors spoke and incorporated sounds of the language stylistically. Without understanding how the language is meant to be heard it is very difficult to identify patterns normally distinguished in Latin poetry. Institutions offering Living Latin instruction include the [[Vatican]] and the [[University of Kentucky]]. In addition, in the United States there is a thriving competitive organization for high school Latin students, the National Junior Classical League.

== See also ==

=== About the Latin Language ===

* [[Latin grammar]]

* [[Latin spelling and pronunciation]]

* [[Latin declension]]

* [[Latin conjugation]]

* [[List of Latin words with English derivatives]]

* [[ablative absolute]]

* [[Word order in Latin]]

===About the Latin Literary Heritage===

* [[Latin literature]]

* [[Romance languages]]

* [[Loeb Classical Library]]

* [[List of Latin phrases]]

* [[List of Latin proverbs]]

* [[Brocard]]

* [[List of Latin and Greek words commonly used in systematic names]]

* [[Latin names of European cities]]

* [[Latin names of European rivers]]

* [[Carmen Possum]]

===Other related topics===

* [[Roman Empire]]

{{latinperiods}}

==External links==

{{InterWiki|code=la}}

* [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=lat Ethnologue report for Latin]

* [http://forumromanum.org/literature/index.html Corpus Scriptorum Latinorum], a comprehensive webography of Latin texts and their translations

* [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/ The Perseus Project] has many useful pages for the study of classical languages and literatures, including [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/resolveform?lang=Latin an interactive Latin dictionary].

* [http://lysy2.archives.nd.edu/cgi-bin/words.exe words by William whitaker] - a dictionary program online capable of looking up various word forms.

* [http://retiarius.org/ Retiarius.Org] includes a Latin text search engine.

* [http://elissa.gogi.tv/ The Elissa Project] - will provide a Latin analyzer

*[http://www.nd.edu/~archives/latgramm.htm Latin-English dictionary and Latin grammar from U of Notre Dame]

* [http://latin-language.co.uk/ Latin texts] with English translation and a collection of dictionaries.

* Free online courses in Latin

** http://sprachprofi.de.vu/latin

** http://wikibooks.org/wiki/Latin

* [http://thelatinlibrary.com/ The Latin Library] contains many Latin etexts

* [http://www.textkit.com/ Textkit] has Latin textbooks and etexts.

* [http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/definition/Latin-english/ Latin&ndash;English Dictionary]: from Webster's Rosetta Edition.

* [http://www.language-reference.com/ Language reference] Cross-foreign-language lexicon powered by its own search engine. All cross combinations between Latin and French, German, Italian, Spanish.

* [http://comp.uark.edu/~mreynold/rhetor.html Rhetor by Gabriel Harvey] - originally published in 1577 and never again reprinted.

* [http://freewebs.com/omniamundamundis omniamundamundis] Latin hypertexts from fourteen ancient Roman authors.

[[Category:Ancient Rome]]

[[Category:Classical languages]]

[[Category:Extinct languages]]

[[Category:Fusional languages]]

[[Category:Italic languages]]

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[[ja:&#12521;&#12486;&#12531;&#35486;]]

[[no:Latin]]

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[[sq:Gjuha Latinishte]]

[[scn:Lingua latina]]

[[simple:Latin language]]

[[sl:Latin&#353;&#269;ina]]

[[sr:&#1051;&#1072;&#1090;&#1080;&#1085;&#1089;&#1082;&#1080; &#1112;&#1077;&#1079;&#1080;&#1082;]]

[[fi:Latinan kieli]]

[[sv:Latin]]

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[[zh:&#25289;&#19969;&#35821;]]