Gerard Antoni Ciołek and Islam during the Song dynasty: Difference between pages

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'''Gerard Ciołek''' (1909-1966), a Polish architect, and the leading European historian of parks and gardens.

{{Islam and China}}

The change in dynasty in China from the [[Tang]] to the dynasties that included the [[Song]] did not greatly interrupt the trends of [[Islam in China|Muslims]] established during the [[Tang]].

==Islam continues to increase its influence==

[[Image:Ciolek-gerard-1.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Gerard Ciołek, Tatra Mountains, Poland, mid 1950s, a photo from the collection of Dr T. Matthew Ciolek.]]

Many Muslims began to go to China to trade during the [[Tang]] Dynasty. During the [[Song]] Dynasty, Muslims began to have a greater economic impact and influence on the country. During the [[Song Dynasty]] (960-1279), Muslims in China dominated foreign trade and the import/export industry to the south and west.<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/china_1.shtml BBC Religion and Ethics ISLAM Origins]</ref>

==Migration of Muslims to China==

==Biography==

In 1070, the Song emperor, Shen-tsung (Shenzong) invited 5,300 Arab men from [[Bukhara]], to settle in China. The emperor used these men in his campaign against the Liao empire in the northeast. Later on these men were settled between the Sung capital of Kaifeng and Yenching (modern day [[Beijing]]). The object was to create a buffer zone between the Chinese and the Liao. In 1080, 10,000 Arab men and women migrated to China on horseback and settled in all of the provinces of the north and north-east.<ref>Israeli (2002), pg. 283-4</ref>

Gerard Antoni [[Ciołek Coat of Arms|Ciołek]] was born on [[September 24]], [[1909]] in Wyżnica in the [[Bukovina]] territory of the Austro-Hungarian empire (now Western [[Ukraine]]). His Polish parents, Adolf and Ludwika (nee Melz), were the landless, impoverished nobility (i.e. landless [[szlachta]]) from Galicia and Bukovina. His father was a middle-rank official at the Austrian Tax Office, first in [[Kuty]], then in the nearby small town of Wyżnica, in the Carpathian ranges. Following the end of World War I, and the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian empire, Wyżnica was incorporated into Romania. Consequently, in 1920, the Ciołeks and their children: Gerard and Irma, have left Bukovina for the newly established Republic of Poland, and settled in the southern city of [[Lublin]]. There Gerard attended schools and practiced sport (track and field, kayaking, skiing, and hikes in the Carpathian mountains).

The Arabs from Bukhara were under the leadership of Prince Amir Sayyid "So-fei-er" (his Chinese name). The prince was later given an honorary title. He is reputed of being the "father" of the Muslim community in China. Prior to him Islam was named by the Tang and Song Chinese as ''Ta-shi fa'' ("law of Islam"). He renamed it to ''Hui Hui Jiao'' ("the Religion of Double return").<ref>Israeli (2002), pg. 284</ref>

In 1927, upon completion of the Stanisław Staszic Lycee in Lublin, Gerard Ciołek embarked on tertiary studies in the country's capital, [[Warszawa]]. He considered, initially, to take up drawing and painting (especially [[en plein air]] watercolours) at the Warszawska Akademia Sztuk Pieknych (Warsaw Academy of Fine Arts). Eventually, however, he chose to study architecture at the [[Politechnika Warszawska|Politechnika Warszawska]] (Warsaw Technical University). Architecture, in his view, was an ideal discipline as it enabled one to interact equally often with art, nature, and people.

==Notes==

In the mid-1930s Gerard Ciołek was a research assistant to professor Oskar Sosnowski (1880-1939) at the Politechnika, a man under whom he deepened his studies on Polish folk architecture, and conservation of the architectural heritage. Around 1937 Ciołek developed an abiding interest in the [[history of gardening|history and design of parks and gardens]]. He was also interested in [[urban planning|town-planning]], [[regional planning]], and in the harmony between human settlements and their fragile ecologies.

<references/>

== See also ==

In June 1939 he has married Regina (1917-2005), a daughter of Tadeusz Najder (d. 1920) and Emilia Połłak (d. 1922), who before the [[Bolshevik Revolution]] of the 1917 were members of an extensive family of Polish- Austrian-German-Czech-Jewish-Latvian- Moldavian-and Armenian aristocrats, railway- and sugar-refinery' engineers, medical doctors, lawyers, land-owners, and businessmen from [[Kiev]] and south-western Ukraine, which was then a part of the Russian empire.

* [[Islam during the Tang Dynasty]]

* [[Islam by country]]

* [[Religion in China]]

* [[Demographics of China]]

* [[Chinese Patriotic Islamic Association]]

* [[Tibetan Muslims]]

* [[Islam in China]]

* [[Ma Yize]]

[[Category:Islam in China|China]]

In September 1939, during the World War II, Gerard Ciołek served in the Polish Army as a leutenant in an air-defence unit in [[Vilnius|Wilno]]. Between 1940-1944, during the Nazi and Soviet occupation, he lived in German-held Warszawa where he joined the [[Armia Krajowa]] ("Polish Home Army"). For his pseudonym, while in the Resistance, he chose '''Biała''': his clan's ancient [[Ciołek Coat of Arms|battle-cry]]. He was a lecturer in architecture and town planning at the underground (i.e. proscribed by the Nazis) Politechnika Warszawska. In early 1944 he obtained a PhD from that university for his research on the effect of physical environment on the forms of villages and folk architecture in Poland, Belarus and Ukraine. In August-September 1944 he took part in the [[Warsaw Uprising]], where he was in charge of the defence of the Biblioteka Krasinskich building (The Krasinski Library), and took part in the battle for the SS-held PASTA skyscraper). Following the defeat of the uprising he was interned in POW camps in Pomerania, and northern Germany. After the end of WWII in Europe, and a brief service with the Polish parachute brigade stationed in north-western Germany, he returned to the war-devastated Poland in December 1945. It is in [[Olsztyn]] that he has finally located his wife, and son, Krzysztof Oskar (1940-1953).

Since 1946 the all three again lived in Warszawa. Between 1946 and his death in 1966 Gerard Ciołek was a lecturer at the Institute of Architecture at the Politechnika Warszawska. Since 1948 he was also the professor of [[Urban Planning]] and Landscape Design at the Politechnika Krakowska ([[Kraków]] Technical University). During those final 20 years he taught sutdents at both institutions, supervised some 14 PhD dissertations, worked on reconstruction of over 100 historical parks in Poland (including the monumental parks of Arkadia, [[Baranów Sandomierski]], [[Krasiczyn]], Nieborów, and above all, of the [[Wilanow Palace|Royal Park in Wilanów]]), and wrote more than 60 research papers and books. He is best known for his 1954 ground-breaking work: "Ogrody Polskie" [Gardens of Poland]. Some ten years later, in 1965 he embarked on writing two large books which he considered to be largest work he ever underook: a history of 1,000 years of monastic archiecture in Poland; and an encyclopaedia of world gardens and garden design. However, he died the next year, without ever completing the commenced work.

His friendships were extensive, and long-lasting. A partial list of his close colleagues and friends includes: Hanna Adamczewska-Wejchert (1920-1996), Warszawa/Tychy; Piotr Bieganski, Warszawa; Wojciech Biskot, Warszawa; Jan Bogusławski, Warszawa; Beata Maria Branicka (1926-1988), Warszawa; Stefan Bryła, Warszawa; Stanisław Bylina, Warszawa; Janusz Bogdanowski, Kraków; Jan Olaf Chmielewski (1895-1974), Warszawa; Tadeusz Dobrowolski, Kraków; [[Xawery Dunikowski]] (1875-1964), Warszawa; Wojciech Fijałkowski, Warszawa; Tadeusz Filipczak (???-1966), Warszawa; Jozef Gajek, Wrocław; Marian Gancarczyk, Warszawa; Aleksander Gieysztor (1916-1999), Warszawa; Wanda Genga, Kraków; Walery Goetel (1889-1972), Kraków/Zakopane; Tadeusz Gostyński, Warszawa/Paris; Bohdan (1904-1979) and Anna Guerquin, Warszawa/Wrocław; Romuald Gutt, Warszawa; Małgorzata Handzelewicz, Warszawa; Stanisław Herbst (1907-1973), Warszawa; Jerzy Hryniewiecki, Warszawa; Stanisław Karpiel, Zakopane; Zbigniew Karpinski, Warszawa; Stanisław Kolendo, Warszawa; Maria Konopczanka-Bisping, Kraków; Mieczysław Kucharski, Warszawa; Barbara Lenart, Warszawa; Longin Majdecki, Warszawa; Alfred Majewski, Kraków; Stanisław Miłoszewski, Warszawa; Jan Morawinski, Warszawa; Zbigniew Myczkowski, Krakow; Paweł Mystkowski, Warszawa; Zygmunt Novák (1897-1972), Kraków; Wacław Ostrowski, Warszawa; Wanda Pencakowska, Kraków; Ksawery Piwocki, Warszawa; Boghdan Pniewski (1897-1965), Warszawa; Witold Plapis (1905-1968), Warszawa; Jadwiga Protasewicz, Warszawa; Tadeusz Przypkowski (1905-1977), Jedrzejow; Leszek Rybinski (1921-1980), Warszawa; Andrzej Solecki, Kraków; Oskar Sosnowski (1880-1939), Warszawa; Juliusz Starzynski, Warszawa; Zygmunt Swiechowski, Warszawa; Jerzy Szablowski (1906-1989), Kraków; Przemysław Szafer, Kraków; Adolf Szyszko-Bohusz, Warszawa; Tadeusz Tołwinski (1887-1951), Warszawa/Kraków; Jozef Vogtman, Warszawa; Jan Wegner (1909-1995), Nieborów; Kazimierz Wejchert (1912-1993), Warszawa/Tychy; Andrzej Wyrzykowski, Kraków; Jan Zachwatowicz (1900-1983), Warszawa; Stanisław Zamecznik (1909-1971), Warszawa; Stanisław Zawistowski, Warszawa; Stefan Żychon, Kraków/Zakopane.

Gerard Antoni Ciołek died on [[February 15]], [[1966]] while on a skiing trip in the Tatra Mountains, in [[Zakopane]], Poland. He was survived by his wife Regina, and by their two younger sons, Tadeusz Maciej (since 1972, T. Matthew) (b. 1947) and Tomasz Paweł (b. 1949) Ciołek.

==Publications about the work & life of Gerard Ciołek==

*Wielka Encyklopedia Powszechna PWN. 1963-1970. Ciolek Gerard. Warszawa: Panstwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe.

*Wejchert, Kazimierz and Jan Zachwatowicz. 1966. Gerard Ciolek. Kwartalnik Architektury i Urbanistyki, vol. XI(3) (1966). pp. 233-245.

*Miłoszewski, Stanislaw. 1966. [title not known, a note about Gerard Ciolek]. Ochrona Zabytkow, vol. XIX(1) (1966). pp.6-8.

*Gajek, Jozef. 1967. Prof. dr. inz. Gerard Ciolek. Lud, vol. LI, pt 1. Wroclaw: Polskie Towarzystwo Ludoznawcze (PTL) (1967). pp. 228-230.

*Miłoszewski, Stanislaw. 1968. Expertyza zbioru materialow dokumentacyjnych i naukowych pozostajacych po prof. G. Ciolku [Expert evaluation of scholarly and documentary materials left by Prof. G. Ciolek]. (1968). Maszynopis [a manuscript]. Warszawa: Osrodek Dokumentacji Zabytkow.

*Szymanski, M. 1969. Profesor dr Gerard Ciolek. Architektura. no 2/3 (1969), pp. 54

*Genga, Wanda and Andrzej Wyrzykowski. 1969. Projekty G. Ciolka rekonstrukcji zabytkowych ogrodow. [G. Ciolek's designs for reconstruction of historical gardens] Architektura no 2/3 (1969), pp.??

*[Author at present unidentified]. 1971. Z. Novák, Gerard Ciolek. Teka Komisji Urbanistyki i Architektury, XI (1977) [PL ISSN 0079-3450], pp. 167-168.

*Kwiatkowski, L. 1971. Materialy dokumentacyjne parkow i ogrodow w Polsce zawarte w Tekach Ciolka [Documentation of parks and gardens in Poland - materials contained in the Ciolek Files]. pp. 14-21. w: Konserwacja zabytkowych parkow i ogrodow w Polsce. Wroclaw.

*Lenard, Barbara. 1976. Parki i ogrody Polskie - sesja naukowa poswiecona pamieci Prof Dr Gerarda Ciolka. [Polish parks and gardens - a scientific meeting dedicated to the memory of Prof Dr Gerard Ciolek], Ochrona Zabytkow, 1976, no 4, pp. 346-347.

*Bogdanowski, Janusz. 1978. Slowo od redaktora wznowienia. w: Ciolek. G. 1978. Ogrody polskie. [A word from the editor of the updated and expanded edition. in: Ciolek. G. 1978. Gardens of Poland]. Warszawa: Arkady. pp. 296. [photographs, plans].

*Bogdanowski, Janusz. ?? Ogrody polskie Gerarda Ciolka. [Gerard Ciolek's 'Gardens of Poland']. Sprawozdania z Posiedzen Komisji Naukowych, vol. XX(1), pp. 256.

*Jankowska, Marta. 1981. Gerard Ciolek - badacz i konserwator ogrodow zabytkowych. [Gerard Ciolek - researcher i conservator of historic gardens] Warszawa: Osrodek Informacji PP Pracownie Konserwacji Zabytkow (PKZ), 97 pp. [incl. bibliog., pp. 70-75].

*Raczka, Jan Wladyslaw. 1981. Znaczenie pracy Gerarda Ciolka w badaniach budownictwa i osadnictwa wiejskiego w Polsce. pp. 136-155 [The significance of work of Gerard Ciolek in research on folk architecture and settlement patterns in Poland]. w: Materialy pokonferencyjne z II Ogolnopolskiego Sympozjum Architektury Regionalnej PAN, Krakow - Zakopane 1981. [powiel. przez Polit. Krak.] Krakow: Politechnika Krakowska.

*Rączka, Jan Wladyslaw. 1984. Nota biograficzna. pp. 5-9. [A biographical note] w: Ciolek, Gerard. 1984. Regionalizm w budownictwie wiejskim w Polsce [Regionalism of the folk architecture of Poland]. Krakow: Politechnika Krakowska im. Tadeusza Kosciuszki.

*Lenard, Barbara. 1986. Gerard Ciolek - w dwudziesta rocznice smierci. [Gerard Ciolek - on the 20th anniversary of his death], Ochrona Zabytkow, 1986,no 1, pp. 52-53.

*Łuczynska-Bruzda, Maria (red.). 1989. Gerard Ciolek 1909-1966, profesor-architekt: wspomnienia, kontynuacje mysli. [Gerard Ciolek 1909-1966, Professor of Architecture: reminiscences, continuation of the school of thought]. Politechnika Krakowska im. Tadeusza Kosciuszki, 0860-097X, 90 pp. [incl. bibliog. of the main works by G. Ciolek, pp. 49-56].

*Holewinski, Mirosław. 1990. Rozdzial 2 - Zycie i naukowa dzialalnosc Profesora Gerarda Ciolka (1909-1966). w: Naukowe podstawy konserwacji zabytkow w Polsce. [Chapter 2 - The life and professional activities of Professor Gerard Ciolek (1909-1966), in: The scholarly basis of conservation of monuments of culture in Poland]. Resortowe Problemy Badan Podstawowych RPBP I/11 (temat C.1.6.3./88-90/). Krakow: Wydzial Architektury, Politechnika Krakowska im. Tadeusza Kosciuszki.

*Holewinski, Mirosław. 1996. Profesor Gerard Ciolek (1909-1966) wspoltworca polskiej szkoly rewaloryzacji zabytkowych zalozen ogrodowych [Professor Gerard Ciolek : A Co-Creator of the Polish School of Monumental Garden Complexes Revalorization]. Teka Komisji Urbanistyki i Architektury, XXVII (1996) [PL ISSN 0079-3450], pp. 43-60.

*Łuczynska-Bruzda, Maria. ??. Od osoby Profesora przez Zespol do Instytutu Architektury Krajobrazu. [From the person of a Professor, via a Research Team, to the Institute of Landscape Architecture]. Kwartalnik Architektury i Urbanistyki, vol. ??(?) (1996?). pp. ??-??

*WIEM: Wielka Internetowa Encyklopedia Multimedialna. 2000. Ciołek Gerard. Krakow: Fogra.

*Wegner, Jan. ??. O pracy konserwatorskiej Profesora Gerarda Ciołka w Arkadii i Nieborowie. w: ??? [a post-1966 unidentified book, dedicated to history of the Museum in Nieborów and Arkadia, most likely it is "Pamiatkowa Ksiega. Nieborow 1945-1970." Warszawa, Muzeum Narodowe w Warszawie, 1970. 215 p. Phot. b/w. ], pp. 137-139. [On the conservation works of Prof. Gerard Ciołek in Arkadia and Nieborow].

== Main publications by Gerard Ciołek ==

* Ciołek, Gerard. 1954. Ogrody polskie. T. 1, Przemiany treści i formy [Gardens of Poland. Vol. 1, Transformations of the form and content]. Warszawa: Budownictwo i Architektura.

* Ciołek, Gerard. 1955. Zarys historii kompozycji ogrodowej w Polsce [An outline of the history of design of gardens and parks in Poland]. Materiały do projektowania. No. 4. Łódz-Warszawa: Panstwowe Wydawawnictwo Naukowe.

* Ciołek, Gerard. 1964. Zarys ochrony i kształtowania krajobrazu. [An outline of principles of the landscape conservation and forming]. Warszawa: Arkady.

== Posthumous publications==

* Ciołek, Gerard. 1978. Ogrody polskie [Gardens of Poland]. Revised edition of the 1954 publication under the same title, updated and expanded by Janusz Bogdanowski]. Warszawa: Arkady.

* Ciołek, Gerard. 1984. Regionalizm w budownictwie wiejskim w Polsce [Regionalism of the folk architecture of Poland]. Kraków: Politechnika Krakowska im. Tadeusza Kościuszki. [A doctoral dissertation completed in Warsaw, spring of the 1944, 2 vols.].

== See also ==

See also, via an external link, the [[www.ciolek.com/PEOPLE/ciolek-ga.html|complete

bibliography]] of Gerard Ciołek's publications.

[[Category:1909 births| Ciołek, Gerard Antoni]]

[[Category:1966 deaths| Ciołek, Gerard Antoni]]

[[Category:Polish architects|Ciołek, Gerard Antoni]]