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Riga 1:
{{Tassobox
|nome=Giraffa
|
|statocons=LC
|nome=Balenottera azzurra <ref name=MSW3>{{MSW3|id=14300018}}</ref>
|statocons_versione= iucn3.1
|statocons=EN
|statocons_ref=<ref name=IUCN>{{IUCN|summ=9194|autore=Hoffmann, M. & Mallon, D. 2010}}</ref>
|statocons_versione=iucn3.1
|immagine=[[File:Giraffe Mikumi National Park.jpg|230px]]
|statocons_ref=<ref name="iucn">{{IUCN|summ=2477|autore=Taylor, B.L. & Notarbartolo di Sciara, G. (Cetacean Red List Authority) 2008}}</ref>
|immagine=[[Immagine:Bluewhale877.jpg|230px]]
[[Immagine:Blue whale size.svg|230px]]
|didascalia=
|dominio=[[Eukaryota]]
<!-- CLASSIFICAZIONE: -->
|dominio=
|regno=[[Animalia]]
|sottoregno=
|superdivisione=
|divisione=
|sottodivisione=
|superphylum=
|phylum=[[Chordata]]
Riga 18:
|microphylum=
|nanophylum=
<!-- PER TUTTI: -->
|superclasse=
|classe=[[Mammalia]]
Riga 24 ⟶ 23:
|infraclasse=
|superordine=
|ordine=[[CetaceaArtiodactyla]]
|sottordine=[[Mysticeti]]
|infraordine=
|superfamiglia=
|famiglia=[[BalaenopteridaeGiraffidae]]
|sottofamiglia=
|tribù=
|sottotribù=
|genere='''[[Balaenoptera]]Giraffa'''
|genereautore=<small>[[Mathurin-Jacques Brisson|Brisson]], [[1762]]</small>
|sottogenere=
|specie='''BG. musculuscamelopardalis'''
|sottospecie=
|biautore=([[Carl von Linné|Linnaeus]]
<!-- NOMENCLATURA BINOMIALE: -->
|binome=Giraffa camelopardalis
|biautore=[[Linnaeus]]
|bidata=[[1758]])
|binome=Balaenoptera musculus
|bidata=[[1758]]
<!-- NOMENCLATURA TRINOMIALE: -->
|triautore=
|trinome=
|tridata=
<!-- ALTRO: -->
|sinonimi?=
|sinonimi=
|nomicomuni=
|suddivisione=[[Areale]]
|suddivisione_testo=[[ImmagineFile:CetaceaGiraffa rangecamelopardalis map Blue Whaledistribution.PNGsvg|230px]]
* ''B. m. musculus'' <small>Linnaeus, 1758</small>
* ''[[Balaenoptera musculus brevicauda|B. m. brevicauda]]'' <small>Ichihara, 1966</small>
* ''B. m. indica'' <small>Blyth, 1859</small>
* ''B. m. intermedia'' <small>Burmeister, 1871</small>
}}
 
La '''giraffa''' ('''''Giraffa camelopardalis''''' {{zoo|[[Carl von Linné|Linnaeus]]|1758}}) è un [[mammifero]] [[Artiodactyla|artiodattilo]] [[africa]]no; è il più alto animale terrestre vivente, nonché il [[ruminante]] di maggiori dimensioni. Il suo [[Nomenclatura binomiale|nome scientifico]] si riferisce al suo aspetto simile a un [[Camelus|cammello]] e alle macchie colorate che ne ornano il manto. È facilmente riconoscibile per il collo e le zampe estremamente lunghi, per i suoi [[ossiconi]] simili a corna e la caratteristica colorazione. Misura 5-6 m di altezza, mentre il peso varia dai circa 1600 kg per i maschi ai circa 830 kg per le femmine. Appartiene alla [[Famiglia (tassonomia)|famiglia]] dei [[Giraffidae|Giraffidi]], così come il suo unico parente attuale, l'[[Okapia johnstoni|okapi]]. Se ne riconoscono nove sottospecie, che differiscono tra loro per la colorazione del mantello.
La '''balenottera azzurra''' ('''''Balaenoptera musculus''''' <span style="font-variant: small-caps">[[Linnaeus]], [[1758]]</span>) è un [[Mammiferi marini|mammifero marino]] appartenente al sottordine dei [[Mysticeti|Misticeti]] (le cosiddette «[[Mysticeti|balene con i fanoni]]») <ref name="factsheet" /> . Con oltre 33 metri di lunghezza e 180 [[Tonnellata|tonnellate]] <ref>{{Cite web
| url=http://nationalzoo.si.edu/Animals/AnimalRecords/
| title=Animal Records
| publisher=Smithsonian National Zoological Park
| accessdate=2007-05-29 }}</ref> di peso, è il più grande animale conosciuto mai vissuto sul Pianeta <ref>{{cite web
| url=http://science.howstuffworks.com/question687.htm
| title=What is the biggest animal ever to exist on Earth?
| publisher=How Stuff Works
| accessdate=2007-05-29}}</ref> .
 
L'areale della giraffa, piuttosto frammentato, si estende dal [[Ciad]], a nord, fino al [[Sudafrica]], a sud, e dal [[Niger]], a ovest, fino alla [[Somalia]], a est. Le giraffe vivono generalmente nelle [[Savana|savane]], nelle [[Prateria|praterie]] e nelle [[Bosco|boscaglie]] aperte. Si nutrono soprattutto di foglie di [[acacia]], che brucano ad altezze non raggiungibili dalla maggior parte degli altri erbivori. Loro unici nemici naturali sono i [[Panthera leo|leoni]], ma i piccoli possono cadere vittima anche di leopardi, [[Crocuta crocuta|iene macchiate]] e [[Lycaon pictus|licaoni]]. Gli esemplari adulti non stringono stretti rapporti sociali con i conspecifici, ma possono raggrupparsi in aggregazioni libere con altri esemplari che si spostano nella stessa direzione. I maschi stabiliscono gerarchie sociali attraverso il cosiddetto ''necking'', cioè combattimenti nei quali il collo viene impiegato come arma. Solo ai maschi dominanti è consentito accoppiarsi con le femmine, che sono le uniche a prendersi cura dell'allevamento dei piccoli.
Lungo e slanciato, il corpo della balenottera azzurra può assumere varie tonalità grigio-bluastre sul dorso, ma si fa più chiaro sul ventre <ref>[http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/2744 FI - Species fact sheets.] Fisheries and Aquaculture Department, Food and Agriculture Organization.</ref> . Ne esistono almeno tre [[sottospecie]] riconosciute: ''B. m. musculus'' dell'Atlantico e del Pacifico settentrionali, ''B. m. intermedia'' dell'[[Mari antartici|Oceano Australe]] e ''B. m. brevicauda'' (nota anche come [[Balaenoptera musculus brevicauda|balenottera azzurra pigmea]]) dell'[[Oceano Indiano]] e del [[Oceano Pacifico|Pacifico meridionale]]. Alcuni considerano una sottospecie anche ''B. m. indica'', anch'essa dell'Oceano Indiano. Come quella degli altri Misticeti, anche la sua dieta consiste quasi esclusivamente dei piccoli [[crostacei]] noti come [[krill]] <ref name="wheelock">{{cite web
|url=http://whale.wheelock.edu/bwcontaminants/welcome.html
|title=Contaminant analysis of organochlorines in blubber biopsies from blue whales in the St Lawrence
|publisher=Trent University
|author=Jason de Koning and Geoff Wild
|year=1997
| accessdate = 2007-06-29}}</ref> .
 
Per il suo aspetto peculiare, la giraffa ha affascinato uomini di varie culture, sia antiche che moderne, e compare spesso in pitture, libri e cartoni animati. Sebbene sulla Lista dell'[[IUCN|Unione Internazionale per la Conservazione della Natura]] (IUCN) venga classificata tra le specie a basso rischio, è scomparsa da molte zone del suo areale originario, e alcune sottospecie sono a [[Specie a rischio|rischio di estinzione]]. Tuttavia, le giraffe sono presenti in numerosi [[parchi nazionali]] e riserve di caccia.
Fino agli inizi del XX secolo la balenottera azzurra era numerosa in quasi tutti gli oceani. Per più di 40 anni, però, è stata cacciata dai [[Caccia alla balena|balenieri]] fin quasi all'[[estinzione]]; la comunità internazionale la dichiarò specie protetta solamente nel 1966. Secondo un rapporto del 2002 in tutto il mondo vi sarebbero attualmente dai 5000 ai 12.000 esemplari <ref name=pop>{{cite web
|url=http://www.sararegistry.gc.ca/virtual_sara/files/cosewic/sr_blue_whale_e.pdf
|publisher=Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada
|year=2002
|title=Assessment and Update Status Report on the Blue Whale ''Balaenoptera musculus''
| accessdate = 2007-04-19
|format=PDF}}</ref>, suddivisi in almeno cinque gruppi. In base a ricerche più recenti effettuate sulla sottospecie pigmea si ipotizza che tali numeri, però, siano stati un po' troppo sottostimati <ref name=BBC_pop>{{Cite web
| author=Alex Kirby|work= BBC News
| title=Science seeks clues to pygmy whale
| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3003564.stm
| accessdate=April 21, 2006 | date=2003-06-19}}</ref> . Prima della caccia, la popolazione più numerosa era quella antartica, forte di circa 239.000 esemplari (le stime vanno da 202.000 a 311.000) <ref name = Ant>{{cite journal
| title = Evidence for increases in Antarctic blue whales based on Bayesian modelling
| author = T.A. Branch, K. Matsuoka and T. Miyashita
| journal = Marine Mammal Science
| volume = 20
| pages = 726–754
|year = 2004
| doi = 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2004.tb01190.x}}</ref> . Ora rimangono solo popolazioni molto più piccole (di circa 2000 esemplari l'una), concentrate nel [[Oceano Pacifico|Pacifico]] nord-orientale e negli oceani [[Mari antartici|Australe]] e [[Oceano Indiano|Indiano]]. Due popolazioni meno numerose si incontrano nell'[[Oceano Atlantico|Atlantico]] settentrionale ed almeno altre due nell'[[emisfero australe]].
 
==TassonomiaEtimologia==
Il nome «giraffa» trae origine dalla parola [[Lingua araba|araba]] ''zarafa'' (زرافة), forse derivata a sua volta da un termine africano<ref name=OED/>. Tale parola è stata tradotta come «[colei che] cammina veloce»<ref name=kingdon/>. Nel [[Medioevo]] la specie era nota anche come ''jarraf'', ''ziraph'' e ''gerfauntz''<ref name=OED/>. È possibile che il termine derivi dal nome con il quale l'animale è noto in [[lingua somala]], ''Geri''<ref>{{Cita libro|autore=Peust, C.|contributo=Some Cushitic Etymologies|curatore=Dolgopolʹskiĭ, A.; Takács, G.; Jungraithmayr, H|anno=2009|titolo=Semito-Hamitic Festschrift for A.B. Dolgopolsky and H. Jungraithmayr|editore=Reimer|pp=257–60|isbn=3-496-02810-6}}</ref>. Il nome [[Lingua italiana|italiano]] ''giraffa'' risale agli anni '90 del XVI secolo<ref name=OED>{{Cita web|url=http://etymonline.com/?term=giraffe|titolo=Giraffe|editore=Online Etymology Dictionary|accesso=1º novembre 2011}}</ref>. La forma inglese ''Giraffe'', invece, derivata dal [[Lingua francese|francese]] ''girafe'', risale al 1600 circa<ref name=OED/>. Il nome specifico ''camelopardalis'' è il termine con il quale l'animale era noto in [[latino]]<ref>{{Cita web|url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aentry%3Dcamelopardalis|titolo= camelopardalis|editore=A Latin Dictionary, Perseus Digital Library|accesso=23 novembre 2011}}</ref>.
{{Vedi anche|Evoluzione dei cetacei}}
La balenottera azzurra appartiene alla famiglia dei [[Balaenopteridae|Balenotteridi]], un gruppo che comprende la [[megattera]], la [[balenottera comune]], la [[balenottera di Bryde]], la [[balenottera boreale]] e la [[balenottera minore]] <ref name="factsheet" /> . Si ritiene che i [[Balaenopteridae|Balenotteridi]] si siano separati dalle altre famiglie del sottordine dei [[Mysticeti|Misticeti]] non più tardi dell'[[Oligocene]] Medio. Tuttavia, il momento esatto in cui i membri delle varie famiglie si sono separate tra di loro è ancora ignoto.
 
''Kameelperd'' è anche il nome con cui la specie è nota in [[lingua afrikaans]]<ref name=walker>{{Cita libro|autore=Walker, C.|anno=1997|titolo=Signs of the Wild|editore=Struik|p=142|isbn=1-86825-896-3}}</ref>. Tra gli altri nomi africani con cui viene indicato l'animale ricordiamo ''Ekorii'' (ateso), ''Kanyiet'' (elgon), ''Nduida'' (gikuyu), ''Tiga'' (kalenjin e luo), ''Ndwiya'' (kamba), ''Nudululu'' (kihehe), ''Ntegha'' (kinyaturu), ''Ondere'' (lugbara), ''Etiika'' (luhya), ''Kuri'' (ma'di), ''Oloodo-kirragata'' od ''Olchangito-oodo'' (maasai), ''Lenywa'' (meru), ''Hori'' (pare), ''Lment'' (samburu) e ''Twiga'' ([[Lingua swahili|swahili]] e altre lingue minori) nell'Africa orientale<ref name=Kingdon1988/>; e ''Tutwa'' ([[Lingua lozi|lozi]]), ''Nthutlwa'' ([[Lingua tsonga|shangaan]]), ''Indlulamitsi'' ([[Lingua swati|siswati]]), ''Thutlwa'' ([[Lingua tswana|sotho]]), ''Thuda'' ([[Lingua venda|venda]]) e ''Ndlulamithi'' ([[Lingua zulu|zulu]]) nell'Africa meridionale<ref name=walker/>.
Solitamente la balenottera azzurra viene classificata come una delle otto specie del genere ''Balaenoptera''; alcuni autori, però, la pongono in un genere monotipico a parte, ''Sibbaldus'' <ref>{{cite book
| author= Barnes LG, McLeod SA.
|editor= Jones ML et al.
|title= The Gray Whale
|year= 1984
|publisher= Academic Press
|___location= Orlando, Florida
| isbn = 0123891809
|pages=3–32
|chapter= The fossil record and phyletic relationships of gray whales.}}</ref> , ma tale suddivisione non è molto accettata <ref name=msw3/> . L'analisi delle sequenze del [[DNA]] indica che sotto un punto di vista [[Filogenesi|filogenetico]] la balenottera azzurra è più strettamente imparentata con la [[balenottera boreale]] (''Balaenoptera borealis'') e la [[balenottera di Bryde]] (''Balaenoptera brydei'') che con le altre specie del genere ''Balaenoptera'', e più imparentata con la [[megattera]] (''Megaptera'') e la [[balena grigia]] (''Eschrichtius'') che con le [[balenottera minore|balenottere minori]] (''Balaenoptera acutorostrata'' e ''Balaenoptera bonaerensis'') <ref>{{cite journal
|title=Cetacean mitochondrial DNA control region: sequences of all extant baleen whales and two sperm whale species
|author=Arnason, U., Gullberg A. & Widegren, B.
|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution
|volume=10
|pages=960–970
|date= September 1, 1993 |url=http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/10/5/960
|accessdate=2009-01-25
|pmid=8412655
|issue=5
}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal
|title=Mitochondrial Phylogenetics and Evolution of Mysticete Whales
|author=Sasaki, T
|journal=Systematic Biology
|volume=54
|issue=1
|pages=77–90
|date=February 23, 2005
|doi=10.1080/10635150590905939
|url=http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a716097098~db=all
|accessdate=2009-01-25
|pmid=15805012
|last2=Nikaido
|first2=M
|last3=Hamilton
|first3=H
|last4=Goto
|first4=M
|last5=Kato
|first5=H
|last6=Kanda
|first6=N
|last7=Pastene
|first7=L
|last8=Cao
|first8=Y
|last9=Fordyce
|first9=R}}</ref> . Se ulteriori ricerche confermeranno queste relazioni sarà necessario rivedere tutta la classificazione delle balenottere.
 
==Tassonomia ed evoluzione==
In natura vi sono stati almeno 11 casi documentati di ibridi adulti di balenottera azzurra e [[balenottera comune]]. Arnason e Gullberg hanno descritto la distanza genetica che intercorre tra queste due specie pari a quella tra l'uomo e il gorilla <ref>{{cite journal
[[File:Shansitherium tafeli Beijing.jpg|thumb|left|Scheletro di ''[[Shansitherium]]'' al Museo di Storia Naturale di Pechino.]]
| author = A. Arnason and A. Gullberg
La giraffa e l'[[Okapia johnstoni|okapi]] sono le uniche specie viventi appartenenti alla famiglia dei [[Giraffidae|Giraffidi]]. In passato tale famiglia era molto più numerosa, tanto che ne sono stati descritti più di 10 [[Genere (tassonomia)|generi]] fossili. I Giraffidi fecero la loro prima comparsa circa 8 milioni di anni fa, nell'Europa centro-meridionale, durante il [[Miocene]]. La superfamiglia dei Giraffoidea, così come la famiglia degli [[Antilocapridae|Antilocapridi]] (il cui unico rappresentante attuale è l'[[Antilocapra americana|antilocapra]]), si evolvette a partire da rappresentanti della famiglia estinta dei Paleomericidi<ref name="Mitchell20003">{{Cita pubblicazione|autore=Mitchell, G.; Skinner, J. D.|anno=2003|titolo=On the origin, evolution and phylogeny of giraffes ''Giraffa camelopardalis''|rivista=Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa|volume=58 |numero=1|pp=51–73|doi=10.1080/00359190309519935|url=http://www.bringyou.to/GiraffeEvolution.pdf}}</ref>. Il Giraffide conosciuto più antico è il ''Climacoceras'', dall'aspetto simile a un cervo.
| title = Comparison between the complete mtDNA sequences of the blue and fin whale, two species that can hybridize in nature
| journal = Journal of Molecular Ecology
| year = 1993
| volume = 37
|pages = 312–322}}</ref> . Alcuni ricercatori sostengono anche di aver fotografato, al largo delle Figi, un ibrido tra balenottera azzurra e [[megattera]] <ref>[http://www.whalecenter.org/amazarch.htm Amazing Whale Facts Archive]. Whale Center of New England (WCNE). Retrieved on 2008-02-27.</ref> .
 
Sebbene il progressivo allungamento di collo e arti sia riscontrabile in tutto il lignaggio dei Giraffidi, è divenuto più pronunciato in generi come ''[[Giraffokeryx]]'', ''[[Palaeotragus]]'' (possibile antenato dell'okapi), ''[[Samotherium]]'' e ''[[Bohlinia]]''<ref name="Mitchell20003"/>. Il ''Bohlinia'', in seguito ai cambiamenti climatici, migrò in Cina e nell'India settentrionale, dove sarebbe comparso il genere ''Giraffa'', che successivamente, verso 7 milioni di anni fa, si trasferì in Africa. Ulteriori mutamenti climatici portarono alla scomparsa delle giraffe asiatiche, mentre quelle africane sopravvissero e dettero vita a nuove specie. ''G. camelopardalis'' comparve in Africa orientale circa un milione di anni fa, nel [[Pleistocene]]<ref name="Mitchell20003"/>. Alcuni biologi sostengono che l'attuale giraffa discenda da ''G. jumae''<ref name=sim1996/>, mentre altri considerano un candidato più probabile ''G. gracilis''<ref name="Mitchell20003"/>. Si ritiene che la spinta principale per l'evoluzione delle giraffe sia stato il cambiamento climatico, iniziato 8 milioni di anni fa, che portò alla scomparsa delle foreste, sostituite da habitat più aperti<ref name="Mitchell20003"/>. Alcuni ricercatori hanno ipotizzato che un nuovo ambiente e nuove fonti alimentari, come le foglie degli alberi del genere ''[[Acacia]]'', potrebbero aver esposto gli antenati della giraffa a tossine che avrebbero provocato un tasso maggiore di mutazioni e, quindi, di spinta evolutiva<ref name="bada"/>.
Il nome specifico ''musculus'' è di origine [[Lingua latina|latina]] e significa «muscoloso», sebbene altri lo interpritino anche come «piccolo topo» <ref>{{cite book
| last = Simpson
| first = D.P.
| title = Cassell's Latin Dictionary
| publisher = Cassell Ltd.
| year = 1979
| edition = 5
| ___location = London
| page = 883
| isbn = 0-304-52257-0}}</ref> . [[Linneo]], che classificò per primo la specie nel suo ''[[Systema Naturae]]'' del 1758 <ref>{{la icon}} {{cite book
| last=Linnaeus
| first=C
| authorlink=Carolus Linnaeus
| title=Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata.
| publisher=Holmiae. (Laurentii Salvii).
| year=1758
| page=824
| url= }}</ref> , potrebbe aver attributo alla specie questo nome proprio giocando sull'ironicità del doppio senso <ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.dec.ny.gov/animals/9367.html
|title=Blue Whale Fact Sheet
|publisher=New York State Department of Environmental Conservation
| accessdate = 2007-06-29}}</ref> . [[Herman Melville]], nel suo romanzo ''[[Moby-Dick]]'', chiamò questa specie '''sulphur-bottom''' a causa della tinta marrone-arancio o gialla delle sue regioni inferiori, dovuta ad una sottile pellicola di [[Diatomee]] presente sulla pelle. Tra gli altri nomi comuni con cui questa specie veniva chiamata ricordiamo '''balenottera di Sibbald''' (in onore di Sir Robert Sibbald), '''grande balena azzurra''' e '''grande balenottera settentrionale'''. Tutti questi nomi sono attualmente caduti in disuso.
 
La giraffa fu una delle numerose specie descritte per la prima volta da [[Linnaeus|Carlo Linneo]] nel 1758. Egli la battezzò con il nome binomiale di ''[[Cervus]] camelopardalis''. In seguito, nel 1772, Morten Thrane Brünnich istituì il genere ''Giraffa''<ref name="Dagg1971"/>. Agli inizi del XIX secolo, [[Jean-Baptiste Lamarck]] credette che il lungo collo della giraffa fosse una «caratteristica acquisita», sviluppatasi attraverso generazioni di giraffe ancestrali che si sforzavano di raggiungere le foglie degli alberi più alti<ref name="Prothero 2003"/>. Questa teoria venne in seguito rifiutata, e attualmente gli scienziati spiegano questa caratteristica con la teoria della [[selezione naturale]] darwiniana, secondo la quale le giraffe ancestrali con colli più lunghi erano più avvantaggiate di quelle con colli più corti, e avevano quindi maggiori probabilità di riprodursi e perpetuare i loro geni<ref name="Prothero 2003"/>.
Gli autori suddividono la specie in tre o quattro sottospecie: ''B. m. musculus'', la balenottera azzurra settentrionale, a cui appartengono le popolazioni dell'Atlantico e del Pacifico settentrionali, ''B. m. intermedia'', la balenottera azzurra meridionale, dell'[[Mari antartici|Oceano Australe]], ''B. m. brevicauda'', la [[Balaenoptera musculus brevicausa|balenottera azzurra pigmea]], dell'Oceano Indiano e del Pacifico Meridionale <ref>Ichihara T. (1966). The pygmy blue whale ''B. m. brevicauda'', a new subspecies from the Antarctic in ''Whales, dolphins and porpoises'' Page(s) 79-113.</ref> , e la più discussa ''B. m. indica'', la grande balenottera indiana, anch'essa dell'Oceano Indiano, ma che potrebbe essere, sebbene sia stata descritta prima, una particolare forma di ''B. m. brevicauda'' <ref name=msw3/> .
 
===Sottospecie===
==Descrizione e comportamento==
[[File:Genetic subdivision in the giraffe based on mitochondrial DNA sequences.png|thumb|400px|right|«Areali approssimativi, colore del manto e relazioni [[Filogenesi|filogenetiche]] tra alcune sottospecie di giraffa basate sul sequenziamento del [[DNA mitocondriale]]. I punti colorati sulla mappa indicano le località dove è stato effettuato il campionamento. L'albero filogenetico è un [[Albero filogenetico|filogramma]] [[Metodo della massima verosimiglianza|di massima verosimiglianza]] basato su campioni prelevati da 266 giraffe. Gli asterischi lungo i rami corrispondono a valori [[Clade|nodali]] di oltre il 90% di supporto [[Ricampionamento|bootstrap]]. Le stelle all'estremità dei rami identificano gli [[Aplotipo|aplotipi]] [[Parafilia|parafiletici]] riscontrati nelle giraffe masai e reticolate»<ref name=GeneticStructure>{{Cita pubblicazione|titolo=Extensive population genetic structure in the giraffe|autore=Brown, D. M.; Brenneman R. A.; Koepfli, K-P.; Pollinger, J. P.; Milá, B.; Georgiadis, N. J.; Louis Jr., E. E.; Grether, G. F.; Jacobs, D. K.; Wayne R. K.|rivista= BMC Biology |anno=2007|volume=5|numero=1|p=57|doi=10.1186/1741-7007-5-57|pmc=2254591|pmid=18154651}}</ref>.]]
[[Image:Blue_whale_tail.JPG|thumb|left|Una balenottera azzurra sbatte la coda sulla superficie del mare]]
Attualmente vengono riconosciute ben nove sottospecie di giraffa (i dati sul numero di esemplari risalgono al 2010):
[[Image:Blue Whale 001 body bw.jpg|thumb|Un esemplare adulto]]
[[Image:Bl-4.JPG|thumb|Veduta aerea di una balenottera azzurra in cui si vedono bene anche entrambe le pinne pettorali]]
[[Image:Bluewhale 300.jpg|right|thumb|Il soffio di una balenottera azzurra]]
[[Image:Bl-10 blue.jpg|thumb|La piccola [[pinna dorsale]] di questo esemplare è appena visibile all'estrema sinistra]]
La balenottera azzurra ha un corpo lungo e affusolato che sembra sia stato quasi «stirato», rispetto a quello di altre balene, più tozzo <ref name="des" /> . La testa è appiattita e a forma di «U» e presenta una cresta dorsale che va dallo sfiatatoio alla sommità del labbro superiore <ref name="des" /> . La parte anteriore della bocca è ricca di [[Fanone|fanoni]]; circa 300 di queste strutture (ognuna delle quali lunga circa un metro) <ref name="des" /> pendono dalla mascella superiore, estendendosi all'interno della bocca per quasi mezzo metro. Lungo la gola, parallelamente alla lunghezza del corpo, si trovano dai 60 ai 90 solchi (detti pieghe ventrali). Queste pieghe servono a buttar fuori l'acqua dalla bocca durante la nutrizione (vedi oltre).
 
* ''[[Giraffa camelopardalis camelopardalis|G. c. camelopardalis]]'' {{zoo|Linnaeus|1758}}<ref name= "MacDonald">{{Cita libro|autore=Pellow, R. A.|contributo=Giraffe and Okapi|anno=2001|titolo=The Encyclopedia of Mammals|edizione= 2nd|curatore=MacDonald, D|editore=Oxford University Press|pp=520–27|isbn=0-7607-1969-1}}</ref>, la [[Sottospecie|sottospecie nominale]], è nota come giraffa della [[Nubia]]. Vive nel [[Sudan del Sud]] orientale e nell'[[Etiopia]] sud-occidentale. Si pensa che in natura ne rimangano meno di 250 capi, ma il numero esatto è incerto<ref name=wildstatus>{{Cita web|url= http://www.giraffeconservation.org/giraffe_facts.php?pgid=40 |titolo= Giraffe – The Facts: Current giraffe status? |editore=Giraffe Conservation Foundation |accesso= 21 dicembre 2010}}</ref>. È molto rara in cattività, ma un gruppo è attualmente ospitato allo Zoo di Al Ain, negli [[Emirati Arabi Uniti]]<ref name='"Al Ain exhibits"'>{{Cita web|titolo=Exhibits|url=http://www.awpr.ae/en/Visit/Pages/AfricanMixedExhibit.aspx|editore=Al Ain Zoo|data=25 febbraio 2003|accesso= 21 novembre 2011}}</ref>. Nel 2003, questo gruppo era formato da 14 esemplari<ref>{{Cita web|url=http://www.uaeinteract.com/docs/Nubian_giraffe_born_in_Al_Ain_zoo/6971.htm|titolo=Nubian giraffe born in Al Ain zoo|editore=UAE Interact|accesso=21 dicembre 2010}}</ref>.
La [[pinna dorsale]] è piccola <ref name="des" /> ed è visibile solamente quando la balenottera si immerge. Situata a circa tre-quarti della lunghezza del corpo, varia nella forma da individuo a individuo: alcuni presentano solo un moncone appena percettibile, mentre altri possono averla più lunga e falcata. Quando emerge per respirare, la balenottera azzurra fa emergere una maggior superficie della schiena e dello sfiatatoio di quanto non facciano altre grandi balenottere, come quella [[Balenottera comune|comune]] o quella [[Balenottera boreale|boreale]]. Gli studiosi possono utilizzare questa caratteristica per differenziare in mare le varie specie. Alcuni esemplari dell'Atlantico e del Pacifico settentrionali quando si immergono sbattono anche la coda sulla superficie dell'acqua. Quando respira, questa specie emette uno spettacolare soffio verticale e colonnare che può raggiungere anche i 12 m, sebbene generalmente sia di 9 m. La capacità dei suoi [[polmoni]] è di 5000 litri. Possiede due sfiatatoi gemelli protetti da una sorta di grosso paraschizzi <ref name="des" /> .
* ''[[Giraffa camelopardalis reticulata|G. c. reticulata]]'' {{zoo|De Winton|1899}}<ref name= "MacDonald"/>, nota come giraffa reticolata<ref name= "MacDonald"/> o della [[Corno d'Africa|Somalia]], è originaria del [[Kenya]] nord-orientale, dell'Etiopia meridionale e della [[Somalia]]. Si stima che in natura non ne rimangano più di 5000 esemplari<ref name=wildstatus/>, ma secondo i dati del Sistema Internazionale d'Informazione sulle Specie ve ne sono più di 450 negli zoo di tutto il mondo<ref name=ISIS>{{Cita web|url=https://app.isis.org/abstracts/Abs77545.asp|titolo= Giraffa |editore=ISIS|anno=2010|accesso= 4 novembre 2010}}</ref>
* ''[[Giraffa camelopardalis angolensis|G. c. angolensis]]'' {{zoo|Lydekker|1903}}, la giraffa dell'[[Angola]] o della [[Namibia]], è diffusa nella Namibia settentrionale, nello [[Zambia]] sud-occidentale, in [[Botswana]] e nello [[Zimbabwe]] occidentale. Uno studio genetico del 2009 effettuato su membri di questa sottospecie ha rivelato che le popolazioni stanziate nelle regioni settentrionali del [[deserto del Namib]] e nel [[Parco nazionale Etosha|Parco Nazionale di Etosha]] apparterrebbero a una sottospecie separata<ref>{{Cita pubblicazione|doi= 10.1111/j.1365-2028.2009.01078.x|autore= Brenneman, R. A.; Louis, E. E. Jr; Fennessy, J. |anno=2009|titolo=Genetic structure of two populations of the Namibian giraffe, ''Giraffa camelopardalis angolensis''|rivista=African Journal of Ecology|volume=47|numero=4|pp=720–28}}</ref>. Si stima che in natura non ve ne siano più di 20.000 esemplari<ref name=wildstatus/>, mentre negli zoo di tutto il mondo ne vengono ospitati circa 20 individui<ref name=ISIS/>.
* ''[[Giraffa camelopardalis antiquorum|G. c. antiquorum]]'' ({{zoo|Swainson|1835}})<ref name= "MacDonald"/>, la giraffa del [[Kordofan]], ha una distribuzione che comprende il [[Ciad]] meridionale, la [[Repubblica Centrafricana]], il [[Camerun]] settentrionale e la [[Repubblica Democratica del Congo]] nord-orientale. In passato le popolazioni stanziate in Camerun venivano classificate come appartenenti a ''G. c. peralta'', ma tale visione si è rivelata incorretta<ref name=WestAfricaGiraffe>{{Cita pubblicazione|autore=Hassanin, A.; Ropiquet, A.; Gourmand, B-L.; Chardonnet, B.; Rigoulet, J.|anno=2007|titolo= Mitochondrial DNA variability in Giraffa camelopardalis: consequences for taxonomy, phylogeography and conservation of giraffes in West and central Africa|rivista=Comptes Rendus Biologies|volume=330|numero=3|pp= 173–83|pmid= 17434121|doi=10.1016/j.crvi.2007.02.008}}</ref>. In natura non ne rimangono più di 3000 capi<ref name=wildstatus/>. Riguardo agli esemplari presenti in cattività, è stato difficile valutarne il numero, data la confusione che si era creata con ''G. c. peralta''. Infatti, nel 2007, è stato dimostrato che tutte le ''G. c. peralta'' ospitate negli zoo europei erano ''G. c. antiquorum''<ref name=WestAfricaGiraffe/>. Dopo eventuali correzioni, il numero di esemplari in cattività è stato stimato sulle 65 unità<ref name=ISIS/>.
* ''[[Giraffa tippelskirchi|G. c. tippelskirchi]]'' {{zoo|Matschie|1898}}<ref name= "MacDonald"/>, nota come giraffa [[masai]]<ref name= "MacDonald"/> o del [[Kilimangiaro]], vive nelle regioni centrali e meridionali del Kenya e in [[Tanzania]]. In natura non ne rimangono più di 40.000<ref name=wildstatus/> e negli zoo ve ne sono circa 100 esemplari<ref name=ISIS/>.
* ''[[Giraffa camelopardalis rothschildi|G. c. rothschildi]]'' {{zoo|Lydekker|1903}}<ref name= "MacDonald"/> è nota come giraffa di [[Lionel Walter Rothschild|Rothschild]]<ref name= "MacDonald"/>, del Baringo o dell'[[Uganda]]. Il suo areale comprende parte dell'Uganda e del Kenya<ref name=iucn/>. La sua presenza nel Sudan del Sud è incerta<ref name=IUCNrothschildi>{{IUCN2008|assessors=Fennessy, J.; Brown, D.|year=2008|id=174469|title=Giraffa camelopardalis ssp. rothschildi|downloaded=2009-3-13}}</ref>. Si ritiene che in natura ne rimangano meno di 700 capi<ref name=wildstatus/>, ma negli zoo ve ne sono più di 450<ref name=ISIS/>.
* ''[[Giraffa camelopardalis giraffa|G. c. giraffa]]'' {{zoo|von Schreber|1784}}, la giraffa del [[Sudafrica]], è diffusa nel Sudafrica settentrionale, nel Botswana meridionale, nello Zimbabwe meridionale e nel [[Mozambico]] sud-occidentale. Si stima che in natura non ne rimangano più di 12.000<ref name=wildstatus/>, ma circa 45 capi sono ospitati negli zoo di tutto il mondo<ref name=ISIS/>.
* ''[[Giraffa camelopardalis thornicrofti|G. c. thornicrofti]]'' {{zoo|Lydekker|1911}}<ref name= "MacDonald"/>, detta giraffa di Thornicroft<ref name= "MacDonald"/> o della [[Rhodesia]], vive unicamente nella [[Luangwa (fiume)|valle del Luangwa]], nello Zambia orientale. Non ne rimangono più di 1500 capi in natura<ref name=wildstatus/> e nessun esemplare è attualmente ospitato negli zoo<ref name=ISIS/>.
* ''[[Giraffa camelopardalis peralta|G. c. peralta]]'' {{zoo|Thomas|1898}}<ref name= "MacDonald"/>, nota comunemente come giraffa dell'Africa occidentale<ref name= "MacDonald"/>, del [[Niger]] o della [[Nigeria]]<ref name=IUCNperalta>{{IUCN2008|assessors=Fennessy, J.; Brown, D.|year=2008|id=136913|title=Giraffa camelopardalis ssp. peralta|downloaded=2012-03-05}}</ref>, è [[Endemismo|endemica]] del Niger sud-occidentale<ref name=iucn/>. In natura ne rimangono meno di 220 esemplari<ref name=wildstatus/>. In passato le giraffe presenti in Camerun erano considerate appartenenti a questa sottospecie, ma oggi si preferisce inserirle in ''G. c. antiquorum''<ref name=WestAfricaGiraffe/>. Questo errore portò a una certa confusione riguardo al numero di esemplari ospitati negli zoo, ma nel 2007 venne stabilito che tutte le «''G. c. peralta''» ospitate negli zoo europei erano ''G. c. antiquorum''<ref name=WestAfricaGiraffe/>.
[[File:Giraffe koure niger 2006.jpg|thumb|Rarissima giraffa dell'Africa occidentale.]]
Le varie sottospecie di giraffa si distinguono per l'aspetto del manto. Le giraffe reticolate e masai rappresentano due forme limite: le prime hanno macchie nettamente delineate, mentre le seconde hanno macchie dai contorni molto frastagliati<ref name=estes/>. Vi sono inoltre ulteriori differenze nella larghezza delle linee che separano tali macchie. La giraffa dell'Africa occidentale ha linee molto spesse, mentre nelle giraffe della Nubia e in quelle reticolate tali linee sono piuttosto sottili<ref name=Kingdon1988/>. La prima presenta inoltre una colorazione più chiara di tutte le altre sottospecie<ref name=Kingdon1988/>.
 
Secondo i risultati ottenuti nel corso di uno studio del 2007 effettuato sulla genetica di sei sottospecie - le giraffe dell'Africa occidentale, di Rothschild, reticolate, masai, dell'Angola e del Sudafrica -, queste ultime andrebbero classificate come specie separate. Sulla base del grado di [[deriva genetica]] riscontrata nel DNA nucleare e [[DNA mitocondriale|mitocondriale]] (mtDNA), gli studiosi hanno dedotto che le giraffe appartenenti a queste popolazioni sono isolate da un punto di vista riproduttivo e si accoppiano tra loro solo raramente, perfino quando non vi è alcun ostacolo naturale a frapporsi tra esse<ref name=GeneticStructure/>, come nel caso delle giraffe di Rothschild, reticolate e masai. La sottospecie nota come giraffa masai potrebbe inoltre essere costituita da varie specie separate dalla Rift Valley. Le giraffe reticolate e masai presentano la maggiore diversità nel DNA mitocondriale, dovuta al fatto che la specie ha avuto origine nell'Africa orientale. Le popolazioni settentrionali discendono dalle prime, mentre quelle meridionali dalle seconde. Sembra che le giraffe scelgano partner che presentano lo stesso tipo di manto, sulla base di una sorta di ''imprinting'' che si sviluppa quando sono in tenera età<ref name=GeneticStructure/>. Le conseguenze di questa scoperta sulla conservazione delle giraffe sono state riassunte da David Brown, autore principale dello studio, con queste parole, rilasciate al [[BBC News]]: «Raggruppare tutte le giraffe in un'unica specie nasconde il fatto che alcune forme particolari sono sull'orlo dell'estinzione. Alcune di queste popolazioni sono costituite da poche centinaia di esemplari e necessitano di una protezione immediata»<ref>{{Cita news|editore=BBC News|titolo=Not one but 'six giraffe species'|autore= Lever, A-M.|data=21 dicembre 2007|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/7156146.stm |accesso=4 marzo 2009}}</ref>.
Le pinne pettorali sono lunghe 3 - 4 metri. Il loro margine superiore è grigio con una sottile striscia bianca lungo il margine. Quello inferiore è bianco. La testa e la pinna caudale sono generalmente di colore grigio uniforme. Le regioni inferiori, e talvolta anche le pinne pettorali, sono solitamente chiazzate. Il grado di screziatura varia però moltissimo da individuo a individuo. Alcuni possono essere di un color grigio ardesia uniforme, altri di un miscuglio di azzurro scuro, grigio e nero, altri ancora quasi completamente macchiati <ref name="factsheet">{{citeweb
|url=http://www.acsonline.org/factpack/bluewhl.htm
|title=American Cetacean Society Fact Sheet - Blue Whales
|accessdate=20 June 2007
}}</ref> .
 
La giraffa dell'Africa occidentale è più strettamente imparentata con le giraffe di Rothschild e con quelle reticolate che con la giraffa del Kordofan. I suoi antenati potrebbero essere migrati dall'Africa orientale a quella settentrionale, per poi essere stati spinti più a sud dall'avanzare del deserto del Sahara. Al massimo della sua estensione, il [[lago Ciad]] potrebbe aver costituito una barriera tra le giraffe dell'Africa occidentale e quelle del Kordofan nel corso dell'[[Olocene]]<ref name=WestAfricaGiraffe/>.
Su brevi distanze, solitamente mentre interagiscono con altri esemplari, le balenottere azzurre possono raggiungere anche velocità di 50 km/h; la loro velocità tipica, però, è di 20 km/h <ref name="factsheet" /> . Mentre si nutrono si spostano molto lentamente, a velocità di 5 km/h.
 
==Descrizione e anatomia==
Le balenottere azzurre vivono quasi sempre da sole o in coppia. Non si sa per quanto tempo le coppie rimangano unite. In alcune località dove vi è un'alta concentrazione di cibo, in aree anche relativamente poco estese, sono state viste fino a 50 balenottere. Tuttavia, a differenza di altre specie, non forma mai grandi gruppi numerosi.
[[File:Giraffe08 - melbourne zoo.jpg|thumb|Primo piano della testa di un esemplare allo [[Zoo di Melbourne]].]]
[[File:Giraffe skeleton.jpg|thumb|Scheletro di giraffa al Museo di Osteologia di [[Oklahoma City]].]]
Nel pieno dello sviluppo la giraffa misura 5-6 m di altezza; i maschi sono più alti delle femmine<ref name="Dagg1971">{{Cita pubblicazione|autore=Dagg, A. I.|anno=1971|titolo=Giraffa camelopardalis|rivista=Mammalian Species|volume=5|pp=1–8|url=http://www.science.smith.edu/msi/pdf/i0076-3519-005-01-0001.pdf|doi=10.2307/3503830|numero=5}}</ref>. Il peso medio è di 1600 kg nei maschi adulto e di 830 kg nelle femmine adulte<ref name="Skinner1990">{{Cita libro|autore=Skinner, J. D.; Smithers, R. H. M.|anno=1990|titolo=The mammals of the southern African subregion|pp=616–20|editore=University of Pretoria|isbn=0-521-84418-5}}</ref>. Malgrado il collo e le zampe molto lunghi, la giraffa ha un corpo relativamente corto<ref name=anatomy/>. Posti ai lati della testa, gli occhi, grandi e sporgenti, consentono una buona visione dei dintorni, data anche l'altezza alla quale si trovano<ref name=Williams/>. La giraffa vede a colori<ref name=Williams/> e ha, inoltre, udito e [[olfatto]] molto sviluppati<ref name="Prothero 2003"/>. Grazie a una serie di muscoli, è in grado di chiudere le narici per difendersi da tempeste di sabbia e formiche<ref name=Williams/>. La lingua prensile è lunga circa 50 cm. Di colore nero-violaceo, forse come difesa dalle scottature dei raggi del sole, viene utilizzata per brucare il fogliame, nonché per il ''grooming'' e la pulizia del naso<ref name=Williams/>. Anche il labbro superiore è prensile e viene utilizzato ugualmente per strappare le foglie dai rami. Le labbra, la lingua e l'interno della bocca sono ricoperte da [[Papilla linguale|papille]] che proteggono queste strutture dalle punture delle spine<ref name="Dagg1971"/>.
[[File:Giraffa camelopardalis reticulata-atTobuZoo-2012.ogv|thumb|Coppia di giraffe allo Zoo di Tobu (Giappone).]]
 
Il manto è ricoperto da chiazze o macchie (che possono essere di colore arancione, [[Castagno (colore)|castano]], marrone o quasi nero<ref name="Prothero 2003"/>) separate da peli chiari (generalmente bianchi o color [[Crema (colore)|crema]]<ref name="Prothero 2003"/>). Il manto dei maschi diviene più scuro con l'età<ref name=estes>{{Cita libro|titolo=The Behavior Guide to African Mammals: including Hoofed Mammals, Carnivores, Primates|autore=Estes, R.|editore=University of California Press|pp=202–07|anno=1992|isbn=0-520-08085-8}}</ref>. Il manto chiazzato ha una funzione di [[camuffamento]], e consente all'animale di mimetizzarsi tra le zone di luce e ombra tipiche della savana arbustiva<ref name="Mitchell20003"/><ref name= "MacDonald"/>. La pelle al di sotto delle aree scure potrebbe avere anche una funzione di [[termoregolazione]], dal momento che ospita numerosi capillari sanguigni e grosse ghiandole sudoripare<ref name=Mitchell2004>{{Cita pubblicazione|autore=Mitchell, G.; Skinner, J.D.|anno=2004|titolo=Giraffe thermoregulation: a review|rivista=Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa: Proceedings of a Colloquium on Adaptations in Desert Fauna and Flora|volume=59|numero=2|pp=49–57|issn=0035-919X|url=http://www.sabinet.co.za/abstracts/royalsa/royalsa_v59_n2_a13.html|doi=10.1080/00359190409519170}}</ref>. Ciascun individui ha una disposizione delle macchie unica<ref name=estes/>. La pelle della giraffa è di colore prevalentemente grigio<ref name="Skinner1990"/>. È anche piuttosto spessa, e l'animale è quindi in grado di correre rapidamente tra la boscaglia senza ferirsi con le spine della vegetazione<ref name=Williams/>. Il manto può fungere da difesa chimica, dato che è impregnato di sostanze repellenti per i parassiti che conferiscono all'animale un odore caratteristico. Nel mantello vi sono almeno undici sostanze chimiche aromatiche principali, sebbene l'odore tipico sia dovuto soprattutto all'[[indolo]] e al [[Scatolo|3-metilindolo]]. Poiché i maschi hanno un odore più pungente delle femmine, si ritiene che esso abbia anche una funzione sessuale<ref>{{Cita pubblicazione|autore=Wood, W. F.; Weldon, P. J.|anno=2002|titolo=The scent of the reticulated giraffe (''Giraffa camelopardalis reticulata'')|rivista=Biochemical Systematics and Ecology|volume=30|numero=10|pp=913–17|doi=10.1016/S0305-1978(02)00037-6}}</ref>. Lungo il collo dell'animale corre una criniera costituita da brevi peli eretti<ref name="Dagg1971"/>. La coda, lunga un metro, termina in un ciuffo di peli lunghi e scuri, e viene usata per scacciare gli insetti<ref name=Williams/>.
===Size===
[[Image:Joey williams with a 19 foot long blue whale skull.jpg|thumb|A 19-foot-long blue whale [[skull]] in the collections of the [[Smithsonian Museum of Natural History]].]]
Blue whales are difficult to weigh because of their size. Most blue whales killed by whalers were not weighed whole, but cut up into manageable pieces first. This caused an underestimate of the total weight of the whale, due to the loss of blood and other fluids. Nevertheless, measurements between {{convert|150|-|170|metric ton |short ton}} were recorded of animals up to {{convert|27|m|ft}} in length. The weight of an individual {{convert|30|m|ft}} long is believed by the American [[National Marine Mammal Laboratory]] (NMML) to be in excess of {{convert|180|metric ton|short ton}}. The largest blue whale accurately weighed by NMML scientists to date was a female that weighed {{convert|177|metric ton|short ton}}.<ref name=pop />
 
===Cranio e ossiconi===
The blue whale is the largest animal ever known to have lived.<ref name="des">{{citeweb
Entrambi i sessi possiedono prominenti strutture simili a corna dette [[ossiconi]], costituite da [[tessuto cartilagineo]] ossificato ricoperto da uno strato di pelle, fuse con il cranio all'altezza delle [[Osso parietale|ossa parietali]]<ref name=estes/>. Essendo vascolarizzati, gli ossiconi potrebbero giocare un ruolo nella termoregolazione<ref name=Mitchell2004/>, ma vengono utilizzati anche nei combattimenti tra maschi<ref name="sim2010"/>. Il loro aspetto è utile per determinare il sesso o l'età di un determinato esemplare: gli ossiconi di femmine e giovani sono sottili e presentano ciuffi di pelo all'estremità, mentre quelli dei maschi adulti terminano con una sorta di protuberanza e tendono a essere privi di pelo all'estremità<ref name=estes/>. Sulla parte anteriore del cranio vi è anche una sorta di prominenza mediana, più pronunciata nei maschi<ref name="Dagg1971"/>. I maschi sviluppano depositi di [[Calcio (elemento)|calcio]] che con l'avanzare dell'età formano delle specie di bernoccoli sul cranio<ref name="Prothero 2003"/>. Il cranio della giraffa è alleggerito da una serie di seni<ref name=anatomy/>. Tuttavia, nei maschi adulti, il cranio diviene più pesante, e nel corso dei combattimenti viene impiegato come una mazza<ref name=estes/>. La mascella superiore presenta un [[palato]] scanalato ed è priva dei denti frontali<ref name=Williams/>. I [[molari]] hanno una superficie più ruvida di quella della maggior parte degli altri mammiferi<ref name=Williams/>.
|url=http://www.wdcs.org/dan/publishing.nsf/allweb/F8FE8974A62E12F88025696D004A8EE9
|title=Size and Description of the Blue Whale Species
|accessdate=15 June 2007
}}</ref> The largest known [[dinosaur]] of the [[Mesozoic]] Era was the ''[[Argentinosaurus]]'',<ref>{{es icon}} {{cite journal
|author= Bonaparte J, Coria R
|year= 1993
|title=Un nuevo y gigantesco sauropodo titanosaurio de la Formacion Rio Limay (Albiano-Cenomaniano) de la Provincia del Neuquen, Argentina
|journal= Ameghiniana
|volume=30
|issue= 3
|pages=271–282}}</ref> which is estimated to have weighed up to {{convert|90|metric ton|short ton}}, though a controversial vertebra of ''[[Amphicoelias]] fragillimus'' may indicate an animal of up to {{convert|122|metric ton|short ton}} and {{convert|40|-|60|m|ft}}.<ref name="carpenter2006">Carpenter, K. (2006). "Biggest of the big: a critical re-evaluation of the mega-sauropod ''Amphicoelias fragillimus''." In Foster, J.R. and Lucas, S.G., eds., 2006, ''Paleontology and Geology of the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation.'' New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin '''36''': 131-138.[https://scientists.dmns.org/sites/kencarpenter/PDFs%20of%20publications/Amphicoelias.pdf]</ref> Furthermore, there are weight estimates for the very poorly known ''[[Bruhathkayosaurus]]'' ranging from {{convert|140|-|220|metric ton|short ton}}, besides length estimates up to about {{convert|45|m|ft}}. The extinct fish [[Leedsichthys]] may have approached its size.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/10/1001_031001_biggestfish.html
|title=&quot;Biggest Fish Ever Found&quot; Unearthed in U.K
|publisher=News.nationalgeographic.com
|date=October 1, 2003
|accessdate=2008-11-03}}</ref> However, complete fossils are difficult to come by, making size comparisons difficult. All these animals are considered to be smaller than the blue whale.
 
===Zampe, locomozione e postura===
There is some uncertainty about the biggest blue whale ever found, as most data comes from blue whales killed in [[Antarctica|Antarctic]] waters during the first half of the twentieth century and was collected by whalers not well-versed in standard zoological measurement techniques. The longest whales ever recorded were two females measuring {{convert|33.6|-|33.3|m|ft}} respectively.<ref name = "SearsCal02">{{cite paper
Le zampe anteriori e posteriori della giraffa hanno all'incirca la stessa lunghezza. Il [[Radio (anatomia)|radio]] e l'[[ulna]] delle zampe anteriori sono articolate dal [[carpo]], che, sebbene sia una struttura equivalente al polso umano, funziona come un ginocchio<ref>{{Cita libro|autore=MacClintock, D.; Mochi, U.|anno=1973|titolo=A natural history of giraffes|editore=Scribner|p=30|isbn=0-684-13239-7}}</ref>. Il piede raggiunge i 30 cm di diametro, e lo zoccolo è alto 15 cm nei maschi e 10 cm nelle femmine<ref name=Williams/>. La parte posteriore di ogni zoccolo è bassa e i nodelli sono vicini al suolo, sì da permettere al piede di sostenere meglio il peso dell'animale<ref name="Dagg1971"/>. Le giraffe sono prive di speroni e ghiandole interdigitali. L'osso pelvico, sebbene relativamente corto, ha un [[osso iliaco]] allungato alle estremità superiori<ref name="Dagg1971"/>.
| author = Sears R, Calambokidis J
| title = Update COSEWIC status report on the blue whale Balaenoptera musculus in Canada.
| publisher = Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada, Ottawa.
| year = 2002
| pages = 32}}</ref> The longest whale measured by [[scientist]]s at the NMML was {{convert|29.9|m|ft}}.<ref name=pop />
 
La giraffa ha due soli tipi di andatura: il passo e il galoppo. Mentre cammina, muove con ambedue le zampe dell'uno, poi con ambedue quelle dell'altro lato, simultaneamente<ref name=estes/>. Quando galoppa, muove le zampe posteriori attorno a quelle anteriori prima che queste ultime si spostino in avanti<ref name="Prothero 2003"/> e tiene la coda raggomitolata<ref name=estes/>. L'animale si affida a movimenti avanti e indietro della testa e del collo per mantenere l'equilibrio e il contro-momento durante il galoppo<ref name=Kingdon1988/>. La giraffa può raggiungere punte di velocità di 60 km/h<ref>{{Cita pubblicazione|cognome=Garland|nome=T|coautori=Janis, C. M.|anno=1993|titolo=Does metatarsal/femur ratio predict maximal running speed in cursorial mammals?|url=http://www.biology.ucr.edu/people/faculty/Garland/GarlandJanis1993.pdf|rivista=Journal of Zoology|volume=229|numero=1|pp=133–51|doi= 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1993.tb02626.x}}</ref> e mantenere un'andatura di 50 km/h per alcuni chilometri<ref>{{Cita libro|autore=Rafferty, John. P|anno=2011|titolo=Grazers (Britannica Guide to Predators and Prey)|editore=Britannica Educational Publishing|p=194|isbn=1-61530-336-7}}</ref>.
A blue whale's [[tongue]] weighs around {{convert|2.7|metric ton|short ton}}<ref name="SM">{{cite book
|title=The Scientific Monthly
|publisher=American Association for
the Advancement of Science
|year=1915
|page=21}}</ref> and, when fully expanded, its mouth is large enough to hold up to {{convert|90|metric ton|short ton}} of food and water.<ref name="wheelock" /> Despite the size of its mouth, the dimensions of its throat are such that a blue whale cannot swallow an object wider than a beach ball.<ref>Blue Planet: Frozen seas (BBC documentary)</ref> Its [[heart]] weighs {{convert|600|kg|lb}} and is the [[largest body part|largest]] known in any animal.<ref name="SM" /> A blue whale's [[aorta]] is about {{convert|23|cm|in}} in diameter.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www2.ucsc.edu/seymourcenter/PDF/2.%20Ms.%20B%20measurements.pdf
|title=Ms. Blue's Measurements
|author=Caspar, Dave
|year=2001
| month=April
|accessdate=2006-09-01
|publisher=Seymour Center, University of California, Santa Cruz.
|format=PDF}}</ref> During the first seven months of its life, a blue whale calf drinks approximately 400 litres (100 U.S. gallons) of milk every day. Blue whale calves gain [[body weight|weight]] quickly, as much as {{convert|90|kg|lb}} every 24 hours. Even at birth, they weigh up to {{convert|2700|kg|lb}}—the same as a fully grown [[hippopotamus]].<ref name="factsheet" />
 
Quando riposa, la giraffa sorregge il corpo sulle zampe ripiegate<ref name=Kingdon1988>{{Cita libro|autore=Kingdon, J. |anno=1988|titolo=East African Mammals: An Atlas of Evolution in Africa, Volume 3, Part B: Large Mammals|pp=313–37|editore=University Of Chicago Press |isbn=0-226-43722-1}}</ref>. Per sdraiarsi, l'animale si inginocchia sulle zampe anteriori e poi abbassa il resto del corpo. Per rialzarsi, sposta avanti le ginocchia e distende le zampe posteriori per sollevare le anche. In seguito distende le zampe anteriori. A ogni passo, l'animale fa oscillare la testa<ref name=Williams/>. La giraffa dorme per 4,6 ore al giorno, soprattutto di notte, ad intervalli<ref name=sleep/>. Generalmente dorme distesa, ma alcuni esemplari, specialmente quelli più anziani, sono stati visti dormire in piedi. Durante le brevi fasi intermittenti di «sonno profondo», quando è distesa, la giraffa ripiega il collo e poggia la testa sull'anca o sulla coscia; gli studiosi ritengono che questa posizione indichi i periodi di [[Rapid eye movement|sonno paradosso]]<ref name=sleep>{{Cita pubblicazione|cognome=Tobler, I.; Schwierin, B.|titolo=Behavioural sleep in the giraffe (''Giraffa camelopardalis'') in a zoological garden|anno=1996|rivista=Journal of Sleep Research|volume=5|numero=1|pp=21–32|doi=10.1046/j.1365-2869.1996.00010.x|nome1=I.|cognome2=Schwierin|nome2=B.|pmid=8795798}}</ref>. Se la giraffa vuole inchinarsi per bere, it either spreads its front legs or bends its knees.<ref name=estes/> Giraffes would probably not be competent swimmers as their long legs would be highly cumbersome in the water,<ref name = "swim">{{Cita pubblicazione| doi = 10.1016/j.jtbi.2010.04.007 |autore= Henderson, D. M.; Naish, D. |anno= 2010 |titolo= Predicting the buoyancy, equilibrium and potential swimming ability of giraffes by computational analysis |rivista= Journal of Theoretical Biology |volume= 265 |numero= 2|pp= 151–59 | pmid = 20385144 }}</ref> although they could possibly float.<ref name="Naish">{{Cite magazine| last = Naish | first = D. | author-link = Darren Naish |date= January 2011 | year = 2011| title = Will it Float? | periodical = [[Scientific American]] | issn = 0036-8733 | volume = 304 | issue = 1 | page = 22| url = http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=will-it-float}}</ref> When swimming, the thorax would be weighed down by the front legs, making it difficult for the animal to move its neck and legs in harmony<ref name = "swim"/><ref name="Naish"/> or keep its head above the surface.<ref name = "swim"/>
===Feeding===
Blue whales feed almost exclusively on [[krill]], though they also take small numbers of [[copepods]].<ref name="afsc">{{cite web
|url=http://www.afsc.noaa.gov/nmml/education/cetaceans/blue.php
|title=Detailed Information about Blue Whales
|publisher=Alaska Fisheries Science Center
|year=2004
| accessdate = 2007-06-14}}</ref> The species of this [[zooplankton]] eaten by blue whales varies from ocean to ocean. In the North Atlantic, ''[[Meganyctiphanes norvegica]]'', ''[[Thysanoessa raschii]]'', ''[[Thysanoessa inermis]]'' and ''[[Thysanoessa longicaudata]]'' are the usual food;<ref>{{cite journal
|author= Hjort J, Ruud JT
|year=1929
|title=Whaling and fishing in the North Atlantic
|journal= Rapp. Proc. Verb. Conseil int. Explor. Mer
|volume= 56
|issue=
|pages= }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal
|author=Christensen I, Haug T, Øien N
|year=1992
|title= A review of feeding and reproduction in large baleen whales (Mysticeti) and sperm whales ''Physeter macrocephalus'' in Norwegian and adjacent waters
|journal= Fauna Norvegica Series a
|volume= 13
|issue=
|pages=39–48}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal
|author= Sears R, Wenzel FW, Williamson JM
|year=1987
|title=The Blue Whale: A Catalogue of Individuals from the Western North Atlantic (Gulf of St. Lawrence)
|journal=Mingan Island Cetacean Study, St. Lambert, Quebec.
|pages=27}}</ref> in the North Pacific, ''[[Euphausia pacifica]]'', ''[[Thysanoessa inermis]]'', ''[[Thysanoessa longipes]]'', ''[[Thysanoessa spinifera]]'', ''[[Nyctiphanes symplex]]'' and ''[[Nematoscelis megalops]]'';<ref>{{cite journal
|last=Sears
|first=R
|year=1990
|title= The Cortez blues
|journal= Whalewatcher
|volume=24
|issue=2
|pages=12–15}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal
|last=Kawamura
|first=A
|year= 1980
|title= A review of food of balaenopterid whales
|journal= Sci. Rep. Whales Res. Inst.
|volume=32
|issue=
|pages=155–197}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
|author=Yochem PK, Leatherwood S
|editor=Ridgway SH, Harrison R
|title= Handbook of Marine Mammals, Vol. 3:The Sirenians and Baleen Whales.
|edition=
|year=1980
|publisher=Academic Press
|___location=London
|isbn=
|oclc=
|doi=
|id=
|pages= 193–240
|chapter= Blue whale ''Balaenoptera musculus'' (Linnaeus, 1758)}}</ref> and in the Antarctic, ''[[Euphausia superba]]'', ''[[Euphausia crystallorophias]]'' and ''[[Euphausia valentin]]''.
 
===Neck===
An adult blue whale can eat up to 40 million krill in a day.<ref>[http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5j16BZVAVoE3Tey_0icx_2Bj6V_XQ Afp.google.com Hunted, rammed, poisoned, whales may die from heartbreak too]</ref> The whales always feed in the areas with the highest concentration of krill, sometimes eating up to {{convert|3600|kg|lb}} of krill in a single day.<ref name="afsc" /> This daily calorie requirement of an adult blue whale is in the region of 1.5 million.<ref>[[Ross Piper|Piper, Ross]] (2007), ''Extraordinary Animals: An Encyclopedia of Curious and Unusual Animals'', [[Greenwood Press]].</ref>
[[File:Flickr - Rainbirder - High-rise living.jpg|thumb|left|An adult male giraffe feeding high up on an acacia]]
The giraffe has an extremely elongated neck, which can be up to {{convert|2|m|abbr=on}} in length, accounting for much of the animal's vertical height.<ref name=Williams/>{{rp|29}} The long neck results from a disproportionate lengthening of the [[cervical vertebrae]], not from the addition of more vertebrae. Each cervical vertebra is over {{convert|28|cm|in|abbr=on}} long.<ref name=anatomy>{{Cita libro|autore=Swaby, S.|anno=2010|contributo=Giraffe|curatore=Harris, T.|titolo=Mammal Anatomy: An Illustrated Guide|editore=Marshall Cavendish Corporation|pp=64–84|isbn=0-7614-7882-5}}</ref>{{rp|71}} They comprise 52–54 percent of the length of the giraffe's [[vertebral column]], compared with the 27–33 percent typical of similar large ungulates, including the giraffe’s closest living relative, the [[okapi]].<ref name=bada>{{Cita pubblicazione| doi = 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00458.x |cognome= Badlangana |nome= L. N. |coautori= Adams, J. W.; Manger P. R. |titolo= The giraffe ''(Giraffa camelopardalis)'' cervical vertebral column: A heuristic example in understanding evolutionary processes? |rivista= Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |volume= 155 |numero= 3 |pp= 736–57 |anno= 2009}}</ref> This elongation largely takes place after birth, as giraffe mothers would have a difficult time giving birth to young with the same neck proportions as adults.<ref name=van>{{Cita pubblicazione| doi = 10.1002/jez.b.21353 |cognome= Van Sittert |nome= S. J. |coautori= Skinner, J. D.; Mitchell, G. |titolo= From fetus to adult – An allometric analysis of the giraffe vertebral column |rivista= Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B Molecular and Developmental Evolution |volume= 314B |numero= 6 |pp= 469–79 |anno= 2010}}</ref> The giraffe's head and neck are held up by large muscles and a [[nuchal ligament]], which are anchored by long dorsal spines on the anterior [[thoracic vertebrae]], giving the animal a hump.<ref name="Dagg1971"/>
 
The giraffe's neck vertebrae have [[ball and socket joint]]s.<ref name=anatomy/>{{rp|71}} In particular, the [[Atlas (anatomy)|atlas]]&ndash;[[Axis (anatomy)|axis]] joint (C1 and C2) allows the animal to tilt its head vertically and reach more branches with the tongue.<ref name=Williams/>{{rp|29}} The point of articulation between the cervical and thoracic vertebrae of giraffes is shifted to lie between the first and second thoracic vertebrae (T1 and T2), unlike most other ruminants where the articulation is between the seventh cervical vertebra (C7) and T1.<ref name=bada/><ref name=van/> This allows C7 to contribute directly to increased neck length and has given rise to the suggestion that T1 is actually C8, and that giraffes have added an extra cervical vertebra.<ref>{{Cita pubblicazione|autore=Solounias, N.|anno=1999|titolo=The remarkable anatomy of the giraffe's neck|rivista=Journal of Zoology|volume=247|numero=2|pp=257–68|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1999.tb00989.x|url=http://www.ikhebeenvraag.be/mediastorage/FSDocument/73/download.pdf}}</ref> However, this proposition is not generally accepted, as T1 has other morphological features, such as an articulating [[rib]], deemed diagnostic of thoracic vertebrae, and because exceptions to the mammalian limit of seven cervical vertebrae are generally characterized by increased [[neurological disorder|neurological anomalies]] and maladies.<ref name=bada/>
Because krill move, blue whales typically feed at depths of more than {{convert|100|m|ft}} during the day and only surface-feed at night. Dive times are typically 10 minutes when feeding, though dives of up to 20 minutes are common. The longest recorded dive is 36 minutes<ref name=Sears98>(Sears 1998)</ref>. The whale feeds by lunging forward at groups of krill, taking the animals and a large quantity of water into its mouth. The water is then squeezed out through the baleen plates by pressure from the ventral pouch and tongue. Once the mouth is clear of water, the remaining krill, unable to pass through the plates, are swallowed. The blue whale also incidentally consumes small fish, crustaceans and squid caught up with krill.<ref>{{cite journal
|author= Nemoto T
|year=1957
|title=Foods of baleen whales in the northern Pacific
|journal= Sci. Rep. Whales Res. Inst.
|volume=12
|pages=33–89}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal
|author=Nemoto T, Kawamura A
|year=1977
|title= Characteristics of food habits and distribution of baleen whales with special reference to the abundance of North Pacific sei and Bryde’s whales
|journal=Rep. Int. Whal. Commn
|volume= 1
|issue=Special Issue
|pages=80–87}}</ref>
 
There are two main hypotheses regarding the evolutionary origin and maintenance of elongation in giraffe necks.<ref name=sim2010>{{Cita pubblicazione| doi = 10.1111/j.1469-7998.2010.00711.x |cognome= Simmons |nome= R. E.|coautori= Altwegg, R. |titolo= Necks-for-sex or competing browsers? A critique of ideas on the evolution of giraffe |rivista= Journal of Zoology |volume= 282 |numero= 1 |pp= 6–12 |anno= 2010}}</ref> The "competing [[browsing (predation)|browsers]] hypothesis" was originally suggested by [[Charles Darwin]] and only challenged recently. It suggests that competitive pressure from smaller browsers, such as [[kudu]], [[steenbok]] and [[impala]], encouraged the elongation of the neck, as it enabled giraffes to reach food that competitors could not. This advantage is real, as giraffes can and do feed up to {{convert|4.5|m|abbr=on}} high, while even quite large competitors, such as kudu, can only feed up to about {{convert|2|m|abbr=on}} high.<ref name=dt1990>{{Cita pubblicazione| doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2028.1990.tb01136.x |cognome= du Toit |nome= J. T. |titolo= Feeding-height stratification among African browsing ruminants |rivista= African Journal of Ecology |volume= 28 |numero= 1 |pp= 55–62 |anno= 1990 |url= http://courses.biology.utah.edu/goller/7406/Goller7406/duToitPdfs/Feedingheightstrat_1990.pdf}}</ref> There is also research suggesting that browsing competition is intense at lower levels, and giraffes feed more efficiently (gaining more leaf biomass with each mouthful) high in the canopy.<ref>{{Cita pubblicazione|autore= Cameron, E. Z.; du Toit, J. T. |titolo= Winning by a Neck: Tall Giraffes Avoid Competing with Shorter Browsers|rivista= American Naturalist |volume= 169|numero= 1|pp= 130–35|anno= 2007| doi = 10.1086/509940 |pmid= 17206591 |url= http://www.cnr.usu.edu/files/uploads/faculty/winning_by_a_neck-du_Toit.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cita pubblicazione|autore= Woolnough, A. P.; du Toit, J. T. |titolo= Vertical zonation of browse quality in tree canopies exposed to a size-structured guild of African browsing ungulates|rivista= Oecologia |volume= 129|numero= 1|pp= 585–90|anno= 2001| doi = 10.1007/s004420100771|url=http://courses.biology.utah.edu/goller/7406/Goller7406/duToitPdfs/Verticalzonation_2001.pdf}}</ref> However, scientists disagree about just how much time giraffes spend feeding at levels beyond the reach of other browsers,<ref name=sim1996/><ref name=sim2010/><ref name=dt1990/><ref name=sexdiff>{{Cita pubblicazione|doi= 10.1111/j.1439-0310.1991.tb01190.x |autore= Young, T. P.; Isbell, L. A. |titolo= Sex differences in giraffe feeding ecology: energetic and social constraints|rivista= Ethology |volume= 87|numero= 1–2|pp= 79–89|anno= 1991 |dio = 10.1007/s004420100771|url=http://tpyoung.ucdavis.edu/publications/1991GiraffesEthology.pdf}}</ref>
===Life history===
and a 2010 study found that adult giraffes with longer necks actually suffered higher mortality rates under drought conditions than their shorter-necked counterparts. This study suggests that maintaining a longer neck requires more nutrients, which puts longer-necked giraffes at risk during a food shortage.<ref name="demography">{{Cita pubblicazione|autore=Mitchell, G.; van Sittert, S.; Skinner, J. D.|anno=2010|titolo=The demography of giraffe deaths in a drought|rivista=Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa|volume=65|numero=
[[Image:BlueWhaleWithCalf.jpg|thumb|A juvenile blue whale with its mother]]
3|pp=165–68|doi=10.1080/0035919X.2010.509153}}</ref>
Mating starts in late autumn and continues to the end of winter.<ref name="Art">{{citeweb
|url=http://www.articleworld.org/index.php/Blue_Whale
|title=Blue Whale - ArticleWorld
|accessdate=2 July 2007
}}</ref> Little is known about mating behaviour or breeding grounds. Females typically give birth once every two to three years at the start of the winter after a [[gestation period]] of ten to twelve months.<ref name="Art" /> The calf weighs about {{convert|2.5|metric ton|short ton}} and is around {{convert|7|m|ft}} in length. Blue whale calves drink 380&ndash;570 litres (100&ndash;150 U.S. gallons) of milk a day. [[Weaning]] takes place for about six months, by which time the calf has doubled in length. Sexual maturity is typically reached at eight to ten years, by which time males are at least {{convert|20|m|ft}} long (or more in the Southern Hemisphere). Females are larger still, reaching sexual maturity at around the age of five, by which they are about {{convert|21|m|ft}} long.
 
The other main theory, the [[sexual selection]] hypothesis, proposes that the long necks evolved as a secondary [[sexual dimorphism|sexual characteristic]], giving males an advantage in "necking" contests (see below) to establish dominance and obtain access to sexually receptive females.<ref name=sim1996>{{Cita pubblicazione|autore=Simmons, R. E.; Scheepers, L. |titolo= Winning by a Neck: Sexual Selection in the Evolution of Giraffe|rivista= The American Naturalist|volume= 148|numero= 5|pp= 771–86|anno= 1996|url=http://bill.srnr.arizona.edu/classes/182/Giraffe/WinningByANeck.pdf|doi=10.1086/285955}}</ref> In support of this theory, necks are longer and heavier for males than females of the same age,<ref name=sim1996/><ref name=sim2010/> and the former do not employ other forms of combat.<ref name=sim1996/> However, one objection is that it fails to explain why female giraffes also have long necks.<ref>{{Cita pubblicazione|autore= Mitchell, G.; van Sittert, S. J.; Skinner, J. D. |titolo= Sexual selection is not the origin of long necks in giraffes|rivista= Journal of Zoology |volume= 278|numero= 4|pp= 281–86|anno= 2009| doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.2009.00573.x}}</ref>
Scientists estimate that blue whales can live for at least 80 years;<ref name = "SearsCal02"/><ref name="Art" /><ref name="npca">{{citeweb
{{-}}
|url=http://www.npca.org/marine_and_coastal/marine_wildlife/bluewhale.html
|title=www.npca.org
|accessdate=21 June 21, 2007
}}</ref> however, since individual records do not date back into the whaling era, this will not be known with certainty for many years. The longest recorded study of a single individual is 34 years, in the north-east Pacific.<ref name=Sears98/> The whales' only natural predator is the [[Orca]].<ref>{{cite journal
| title = Sightings and movements of blue whales off central California from 1986–88 from photo-identification of individuals
| author = J. Calambokidis, G. H. Steiger, J. C. Cubbage, K. C. Balcomb, C. Ewald, S. Kruse, R. Wells and R. Sears
| journal = Rep. Whal. Comm.
| volume = 12
| pages = 343–348
| year = 1990}}</ref> Studies report that as many as 25% of mature blue whales have scars resulting from Orca attacks.<ref name = "SearsCal02"/> The mortality rate of such attacks is unknown.
 
===Internal systems===
Blue whale strandings are extremely uncommon, and, because of the species' social structure, mass strandings are unheard of.<ref>William Perrin and Joseph Geraci. "Stranding" pp 1192–1197 in ''Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals'' (Perrin, Wursig and Thewissen eds)</ref> However, when strandings do occur, they can become the focus of public interest. In 1920, a blue whale washed up near [[Bragar]] on the [[Isle of Lewis]] in the [[Outer Hebrides]] of [[Scotland]]. It had been shot in the head by whalers, but the harpoon had failed to explode. As with other mammals, the fundamental instinct of the whale was to try to carry on breathing at all costs, even though this meant beaching to prevent itself from drowning. Two of the whale's bones were erected just off a main road on Lewis and remain a tourist attraction.<ref>{{cite web
[[File:Flickr - Rainbirder - Reticulated Giraffe drinking.jpg|thumb|Giraffe bending down to drink. The animal's rete mirabile prevents excess blood flow to the brain when the neck is lowered.]]
| title=The Whale bone Arch
In mammals, the left [[recurrent laryngeal nerve]] is longer than the right; in the giraffe it is over {{convert|30|cm|in|abbr=on}} longer. These nerves are longer in the giraffe than in any other living animal;<ref name="Wedel">{{Cita pubblicazione|autore=Wedel, M. J.|anno=2012|titolo=A monument of inefficiency: the presumed course of the recurrent laryngeal nerve in sauropod dinosaurs|rivista=Acta Palaeontologica Polonica|volume=57|numero=2|pp=251–56|doi=10.4202/app.2011.0019|url=http://www.app.pan.pl/archive/published/app57/app20110019.pdf}}</ref> the left nerve is over {{convert|2|m|abbr=on}} long.<ref>{{Cita libro|autore=Harrison, D. F. N.|anno=1995|titolo=The Anatomy and Physiology of the Mammalian Larynx|editore=Cambridge University Press|p=165|isbn=0-521-45321-6}}</ref> Each nerve cell in this path begins in the [[brainstem]] and passes down the neck along the [[vagus nerve]], then branches off into the recurrent laryngeal nerve which passes back up the neck to the larynx. Thus, these nerve cells have a length of nearly {{convert|5|m|abbr=on}} in the largest giraffes.<ref name="Wedel"/> The structure of a giraffe's brain resembles that of domestic cattle.<ref name=Williams/>{{rp|31}} The shape of the skeleton gives the giraffe a small lung volume relative to its mass.<ref name=SkinnerJD2011>{{Cita pubblicazione|autore=Skinner, J. D.; Mitchell, G.|anno= 2011|titolo= Lung volumes in giraffes, ''Giraffa camelopardalis''|rivista= Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology – Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology|volume= 158|numero= 1|pp= 72–78|doi= 10.1016/j.cbpa.2010.09.003|url= http://137.215.9.22/bitstream/handle/2263/16472/Mitchell_Lung(2011).PDF?sequence=1}}</ref> Its long neck gives it a large amount of [[Dead space (physiology)|dead space]], in spite of its narrow windpipe. These factors increase the resistance to airflow. Nevertheless, the animal can still supply enough oxygen to its tissues.<ref name=SkinnerJD2011/>
| work = Places to Visit around the Isle of Lewis
| url=http://www.isle-of-lewis.com/places-to-visit.htm
| accessdate = 2005-05-18}}</ref>
 
The [[circulatory system]] of the giraffe has several adaptations for its great height. Its heart, which can weigh more than {{convert|25|lb|kg|abbr=on}} and measures about {{convert|2|ft|cm|abbr=on}} long, must generate approximately double the blood pressure required for a human to maintain blood flow to the brain.<ref name="Prothero 2003"/> Giraffes have unusually high heart rates for their size, at 150 beats per minute.<ref name=anatomy/>{{rp|76}} In the upper neck, the [[rete mirabile]] prevents excess blood flow to the brain when the giraffe lowers its head.<ref name= "MacDonald"/> The [[jugular vein]]s also contain several (most commonly seven) valves to prevent blood flowing back into the head from the [[inferior vena cava]] and [[right atrium]] while the head is lowered.<ref>{{Cita pubblicazione|doi=10.3957/056.039.0210|autore=Mitchell, G.; van Sittert, S. J.; Skinner, J. D.|titolo=The structure and function of giraffe jugular vein valves|rivista= South African Journal of Wildlife Research|volume=39|numero=2|pp=175–80|url=http://137.215.9.22/bitstream/handle/2263/13994/Mitchell_Structure(2009).pdf?sequence=1 |anno=2009}}</ref> Conversely, the blood vessels in the lower legs are under great pressure (because of the weight of fluid pressing down on them). To solve this problem, the skin of the lower legs is thick and tight; preventing too much blood from pouring into them.<ref name= "MacDonald"/>
===Vocalizations===
{{See also|Whale song}}
{| class="infobox" style="" width="25%"
|- style="text-align: center;"
|'''Multimedia relating to the blue whale'''<br /><div class="small">''Note that the whale calls have been sped up 10x from their original speed.''</div>
|-
|{{listen
| filename = Blue whale atlantic1.ogg
| title = A blue whale song
| description = Recorded in the Atlantic (1)
| format = [[Ogg]]
| filename2 = Blue whale atlantic2.ogg
| title2 = A blue whale song
| description2 = Recorded in the Atlantic (2)
| format2 = [[Ogg]]
| filename3 = Blue whale atlantic3.ogg
| title3 = A blue whale song
| description3 = Recorded in the Atlantic (3)
| format3 = [[Ogg]]
| filename4 = Blue_Whale_NE_Pacific.ogg
| title4 = A blue whale song
| description4 = Recorded in North Eastern Pacific
| format4 = [[Ogg]]
| filename5 = Blue_Whale_South_Pacific.ogg
| title5 = A blue whale song
| description5 = Recorded in the South Pacific
| format5 = [[Ogg]]
| filename6 = Blue_Whale_West_Pacific.ogg
| title6 = A blue whale song
| description6 = Recorded in the West Pacific
| format6 = [[Ogg]]
}}
|}
Estimates made by Cummings and Thompson (1971) suggest that source level of sounds made by blue whales are between 155 and 188 [[decibel]]s when measured relative to a reference pressure of one [[micropascal]] at one metre.<ref>{{cite journal
| title = Underwater sounds from the blue whale ''Balaenoptera musculus''
| author = W.C. Cummings and P.O. Thompson
| journal = Journal of the Acoustics Society of America
| volume = 50(4)
| pages = 1193–1198
| year = 1971
| doi = 10.1121/1.1912752}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
| author= W.J. Richardson, C.R. Greene, C.I. Malme and D.H. Thomson
| title = Marine mammals and noise
| publisher = Academic Press, Inc., San Diego, CA.
| year = 1995
| isbn = 0-12-588441-9}}</ref> All blue whale groups make calls at a [[fundamental frequency]] of between 10 and 40 [[Hertz|Hz]]; the lowest frequency sound a human can typically perceive is 20&nbsp;Hz. Blue whale calls last between ten and thirty seconds. Blue whales off the coast of [[Sri Lanka]] have been repeatedly recorded making "songs" of four notes duration lasting about two minutes each, reminiscent of the well-known [[whale song|humpback whale songs]]. Researchers believe that as this phenomenon has not been seen in any other populations, it may be unique to the ''B. m. brevicauda'' (Pygmy) subspecies.
 
The reason for vocalization is unknown. Richardson ''et al.'' (1995) discuss six possible reasons:<ref>{{cite web
| author = National Marine Fisheries Service
| year = 2002
| title = Endangered Species Act - Section 7 Consultation Biological Opinion
| url = http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/prot_res/readingrm/ESAsec7/7pr_surtass-2020529.pdf
| format = PDF }}</ref>
 
# Maintenance of inter-individual distance
# Species and individual recognition
# Contextual information transmission (e.g., feeding, alarm, courtship)
# Maintenance of social organization (e.g., contact calls between females and males)
# Location of topographic features
# Location of prey resources
 
==Population and whaling==
===Hunting era===
{{Main|History of whaling}}
[[Image:Blue Whale population, Pengo.svg|thumb|400px|Blue whale populations have declined dramatically due to commercial whaling.]]
 
Blue whales are not easy to catch or kill. Their speed and power meant that they were rarely pursued by early whalers, who instead targeted [[Sperm whale|sperm]] and [[right whale]]s.<ref>{{cite book
|author= Scammon CM
|title=The marine mammals of the northwestern coast of North America. Together with an account of the American whale-fishery
|year= 1874
|publisher=John H. Carmany and Co.
|___location=San Francisco
|page=319
|isbn= }}</ref> In 1864, the Norwegian [[Svend Foyn]] equipped a [[steamboat]] with [[harpoon]]s specifically designed for catching large whales.<ref name="factsheet" /> Although initially cumbersome and with a low success rate, Foyn perfected the harpoon gun, and soon several whaling stations were established on the coast of [[Finnmark]] in northern [[Norway]]. Because of disputes with the local fishermen, the last whaling station in Finnmark was closed down in 1904.
 
Soon, blue whales were being hunted in [[Iceland]] (1883), the [[Faroe Islands]] (1894), [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]] (1898), and [[Spitsbergen]] (1903). In 1904-05 the first blue whales were taken off [[South Georgia]]. By 1925, with the advent of the stern slipway in factory ships and the use of steam-driven whale catchers, the catch of blue whales, and baleen whales as a whole, in the Antarctic and sub-Antarctic began to increase dramatically. Between 1930 and 1931, these ships killed 29,400 blue whales in the Antarctic alone. By the end of [[World War II]], populations had been significantly depleted, and, in 1946, the first quotas restricting international trade in whales were introduced, but they were ineffective because of the lack of differentiation between species. Rare species could be hunted on an equal footing with those found in relative abundance.
 
Blue whale hunting was banned in the 1960s by the [[International Whaling Commission]],<ref>{{cite journal
|last=Gambell
|first=R
|year= 1979
|title=The blue whale
|journal= Biologist
|volume= 26
|pages=209–215}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal
|last=Best
|first=PB
|year=1993
|month=
|title=Increase rates in severely depleted stocks of baleen whales
|journal=ICES J. Mar. Sci.
|volume=50
|pages=169–186
|doi=10.1006/jmsc.1993.1018}}</ref> and illegal whaling by the USSR finally halted in the 1970s,<ref>{{cite journal
|last=Yablokov
|first=AV
|year=1994
|title=Validity of whaling data
|journal=Nature
|volume=367
|issue=
|pages=108
|doi=10.1038/367108a0}}</ref> by which time 330,000 blue whales had been killed in the Antarctic, 33,000 in the rest of the Southern Hemisphere, 8,200 in the North Pacific, and 7,000 in the North Atlantic. The largest original population, in the Antarctic, had been reduced to 0.15% of their initial numbers.<ref name=Ant/>
 
===Population and distribution today===
[[Image:Blauwal01.jpg|thumb|A blue whale set against the backdrop of the [[Azores]]]]
[[Image:Blue whale tail fluke.JPG|thumb|Image of a blue whale's tail fluke with the [[Santa Barbara Channel Islands]] in the background, August 2007]]
 
Since the introduction of the whaling ban, studies have failed to ascertain whether the [[conservation reliant species|conservation reliant]] global blue whale population is increasing or remaining stable. In the Antarctic, best estimates show a significant increase at 7.3% per year since the end of illegal Soviet whaling, but numbers remain at under 1% of their original levels.<ref name=Ant/> It has also been suggested that Icelandic and Californian populations are increasing but these increases are not statistically significant. The total world population was estimated to be between 5,000 and 12,000 in 2002, although there are high levels of uncertainty in available estimates for many areas.<ref name=pop/>
 
The [[IUCN Red List]] counts the blue whale as "endangered" as it has since the list's inception. In the [[United States]], the [[National Marine Fisheries Service]] lists them as endangered under the [[Endangered Species Act]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/laws/esa/
|title=Endangered Species Act
}}</ref> The largest known concentration, consisting of about 2,000 individuals, is the North-East Pacific population of the Northern blue whale (''B. m. musculus'') subspecies that ranges from [[Alaska]] to [[Costa Rica]] but is most commonly seen from California in summer. Infrequently, this population visits the North-West Pacific between [[Kamchatka Peninsula|Kamchatka]] and the northern tip of Japan.
 
In the North Atlantic, two stocks of ''B. m. musculus'' are recognized. The first is found off [[Greenland]], [[Newfoundland and Labrador|Newfoundland]], [[Nova Scotia]] and the [[Gulf of Saint Lawrence]]. This group is estimated to total about 500. The second, more easterly group is spotted from the [[Azores]] in spring to Iceland in July and August; it is presumed that the whales follow the [[Mid-Atlantic Ridge]] between the two volcanic islands. Beyond Iceland, blue whales have been spotted as far north as [[Spitsbergen]] and [[Jan Mayen]], though such sightings are rare. Scientists do not know where these whales spend their winters. The total North Atlantic population is estimated to be between 600 and 1,500.
 
Giraffes have [[Esophagus|oesophageal muscles]] that are unusually strong to allow regurgitation of food from the stomach up the neck and into the mouth for [[wikt:ruminate|rumination]].<ref name=anatomy/>{{rp|78}} They have four chambered stomachs, as in all ruminants, and the first chamber has adapted to their specialized diet.<ref name="Dagg1971"/> The giraffe's intestines measure up to {{convert|80|m|ft|abbr=on}} in length<ref name="Dagg1971"/> and have a relatively small ratio of small to large intestine.<ref>{{Cita pubblicazione|autore= Pérez, W.; Lima, M.; Clauss, M. |anno= 2009 |titolo= Gross anatomy of the intestine in the giraffe (''Giraffa camelopardalis'') |rivista= Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia |volume= 38 |numero= 6|pp= 432–35 | pmid = 19681830 | doi=10.1111/j.1439-0264.2009.00965.x}}</ref> The liver of the giraffe is small and compact.<ref name=anatomy/>{{rp|76}} A gallbladder is generally present during fetal life, but it may disappear before birth.<ref name="Dagg1971"/><ref>{{Cita pubblicazione|autore=Cave, A. J. E. |titolo=On the liver and gall-bladder of the Giraffe |rivista=Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London |volume=120 |pp=381–93 |anno=1950 | doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.1950.tb00956.x |numero=2}}</ref><ref>{{Cita pubblicazione|autore1=Oldham-Ott, Carla K. |autore2=Gilloteaux, Jacques |titolo=Comparative morphology of the gallbladder and biliary tract in vertebrates: variation in structure, homology in function and gallstones |rivista=Microscopy Research and Technique |volume=38 |numero=6 |pp=571–79 |anno=1997 | doi=10.1002/(SICI)1097-0029(19970915)38:6<571::AID-JEMT3>3.0.CO;2-I}}</ref>
In the Southern Hemisphere, there appear to be two distinct subspecies, ''B. m. intermedia'', the Antarctic blue whale, and the little-studied pygmy blue whale, ''B. m. brevicauda'', found in Indian Ocean waters. The most recent surveys (midpoint 1998) provided an estimate of 2,280 blue whales in the Antarctic.<ref>{{cite journal
|last=Branch
|first=T.A.
|title=Abundance of Antarctic blue whales south of 60°S from three complete circumpolar sets of surveys
|journal=Journal of Cetacean Research and Management
|volume=9
|issue=3
|pages=87–96
|year=2007}}</ref>, of which fewer than 1% are likely to be pygmy blue whales<ref>{{cite journal
|author=T.A. Branch
|title=Separating southern blue whale subspecies based on length frequencies of sexually mature females
|journal=Marine Mammal Science
|volume=23
|issue=4
|pages=803–833
|year=2007
|doi=10.1111/j.1748-7692.2007.00137.x
|last2=Abubaker
|first2=E. M. N.
|last3=Mkango
|first3=S.
|last4=Butterworth
|first4=D. S.}}</ref> Estimates from a 1996 survey were that 424 pygmy blue whales were in a small area south of [[Madagascar]] alone,<ref>{{cite journal
| title = The abundance of blue whales on the Madagascar Plateau, December 1996
| author = P.B. Best
| journal = Journal of Cetacean Research and Management
| volume = 5
| pages = 253–260
| year = 2003}}</ref> thus it is likely that numbers in the entire Indian Ocean are in the thousands. If this is true, the global numbers would be much higher than estimates predict.<ref name=BBC_pop/>
 
==Behavior and ecology==
A fourth subspecies, ''B. m. indica'', was identified by [[Edward Blyth|Blyth]] in 1859 in the northern Indian Ocean, but difficulties in identifying distinguishing features for this subspecies led to it being used a synonym for ''B. m. brevicauda'', the pygmy blue whale. Records for Soviet catches seem to indicate that the female adult size is closer to that of the Pygmy Blue than ''B. m. musculus'', although the populations of ''B. m. indica'' and ''B. m. brevicauda'' appear to be discrete, and the breeding seasons differ by almost six months.<ref name = SHDistribution>{{cite journal
===Habitat and feeding===
|title=Past and present distribution, densities and movements of blue whales ''Balaenoptera musculus'' in the Southern Hemisphere and northern Indian Ocean
[[File:Giraffe feeding, Tanzania.jpg|thumb|Giraffe extending its tongue to feed. Its tongue, lips and palate are tough enough to deal with sharp thorns in trees.]]
|author=T. A. Branch, K. M. Stafford, D. M. Palacios
Giraffes usually inhabit [[savanna]]s, [[grassland]]s and open [[woodland]]s. They prefer ''[[Acacia]]'', ''[[Commiphora]]'', ''[[Combretum]]'' and open ''[[Terminalia (plant)|Terminalia]]'' woodlands over denser environments like ''[[Brachystegia]]'' woodlands.<ref name=Kingdon1988/>{{rp|322}} The Angolan giraffe can be found in desert environments.<ref>{{cite thesis |author=Fennessy, J.|year=2004 |title=Ecology of desert-dwelling giraffe ''Giraffa camelopardalis angolensis'' in northwestern Namibia|publisher=[[University of Sydney]] |degree=[[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] |url=http://ses.library.usyd.edu.au/handle/2123/910}}</ref> Giraffes browse on the twigs of trees, preferring trees of genera ''Acacia'', ''Commiphora'' and ''Terminalia'',<ref name=kingdon>{{Cita libro|titolo=The Kingdon Field Guide to African Mammals|autore=Kingdon, J.|editore=Academic Press|pp=339–44|anno=1997|isbn=0-12-408355-2}}</ref> which are important sources of calcium and protein to sustain the giraffe's growth rate.<ref name="Mitchell20003"/> They also feed on shrubs, grass and fruit.<ref name=Kingdon1988/>{{rp|324}} A giraffe eats around {{convert|34|kg|lb|abbr=on}} of foliage daily.<ref name=estes/> When stressed, giraffes may chew the bark off branches. Although [[herbivorous]], the giraffe has been known to visit carcasses and lick dried meat off bones.<ref name=Kingdon1988/>{{rp|325}}
|journal = Mammal Review
|year=2007
| volume = 37
| pages = 116–175
|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2907.2007.00106.x}}</ref>
 
During the wet season, food is abundant and giraffes are more spread out, while during the dry season, they gather around the remaining evergreen trees and bushes.<ref name=kingdon/> Mothers tend to feed in open areas, presumably to make it easier to detect predators, although this may reduce their feeding efficiency.<ref name=sexdiff /> As a [[ruminant]], the giraffe first chews its food, then swallows it for processing and then visibly passes the half-digested cud up the neck and back into the mouth to chew again.<ref name=anatomy/>{{rp|78-79}} It is common for a giraffe to salivate while feeding.<ref name=Williams/>{{rp|27}} The giraffe requires less food than many other herbivores, because the foliage it eats has more concentrated nutrients and it has a more efficient digestive system.<ref name=kingdon/> The animal's feces come in the form of small pellets.<ref name="Dagg1971"/> When it has access to water, a giraffe drinks at intervals no longer than three days.<ref name=estes/>
Migratory patterns of these subspecies are not well known. For example, pygmy blue whales have been recorded in the northern Indian Ocean ([[Oman]], [[Maldives]], [[Sri Lanka]]), where they may form a distinct resident population.<ref name= SHDistribution /> In addition, the population of blue whales occurring off [[Chile]] and [[Peru]] may also be a distinct population. Some Antarctic blue whales approach the eastern South Atlantic coast in winter, and occasionally, their vocalizations are heard off Peru, Western Australia, and in the northern Indian Ocean.<ref name= SHDistribution /> In Chile, the [[Cetacean Conservation Center]], with support from the [[Chilean Navy]], is undertaking extensive research and conservation work on a recently discovered feeding aggregation of the species off the coast of [[Chiloe Island]] in an area named "Golfo del Corcovado", where 326 blue whales were spotted in the summer of 2007.<ref>{{cite web
| title=Blue Whales in Chile: The Giants of Marine Conservation
| publisher=The Rufford Small Grants Foundation
| url=http://www.ruffordsmallgrants.org/files/2007%20Rufford%201st%20phase%20blue%20whale%20report%20Chile_CBA.pdf
|author=R. Hucke-Gaete, B. Carstens, A. Ruiz-Tagle y M. Bello
|format=PDF
| accessdate=2009-03-22}}</ref>
 
Giraffes have a great effect on the trees that they feed on, delaying the growth of young trees for some years and giving "waistlines" to trees that are too tall.<ref name=estes/> Feeding is at its highest during the first and last hours of daytime. Between these hours, giraffes mostly stand and ruminate. Rumination is the dominant activity during the night, when it is mostly done lying down.<ref name=estes/>
Efforts to calculate the blue whale population more accurately are supported by marine mammologists at [[Duke University]] who maintain the OBIS-SEAMAP (Ocean Biogeographic Information System—Spatial Ecological Analysis of Megavertebrate Populations), a collation of marine mammal sighting data from around 130 sources.<ref>The data for the blue whale, along with a species profile, may be found here [http://seamap.env.duke.edu/species/tsn/180528]</ref>
[[File:Giraffa camelopardalis angolensis (mating).jpg|thumb|left|Male giraffe mounting a female. Only dominant males are generally able to mate.]]
===Social life and breeding habits===
While giraffes are usually found in groups, the composition of these groups tends to be open and ever-changing.<ref name=Manyara>{{Cita pubblicazione|autore= van der Jeugd, H. P; Prins, H. H. T. |titolo= Movements and group structure of giraffe (''Giraffa camelopardalis'') in Lake Manyara National Park, Tanzania|rivista= Journal of Zoology |volume= 251|numero= 1|pp= 15–21|anno= 2000| doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.2000.tb00588.x|url=http://www.resource-ecology.org/publ/2000_Jeugd,Prins_MovementsAndGroupStructureOfGiraffeInLakeManyara.pdf}}</ref> They have few strong social bonds, and aggregations usually change members every few hours. For research purposes, a "group" has been defined as "a collection of individuals that are less than a kilometre apart and moving in the same general direction."<ref name= "Pratt 1985">{{Cita pubblicazione| doi = 10.1080/00222938500770471 |autore= Pratt D. M.; Anderson V. H. |anno= 1985 |titolo= Giraffe social behavior |rivista= Journal of Natural History |volume= 19 |numero= 4 |pp= 771–81 }}</ref> The number of giraffes in a group can range up to 32 individuals.<ref name=Manyara/> The most stable giraffe groups are those made of mothers and their young,<ref name= "Pratt 1985"/> which can last weeks or months.<ref name= "Leuthold 1979"/> Social cohesion in these groups is maintained by the bonds formed between calves.<ref name=Kingdon1988/>{{rp|330}}<ref name= "Pratt 1985"/> Mixed-sex groups made of adult females and young males are also known to occur.<ref name= "Pratt 1985"/> Subadult males are particularly social and will engage in playfights. However, as they get older males become more solitary.<ref name= "Leuthold 1979"/<ref name= "Leuthold 1979"/> Giraffes are not territorial,<ref name="Dagg1971"/> but they have [[home range]]s.<ref name=estes/> Male giraffes occasionally wander far from areas that they normally frequent.<ref name=Kingdon1988/>{{rp|329}}
 
Reproduction is broadly polygamous: a few older males mate with the fertile females. Male giraffes assess female fertility by tasting the female's urine to detect [[estrus]], in a multi-step process known as the [[Flehmen response]].<ref name= "Pratt 1985"/><ref name= "Leuthold 1979">{{Cita pubblicazione|autore=Leuthold, B. M.|anno=1979|titolo=Social organization and behaviour of giraffe in Tsavo East National Park|rivista=African Journal of Ecology|volume=17|numero=1|pp=19–34|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2028.1979.tb00453.x}}</ref> Males prefer young adult females over juveniles and older adults.<ref name= "Pratt 1985"/> Once an estrous female is detected, the male will attempt to court her. When courting, dominant males will keep subordinate ones at bay.<ref name= "Leuthold 1979"/> During copulation, the male stands on its hind legs with its head held up and its front legs resting on the female's sides.<ref name=estes/>
===Threats other than hunting===
[[Image:Blue Whale (Balaenoptera musculus) Mysticeti baleen whale.jpg|thumb|left|A blue whale surfaces off Santa Cruz Island in the [[Channel Islands of California|Channel Islands]], near Santa Barbara, CA]]
Due to their enormous size, power and speed, adult blue whales have virtually no natural predators. There is, however, one documented case in ''[[National Geographic Magazine]]'' of a blue whale being attacked by [[Orca]]s; although the Orcas were unable to kill the animal outright during their attack, the blue whale sustained massive wounds and probably died as a result of them shortly after the attack.<ref>{{cite journal
| author = Tarpy, C.
| title = Killer whale attack!
| journal = National Geographic
| year = 1979
| volume = 155
| issue = 4 (April)
| pages = 542–545 }}</ref>
 
Although generally quiet and non-vocal, giraffes have been heard to communicate using various sounds. During courtship, males emit loud coughs.<ref name=estes/> Females call their young by bellowing. Calves will emit snorts, bleats, mooing and mewing sounds. Giraffes also snore, hiss, moan and make flute-like sounds,<ref name=estes/> and they communicate over long distances using [[infrasound]].<ref>{{Cita web|titolo=Silent Sentinels?|editore=PBS online – Nature|url=http://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/episodes/tall-blondes/silent-sentinels/2256/|accesso=21 dicembre 2011}}</ref>
Blue whales may be wounded, sometimes fatally, after colliding with ocean vessels as well as becoming trapped or entangled in fishing gear.<ref name="recplan98"/> The ever-increasing amount of ocean noise, including [[Marine mammals and sonar|sonar]], drowns out the vocalizations produced by whales, which may make it harder for them to communicate.<ref name="recplan98"/> Human threats to the potential recovery of blue whale populations also include accumulation of [[polychlorinated biphenyl]] (PCB) chemicals within the whale's body.<ref name="wheelock" />
 
===Birthing and parental care===
With [[global warming]] causing glaciers and permafrost to melt rapidly and allowing a large amount of fresh water to flow into the oceans, there are concerns that if the amount of fresh water in the oceans reaches a critical point, there will be a disruption in the [[thermohaline circulation]].{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}} Considering the blue whale's migratory patterns are based on ocean temperature, a disruption in this circulation, which moves warm and cold water around the world, would be likely to have an effect on their migration.<ref>{{cite web
[[File:Giraffe Family.jpg|thumb|Mother giraffe and calves feeding. It is mostly the females that raise young, and they may gather in nursery herds.]]
|url=http://www.bto.org/research/reports/researchrpt_complete/RR414_Climate%20change_&_migratory_species.pdf
Giraffe [[gestation]] lasts 400–460 days, after which a single calf is normally born, although twins occur on rare occasions.<ref name=ap>{{Cita web|titolo=Mammal Guide – Giraffe|editore=[[Animal Planet]]|url=http://animal.discovery.com/guides/mammals/habitat/tropgrassland/giraffe.html|accesso=7 marzo 2009}}</ref> The mother gives birth standing up. The calf emerges head and front legs first, having broken through the [[fetal membrane]]s, and falls to the ground, severing the [[umbilical cord]].<ref name="Dagg1971"/> The mother then grooms the newborn and helps it stand up.<ref name=Williams/>{{rp|40}} A newborn giraffe is about {{convert|1.8|m|ft|abbr=on|sigfig=1}} tall. Within a few hours of birth, the calf can run around and is almost indistinguishable from a one-week-old. However, for the first 1–3 weeks, it spends most of its time hiding;<ref name="Langman 1977">{{Cita pubblicazione|autore=Langman, V. A.|anno=1977|titolo=Cow-calf relationships in giraffe (''Giraffa camelopardalis giraffa'')|rivista=Zeitschrift fur Tierpsychologie|volume=43|numero=3|pp=264–86}} [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1977.tb00074.x/abstract 10.1111/j.1439-0310.1977.tb00074.x]</ref> its coat pattern providing camouflage. The ossicones, which have lain flat while it was in the womb, become erect within a few days.<ref name=estes/>
|author=Robert A. Robinson, Jennifer A. Learmonth, Anthony M. Hutson, Colin D. Macleod, Tim H. Sparks, David I. Leech, Graham J. Pierce, Mark M. Rehfisch and Humphrey Q.P. Crick
|title=Climate Change and Migratory Species
|publisher=BTO
|month=August
| year=2005
| accessdate = 2007-07-09
|format=PDF}}</ref> The whales summer in the cool, high latitudes, where they feed in [[krill]]-abundant waters; they winter in warmer, low latitudes, where they mate and give birth.<ref>{{cite journal
| author = Hucke-Gaete, Rodrigo, Layla P. Osman, Carlos A. Moreno, Ken P. Findlay, and Don K. Ljungblad
| title = Discovery of a Blue Whale Feeding and Nursing Ground in Southern Chile
| journal = The Royal Society
| year = 2003
| pages = s170-s173
| url = http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov.oca.ucsc.edu/picrender.fcgi?artid=1810017&blobtype=pdf}}</ref>
 
Mothers with calves will gather in nursery herds, moving or browsing together. Mothers in such a group may sometimes leave their calves with one female while they forage and drink elsewhere. This is known as a "calving pool".<ref name= "Langman 1977"/> Adult males play almost no role in raising the young,<ref name=Kingdon1988/>{{rp|337}} although they appear to have friendly interactions.<ref name= "Pratt 1985"/> Calves are at risk of predation, and a mother giraffe will stand over her calf and kick at an approaching predator.<ref name=estes/> Females watching calving pools will only alert their own young if they detect a disturbance, although the others will take notice and follow.<ref name= "Langman 1977"/> The bond a mother shares with her calf varies, though it can last until her next calving.<ref name= "Langman 1977"/> Likewise, calves may suckle for only a month<ref name=Kingdon1988/>{{rp|335}} or as long as a year.<ref name=estes/><ref name= "Leuthold 1979"/> Females become sexually mature when they are four years old, while males become mature at four or five years. However, males must wait until they are at least seven years old to gain the opportunity to mate.<ref name=estes/><ref name=Williams/>{{rp|40}}
The change in ocean temperature would also affect the blue whale's food supply. The warming trend and decreased salinity levels would cause a significant shift in krill ___location and abundance.<ref>{{cite journal
| author = Moline, Mark A., Herve Claustre, Thomas K. Frazer, Oscar Schofield, and Maria Vernet
| title = Alteration of the Food Web Along the Antarctic Peninsula in Response to a Regional Warming Trend
| journal = Global Change Biology
| volume = 10
| year = 2004
| pages = 1973–1980
| url = http://www.blackwell-synergy.com.oca.ucsc.edu/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00825.x
| doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00825.x}}</ref>
 
==Museums=Necking===
[[File:Giraffe Ithala KZN South Africa Luca Galuzzi 2004.JPG|thumb|Male giraffes will engage in necking to establish dominance.]]
[[Image:BlueWhaleSkeleton.jpg|thumb|Blue whale skeleton, outside the Long Marine Laboratory at the [[University of California, Santa Cruz]]]]
Male giraffes use their necks as weapons in combat, a behavior known as "necking". Necking is used to establish dominance and males that win necking bouts have greater reproductive success.<ref name=sim1996/> This behavior occurs at low or high intensity. In low intensity necking, the combatants rub and lean against each other. The male that can hold itself more erect wins the bout.<ref name=estes/> In high intensity necking, the combatants will spread their front legs and swing their necks at each other, attempting to land blows with their ossicones. The contestants will try to dodge each other's blows and then get ready to counter. The power of a blow depends on the weight of the skull and the arc of the swing.<ref name=estes/> A necking duel can last more than half an hour, depending on how well matched the combatants are.<ref name=Kingdon1988/>{{rp|331}}
The [[Natural History Museum#Major specimens and exhibits|Natural History Museum]] in [[London]] contains a famous mounted skeleton and life-size model of a blue whale, which were both the first of their kind in the world but have since been replicated at the [[University of California, Santa Cruz]]. Similarly, the [[American Museum of Natural History]] in [[New York City]] has a full-size model in its Milstein Family Hall of Ocean Life.
 
After a duel, it is common for two male giraffes to caress and court each other, leading up to mounting and climax. Such interactions between males have been found to be more frequent than heterosexual coupling.<ref>{{Cita pubblicazione|autore=Coe, M. J.|anno=1967|titolo='Necking' behavior in the giraffe|rivista=Journal of Zoology|volume=151|numero=2|pp=313–21|doi= 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1967.tb02117.x}}</ref> In one study, up to 94 percent of observed mounting incidents took place between males. The proportion of same-sex activities varied from 30–75 percent. Only one percent of same-sex mounting incidents occurred between females.<ref>{{Cita libro|autore=Bagemihl, B.|anno= 1999|titolo=Biological Exuberance: Animal Homosexuality and Natural Diversity|editore=St. Martin's Press|pp=391–93|isbn= 0-312-19239-8}}</ref>
The [[Aquarium of the Pacific]] in [[Long Beach, California]] features a life-size model of a mother blue whale with her calf suspended from the ceiling of its main hall.<ref>{{cite web
| title=Aquarium of the Pacific - Online Learning Center - Blue Whale
| url=http://www.aquariumofpacific.org/onlinelearningcenter/species/blue_whale/
| accessdate=2009-08-12}}</ref> The [[Beaty Biodiversity Museum]] at [[University of British Columbia]], Canada, is in the final stages of installing a housed display of a blue whale directly on the main campus boulevard.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.beatymuseum.ubc.ca/projblue01.html|title=The Blue Whale Project |date=2010|work=Beaty Biodiversity Museum|publisher=University of British Columbia|accessdate=2 May 2010|___location= Vancouver, BC}}</ref> A real skeleton of a blue whale at the [[Canadian Museum of Nature]] in Ottawa, Canada was also unveiled in May 2010 <ref>http://nature.ca/en/plan-your-visit/what-see-do/our-exhibitions/water-gallery</ref>
 
===Mortality and health===
The Museum of Natural History in Gothenburg Sweden contains the only stuffed Blue Whale in the world. There you can also find the skeleton of the whale mounted beside the whale.
<!-- [[File:Lioness_with_giraffe_kill,_jackal_lurking,_kenya,_august_9th_2012.jpg|thumb|right|Lioness seen with adult giraffe kill]] -->
Giraffes have an unusually long lifespan compared to other ruminants,<ref>{{Cita pubblicazione|autore=Müller, D.W.; Zerbe, P; Codron, D; Clauss, M; Hatt, J.M.|anno=2011|titolo=A long life among ruminants: giraffids and other special cases|rivista=Schweizer Archiv für Tierheilkunde|volume=153|numero=11|pp=515–519|pmid=22045457|doi=10.1024/0036-7281/a000263}}</ref> up to 25 years in the wild.<ref name= "MacDonald"/> Because of their size, eyesight and powerful kicks, adult giraffes are usually not subject to predation.<ref name=estes/> However, they can fall prey to [[lion]]s and are regular prey for them in [[Kruger National Park]].<ref>{{Cita pubblicazione|autore=Owen-Smith, N.; Mills, M. G.|anno=2008|titolo= Predator-prey size relationships in an African large-mammal food web|rivista=Journal of Animal Ecology|volume=77|numero=1|pp= 173–83|pmid= 18177336|url= http://137.215.9.22/bitstream/handle/2263/9023/Owen-Smith_Predator-prey(2008).pdf?sequence=1|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2656.2007.01314.x}}</ref> [[Nile crocodile]]s can also be a threat to giraffes when they bend down to drink.<ref name=Williams/>{{rp|31}} Calves are much more vulnerable than adults, and are additionally preyed on by [[leopard]]s, [[spotted hyena]]s and [[Lycaon pictus|wild dogs]].<ref name="Prothero 2003"/> A quarter to a half of giraffe calves reach adulthood.
 
Some parasites feed on giraffes. They are often hosts for [[tick]]s, especially in the area around the genitals, which has thinner skin than other areas.<ref name="Dagg1971"/> Tick species that commonly feed on giraffes are those of genera ''[[Hyalomma]]'', ''[[Amblyomma]]'' and ''[[Rhipicephalus]]''. Giraffes may rely on [[Red-billed Oxpecker|red-billed]] and [[yellow-billed oxpecker]]s to clean them of ticks and alert them to danger. Giraffes host numerous species of internal parasite and are susceptible to various diseases. They were victims of the (now eradicated) viral illness [[rinderpest]].<ref name="Dagg1971"/>
== Whale-watching ==
Living blue whales may be encountered on [[whale-watching]] cruises in the [[Gulf of Maine]]<ref>{{cite journal
|author= Wenzel FW, Mattila DK, Clapham PJ
|year=1988
|title=''Balaenoptera musculus'' in the Gulf of Maine
|journal= Mar. Mammal Sci.
|volume=4
|pages= 172–175
|doi=10.1111/j.1748-7692.1988.tb00198.x}}</ref> and are the main attractions along the north shore of the [[Gulf of Saint Lawrence]] and in the Saint Lawrence estuary.<ref name="recplan98">{{Cite book
| author = Reeves RR, Clapham PJ, Brownell RL, Silber GK
| title =Recovery plan for the blue whale ''(Balaenoptera musculus)''
| year = 1998
| page = 42
| place = Silver Spring, MD
| publisher = National Marine Fisheries Service
| accessdate=2007-06-20
| url=http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/pdfs/recovery/whale_blue.pdf
|format=PDF}}</ref>
 
==Relationship with humans==
{{Clear}}
===Cultural significance===
==Footnotes==
[[File:Giraffe cave art.jpg|thumb|Bushman rock art in Namibia depicting a giraffe]]
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}
Humans have interacted with giraffes for millennia. The [[Bushmen]] of southern Africa have medicine dances named after some animals; the giraffe dance is performed to treat head ailments.<ref>{{Cita libro|autore=Ross, K.|anno=2003|titolo=Okavango: jewel of the Kalahari|editore=Struik|p=168|isbn=1-86872-729-7}}</ref> How the giraffe got its height has been the subject of various African [[folktales]],<ref name=sim1996/> including one from eastern Africa which explains that the giraffe grew tall from eating too many magic herbs.<ref>{{Cita libro|autore=Greaves, N.; Clement, R.|anno=2000|titolo=When Hippo Was Hairy: And Other Tales from Africa|editore=Struik|pp=86–88|isbn=1-86872-456-5}}</ref> Giraffes were depicted in art throughout the African continent, including that of the [[Kiffian culture|Kiffians]], [[Ancient Egypt|Egyptians]] and [[Meroë|Meroë Nubians]].<ref name=Williams>{{Cita libro|autore=Williams, E.|anno=2011|titolo=Giraffe|editore=Reaktion Books|isbn=1-86189-764-2}}</ref>{{rp|45–47}} The Kiffians were responsible for a life-size rock engraving of two giraffes that has been called the "world's largest rock art petroglyph".<ref name=Williams/>{{rp|45}}<ref>{{Cita web|url=http://www.bradshawfoundation.com/giraffe/|titolo=The Dabous Giraffe rock art petrograph|editore=The Bradshaw Foundation|accesso=6 novembre 2011}}</ref> The Egyptians gave the giraffe its own [[Egyptian hieroglyphs|hieroglyph]], named 'sr' in [[Old Egyptian language|Old Egyptian]] and 'mmy' in later periods.<ref name=Williams/>{{rp|49}} They also kept giraffes as pets and shipped them around the [[Mediterranean]].<ref name=Williams/>{{rp|48–49}}
[[File:Tribute Giraffe with Attendant.jpg|thumb|left|Painting of a giraffe imported to China during the Ming Dynasty]]
The giraffe was also known to the [[Ancient Greece|Greeks]] and [[Ancient Rome|Romans]], who believed that it was an unnatural hybrid of a [[camel]] and a leopard and called it ''camelopardalis''.<ref name=Williams/>{{rp|50}} The giraffe was among the many animals collected and displayed by the Romans. The first one in Rome was brought in by [[Julius Caesar]] in 46 BC and exhibited to the public.<ref name=Williams/>{{rp|52}} With the [[fall of the Roman Empire]], the housing of giraffes in Europe declined.<ref name=Williams/>{{rp|54}} During the [[Middle Ages]], giraffes were only known to Europeans through contact with the Arabs, who revered the giraffe for its peculiar appearance.<ref name="Prothero 2003">{{Cita libro|autore=Prothero, D. R.; Schoch, R. M.|anno=2003|titolo=Horns, Tusks, and Flippers: The Evolution of Hoofed Mammals|editore=Johns Hopkins University Press|pp=67–72|isbn=0-8018-7135-2}}</ref>
 
In 1414, a giraffe was shipped from [[Malindi]] to [[Bengal]]. It was then taken to China by explorer [[Zheng He]] and placed in a [[Ming Dynasty]] zoo. The animal was a source of fascination for the Chinese people, who associated it with the mythical [[Qilin]].<ref name=Williams/>{{rp|56}} The [[Medici giraffe]] was a giraffe presented to [[Lorenzo de' Medici]] in 1486. It caused a great stir on its arrival in Florence,<ref>{{Cita pubblicazione|pdf=http://www.archive.org/download/ErikRingmaraudienceForAGiraffeEuropeanExceptionalismAndTheQuest_744/ErikRingmarAudienceForAGiraffe.pdf |titolo=Audience for a Giraffe: European Expansionism and the Quest for the Exotic|autore= Ringmar, E.|rivista= Journal of World History|anno= 2006|volume= 17|numero= 4|pp= 353–97 |jstor = 20079397|doi=10.1353/jwh.2006.0060}}</ref> being reputedly the first living giraffe to be seen in Italy since antiquity. Another [[Giraffe given to Charles X of France by Muhammad Ali of Egypt|famous giraffe]] was brought from Egypt to Paris in the early 19th century. A sensation, the giraffe was the subject of numerous memorabilia or "giraffanalia".<ref name=Williams/>{{rp|81}}
==References==
{{Portal|Cetaceans}}
{{Refbegin}}
*{{RefAudubonMarineMammals}} pp.&nbsp;89–93.
*{{Cite book
| title = Blue Whales
| author = J. Calambokidis and G. Steiger
| year = 1998
| publisher = Voyageur Press
| isbn = 0-89658-338-4}}
*{{Cite web
| title=Blue Whale
| work= [[American Cetacean Society]]
| url= http://www.acsonline.org/factpack/bluewhl.htm
| accessdate = 2005-01-07}}
*{{Cite web
| title=Blue whale, ''Balaenoptera musculus''
| work = MarineBio.org
| url = http://marinebio.org/species.asp?id=41
| accessdate = 2006-04-21}}
* [http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/species/mammals/cetaceans/bluewhale.htm NOAA Fisheries, Office of Protected Resources] Blue whale biology & status
{{Refend}}
 
Giraffes continue to have a presence in modern culture. [[Salvador Dalí]] depicted them with [[conflagration|conflagrated]] manes in some of his surrealist paintings. Dali considered the giraffe to be a symbol of masculinity, and a flaming giraffe was meant to be a "masculine cosmic apocalyptic monster".<ref name=Williams/>{{rp|123}} Several children's books feature the giraffe, including David A. Ufer's ''The Giraffe Who Was Afraid of Heights'', [[Giles Andreae]]'s ''Giraffes Can't Dance'' and [[Roald Dahl]]'s ''[[The Giraffe and the Pelly and Me]]''. Giraffes have appeared in animated films, as minor characters in [[Disney]]'s ''[[The Lion King]]'' and ''[[Dumbo]]'', and in more prominent roles in ''[[The Wild]]'' and in the ''[[Madagascar (franchise)|Madagascar]]'' films. [[Sophie the Giraffe]] has been a popular [[teether]] since 1961. Another famous fictional giraffe is the Toys "R" Us mascot [[Toys "R" Us#Geoffrey the Giraffe|Geoffrey the Giraffe]].<ref name=Williams/>{{rp|127}} The giraffe is also the [[national animal]] of Tanzania.<ref>{{Cita libro|titolo=East Africa: Kenya, Tanzania & Uganda |autore=Knappert, J |wkautore=Jan Knappert |anno=1987 |editore=Vikas Publishing House|isbn= 0-7069-2822-9 |p=57}}</ref>
==External links==
{{Commons
|Balaenoptera musculus}}
{{Wikispecies
|Balaenoptera musculus}}
{{Spoken Wikipedia|Blue whale.ogg|2006-04-13}}
*[http://www.arkive.org/species/GES/mammals/Balaenoptera_musculus/ Photographs and movies from ARKive]
*[http://www.whalingmuseum.org/exhibits/kobo.html Photographs from the] [[New Bedford Whaling Museum]] *[http://www.whalingmuseum.org/exhibits/kobo.html of "Kobo", a blue whale skeleton]<!--- Note the double-linking in the line above is a deliberate to keep the section looking neat -->
*[http://www.birds.cornell.edu/brp/listen-to-project-sounds/blue-whale Blue whale vocalizations] - [[Cornell]] Lab of Ornithology—Bioacoustics Research Program
*[http://www.cetace.info/videos/Baleine_bleue/videos_baleine_bleue.php Blue whale movies, text in French]
*[http://www.panda.org/what_we_do/endangered_species/endangered_species_list/cetaceans/about/blue_whale/ World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) - species profile for the blue whale]
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science_and_environment/10340277.stm BBC News - Great whales]
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/species/Blue_Whale Blue Whale video clips and news from the BBC - BBC Wildlife Finder]
*[http://www.balaenopteramusculus.com/ Balaenoptera Musculus]
 
The giraffe has also been used for some scientific experiments and discoveries. Scientists have looked at the properties of giraffe skin when developing suits for astronauts and fighter pilots.<ref name=anatomy/>{{rp|76}} This is because the people in these professions are in danger of passing out if blood rushes to their legs. Computer scientists have modeled the coat patterns of several subspecies using [[reaction-diffusion|reaction–diffusion]] mechanisms.<ref>{{Cita pubblicazione|autore=Walter, M.; Fournier, A.; Menevaux, D.|anno=2001|titolo= Integrating shape and pattern in mammalian models in SIGGRAPH '01|rivista=Proceedings of the 28th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques|pp= 317–26 |doi= 10.1145/383259.383294|url=http://www.csun.edu/~renzo/GraphicsResources/Articles/walter.pdf|isbn=1-58113-374-X}}</ref> The [[constellation]] of [[Camelopardalis]], introduced in the seventeenth century, depicts a giraffe.<ref name=Williams/>{{rp|119–20}}
 
===Exploitation and conservation status===
== Note ==
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 105-DOA0377, Deutsch-Ostafrika, Giraffe.jpg|thumb|Giraffe killed by tribesmen in the early 20th century]]
<references />
Giraffes were probably common targets for hunters throughout Africa.<ref name=Kingdon1988/>{{rp|337}} Different parts of their bodies were used for different purposes.<ref name="Dagg1971"/> Their meat was used for food. The tail hairs served as [[flyswatter]]s, bracelets, necklaces and thread.<ref name=Kingdon1988/>{{rp|337}}<ref name="Dagg1971"/> Shields, sandals and drums were made using the skin, and the strings of musical instruments were from the tendons.<ref name="Dagg1971"/> The smoke from burning giraffe skins was used by the medicine men of [[Buganda]] to treat nose bleeds.<ref name=Kingdon1988/>{{rp|337}} In the 19th Century, European explorers begin hunting them for sport.<ref name=Williams/>{{rp|129}} Habitat destruction has hurt the giraffe, too: in the [[Sahel]], the need for firewood and grazing room for livestock has led to [[deforestation]]. Normally, giraffes can coexist with livestock, since they do not directly compete with them.<ref name= "MacDonald"/>
== Bibliografia ==
* {{IUCN|summ=2477|autore=Reilly S.B. et al. 2008}}
* {{EDGE|id=88}}
 
The giraffe species as a whole is assessed as [[Least Concern]] from a conservation perspective by the [[International Union for Conservation of Nature|IUCN]], as it is still numerous. However, giraffes have been [[extirpated]] from much of their historic range including [[Eritrea]], [[Guinea]], [[Mauritania]] and [[Senegal]]. They may also have disappeared from [[Angola]], [[Mali]], and [[Nigeria]], but have been introduced to [[Rwanda]] and [[Swaziland]].<ref name=iucn/> Two subspecies, the [[West African giraffe]] and the [[Rothschild giraffe]], have been classified as [[Endangered species|Endangered]],<ref name=IUCNrothschildi/><ref name=IUCNperalta/> as wild populations of each of them number in the hundreds.<ref name=wildstatus/> In 1997, [[Jonathan Kingdon]] suggested that the [[Nubian giraffe]] was the most threatened of all giraffes;<ref name=kingdon/> {{as of|2010|lc=y}}, it may number fewer than 250, although this estimate is uncertain.<ref name=wildstatus/> Private game reserves have contributed to the preservation of giraffe populations in southern Africa.<ref name= "MacDonald"/> [[Giraffe Manor]] is a popular hotel in [[Nairobi]] which also serves a sanctuary for Rothschild's giraffes.<ref>{{Cita web|autore=Lord. M|data=11 gennaio 2012|titolo=Outlandish Outposts: Giraffe Manor in Kenya|editore=Forbes.com|accesso=4 aprile 2012|url=http://www.forbes.com/sites/forbestravelguide/2012/01/11/outlandish-outposts-giraffe-manor-in-kenya/}}</ref> The giraffe is a protected species in most of its range. In 1999, it was estimated that over 140,000 giraffes existed in the wild, but estimates in 2010 indicate that fewer than 80,000 remain.<ref name=wildstatus/>
== Altri progetti ==
{{interprogetto|commons|wikispecies}}
 
===Note===
== Collegamenti esterni ==
{{References|2}}
* [http://www.acsonline.org/factpack/bluewhl.htm Blue Whale Factsheet] - American Cetacean Society
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/wildfacts/factfiles/55.shtml Blue Whale Wildfacts] - [[BBC]]
* [http://www.tmmc.org/learning/education/whales/blue.asp Blue Whale at the Marine Mammal Center]
* [http://www.birds.cornell.edu/brp/SoundsBlueWhale.html Blue Whale vocalizations] - [[Cornell University|Cornell]] Lab of Ornithology - Bioacoustics Research Program