Graphitizing and non-graphitizing carbons: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Categories of carbon}}

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'''Graphitizing''' and '''non-graphitizing''' carbons (alternatively graphitizable and non-graphitizable carbon) are the two categories of [[carbon]] which are produced by [[pyrolysis]] of organic materials. They were first identified by [[Rosalind Franklin]] first identified them in a 1951 paper forin ''[[Proceedings of the Royal Society]] ''.<ref>{{cite journal|author= R.E. Franklin |title= Crystallite growth in graphitizing and non-graphitizing carbons |journal= Proceedings of the Royal Society A|volume=209|pages=196-218196–218 |year=1951 }}|issue= 1097 {{DOI| authorlink = Rosalind Franklin| doi = 10.1098/rspa.1951.0197|bibcode= 1951RSPSA.209..196F |s2cid= 4126286 }}</ref>. In this paper, she defined graphitizing carbons as those whichthat couldcan be transformedtransform into crystalline graphite by heatingbeing heated to a temperature of {{cvt|3000°|C|K F}}, while non-graphitizing carbons coulddo not be transformedtransform into graphite at any temperature. Among[[Precursor the(chemistry)|Precursors]] precursorsthat which producedproduce graphitizing carbon wereinclude [[polyvinyl chloride]] (PVC) and petroleum coke, while. [[polyvinylidenePolyvinylidene chloride]] (PVDC) and [[sucrose]] producedproduce non-graphitizing carbon. The physicalPhysical properties of the two classes of carbons are quite different. Graphitizing carbons are soft and non-porous, while non-graphitizing carbons are hard, low density materials. Non-graphitizing carbons are otherwise known as “chars”''chars'', “hard''hard carbons”carbons'' or, more colloquially, [[charcoal]]. [[Glassy carbon]] is also an example of a non-graphitizing carbon material.

The precursors for graphitizing carbons pass through a fluid stage during pyrolysis ([[carbonization]]). This fluidity facilitates the molecular mobility of the aromatic molecules, resulting in intermolecular dehydrogenative polymerization reactions to create aromatic, lamellar (disc-like) molecules. These “associate”"associate" to create a new liquid crystal phase, the so-called mesophase. A fluid phase is the dominant requirement for the production of graphitizable carbons. <ref name= Mesophase >H. Marsh and M.A. Diez (1994) " Mesophase of Graphitizable Carbons" In: Shibaev V.P., Lam L. (eds) Liquid Crystalline and Mesomorphic Polymers. Springer, New York, NY {{DOIdoi| 10.1007/978-1-4613-8333-8_7 }}</ref>

Non-graphitizing carbons generally do not pass through a fluid stage during carbonization. ASince numberthe time of modelsRosalind Franklin, researchers have been put forward fora theirnumber structureof sincemodels thefor timetheir of Franklinstructure. Oberlin and colleagues have emphasised the role of basic structural units (BSU), made of planar aromatic structures consisting of less than 10-2010–20 rings, with 4four layers or fewer. Cross-linking between the BSUs in non-graphitizing carbons prevents [[graphitization ]].<ref>{{cite journal|author= A. Oberlin |title= Carbonization and graphitization |journal= Carbon|volume=22|pages=521-541521–541 |year=1984}}|issue= 6 {{DOI|doi = 10.1016/0008-6223(84)90086-1}}</ref>. More recently, modelssome have been put forward whichmodels that incorporate pentagons and other non-six-membered carbon rings .<ref>{{cite journal|author= P.J.F. Harris |title= Fullerene-like models for microporous carbon |journal= Journal of Materials Science |volume=48|pages=565–577|year=2013}} {{DOI|issue= 2 |doi= 10.1007/s10853-012-6788-1|bibcode= 2013JMatS..48..565H |s2cid= 14903411 |url= http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/28956/1/Revised%20JMS%2031%20July%20For%20Centaur.pdf }}</ref>.

Graphitizing and non-graphitizing carbons (alternatively graphitizable and non-graphitizable carbon) are the two categories of [[carbon]] which are produced by pyrolysis of organic materials. They were first identified by [[Rosalind Franklin]] in a 1951 paper for [[Proceedings of the Royal Society]] <ref>{{cite journal|author= R.E. Franklin |title= Crystallite growth in graphitizing and non-graphitizing carbons |journal= Proceedings of the Royal Society A|volume=209|pages=196-218 |year=1951 }} {{DOI| 10.1098/rspa.1951.0197}}</ref>. In this paper she defined graphitizing carbons as those which could be transformed into crystalline graphite by heating to a temperature of 3000°C, while non-graphitizing carbons could not be transformed into graphite at any temperature. Among the precursors which produced graphitizing carbon were [[polyvinyl chloride]] (PVC) and petroleum coke, while [[polyvinylidene chloride]] (PVDC) and [[sucrose]] produced non-graphitizing carbon. The physical properties of the two classes of carbons are quite different. Graphitizing carbons are soft and non-porous while non-graphitizing carbons are hard, low density materials. Non-graphitizing carbons are otherwise known as “chars”, “hard carbons” or, more colloquially, [[charcoal]]. [[Glassy carbon]] is also an example of non-graphitizing carbon.

==See also==

The precursors for graphitizing carbons pass through a fluid stage during pyrolysis ([[carbonization]]). This fluidity facilitates the molecular mobility of the aromatic molecules, resulting in intermolecular dehydrogenative polymerization reactions to create aromatic, lamellar (disc-like) molecules. These “associate” to create a new liquid crystal phase, the so-called mesophase. A fluid phase is the dominant requirement for the production of graphitizable carbons. <ref name= Mesophase >H. Marsh and M.A. Diez (1994) " Mesophase of Graphitizable Carbons" In: Shibaev V.P., Lam L. (eds) Liquid Crystalline and Mesomorphic Polymers. Springer, New York, NY {{DOI| 10.1007/978-1-4613-8333-8_7 }}</ref>

*[[Acheson process]]

*[[Carbonization]]

Non-graphitizing carbons generally do not pass through a fluid stage during carbonization. A number of models have been put forward for their structure since the time of Franklin. Oberlin and colleagues have emphasised the role of basic structural units (BSU), made of planar aromatic structures consisting of less than 10-20 rings, with 4 layers or fewer. Cross-linking between the BSUs in non-graphitizing carbons prevents graphitization <ref>{{cite journal|author= A. Oberlin |title= Carbonization and graphitization |journal= Carbon|volume=22|pages=521-541 |year=1984}} {{DOI| 10.1016/0008-6223(84)90086-1}}</ref>. More recently, models have been put forward which incorporate pentagons and other non-six-membered carbon rings <ref>{{cite journal|author= P.J.F. Harris |title= Fullerene-like models for microporous carbon |journal= Journal of Materials Science |volume=48|pages=565–577|year=2013}} {{DOI| 10.1007/s10853-012-6788-1}}</ref>.

*[[Graphite]]

== References ==

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{{reflist}}

[[:Category:Carbon forms]]

[[:Category:CarbonAllotropes of formscarbon]]

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