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{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
'''Comparison of user features of operating systems''' refers to a comparison of the general user features of major [[operating system]]s in a narrative format. It does not encompass a full exhaustive comparison or description of all technical details of all operating systems. It is a comparison of basic roles and the most prominent features. It also includes the most important features of the operating system's origins, historical development, and role.
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For hardware functions such as [[input and output]] and [[memory allocation]], the operating system acts as an intermediary between programs and the computer hardware,<ref>{{cite book | last = Stallings | title = Operating Systems, Internals and Design Principles | publisher = Prentice Hall | year = 2005 | ___location = Pearson |page=6}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Dhotre| first = I.A.| title = Operating Systems. | publisher = Technical Publications | year = 2009 |page=1}}</ref> although the application code is usually executed directly by the hardware and frequently makes [[system call]]s to an OS function or is [[interrupt]]ed by it. Operating systems are found on many devices that contain a computer{{snd}} from cellular phones and video game consoles to [[web server]]s and [[supercomputer]]s.
Some operating systems require installation or may come pre-installed with purchased computers ([[OEM]]-installation), whereas others may run directly from media (i.e. [[live cd]]) or flash memory (i.e.
==MS-DOS==
===Overview===
[[MS-DOS]] (acronym for Microsoft Disk Operating System) is an
IBM licensed and re-released it in 1981 as [[PC DOS]] 1.0 for use in its PCs. Although MS-DOS and PC DOS were initially developed in parallel by Microsoft and IBM, the two products diverged after twelve years, in 1993, with recognizable differences in compatibility, syntax, and capabilities.{{
During its lifetime, [[Comparison of DOS operating systems|several competing products]] were released for the x86 platform,<ref name="roy">{{cite book |title=A history of the personal computer: the people and the technology |author-first=Roy A. |author-last=Allan |chapter=Microsoft in the 1980s, part III 1980s – The IBM/Macintosh era |page=14 |isbn=0-9689108-0-7 |date=2001 |publisher=Allan Pub. |___location=[[London, Ontario]] |chapter-url=http://www.retrocomputing.net/info/allan/eBook12.pdf|access-date=5 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060715184453/http://www.retrocomputing.net/info/allan/eBook12.pdf |archive-date=15 July 2006}}</ref> and MS-DOS went through eight versions, until development ceased in 2000.<ref name="Historical Essays">{{cite web |title=A Compilation of 8 Historical Essays |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oyto0YS-bpYC&pg=PT18 |access-date=30 January 2016 }}{{dead link|date=July 2020|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Initially, MS-DOS was targeted at [[Intel 8086]] processors running on computer hardware using [[floppy disk]]s to store and access not only the operating system, but application software and user data as well. Progressive version releases delivered support for other mass storage media in ever greater sizes and formats, along with added feature support for newer processors and rapidly evolving computer architectures. Ultimately, it was the key product in Microsoft's development from a [[programming language]] company to a diverse software development firm, providing the company with essential revenue and marketing resources. It was also the underlying basic operating system on which early versions of Windows ran as a GUI.{{
==Microsoft Windows==
===Overview===
Microsoft
Apple came to see Windows as an unfair encroachment on their innovation in GUI development as implemented on products such as the [[Apple Lisa|Lisa]] and [[Macintosh]] (eventually settled in court in Microsoft's favor in 1993).
{{As of|2020|10}}, the most recent version of Windows for PCs, [[tablet computers|tablet]]s and [[embedded system|embedded devices]] is [[Windows 10]], version 20H2. The most recent version for [[Server (computing)|server computers]] is [[Windows Server]], version 20H2.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/lifecycle/search?alpha=Windows%20Server%20version%202004%20(Datacenter%20Standard))|title=Microsoft|website=support.microsoft.com|access-date=28 May 2019}}</ref> [[Xbox One system software|A specialized version of Windows]] also runs on the [[Xbox One]] [[video game console]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wccftech.com/xbox-one-architecture-explained-runs-windows-8-virtually-indistinguishable/|title=Xbox One Architecture Finally Explained – Runs OS 'Virtually Indistinguishable' from Windows 8|work=WCCFtech|date=20 April 2014 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906020456/http://wccftech.com/xbox-one-architecture-explained-runs-windows-8-virtually-indistinguishable/|archive-date=6 September 2015}}</ref>
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===Windows 95===
[[Windows 95]] introduced a redesigned [[Windows shell|shell]] based around a [[desktop metaphor]]; [[
In [[Windows 3.1]] the desktop was used to display icons of running applications. In Windows 95, the currently running applications were displayed as buttons on a [[taskbar]] across the bottom of the screen.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Windows 3.0-style file browser lets you navigate like it's the 90s|url=https://www.engadget.com/2018-04-09-windows-3-file-browser-open-source.html|access-date=27 August 2020|website=Engadget|language=en}}</ref> The taskbar also contained a notification area used to display icons for background applications, a volume control and the current time.<ref>{{Cite web|date=30 August 2019|title=New version of Windows 95 gains a snazzy user interface on Windows 10, macOS and Linux|url=https://betanews.com/2019/08/30/windows-95-new-user-interface/|access-date=27 August 2020|website=BetaNews|language=en}}</ref>
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===Windows 10===
A new iteration of the [[Start menu]] is used on the [[Windows 10]] desktop, with a list of places and other options on the left side, and tiles representing applications on the right. The menu can be resized, and expanded into a full-screen display, which is the default option in Tablet mode.<ref name="tomsguide-unveiled" /> A new virtual desktop system was added. A feature known as Task View displays all open windows and allows users to switch between them, or switch between multiple workspaces.<ref name="tomsguide-unveiled">{{cite web|url=https://www.tomsguide.com/us/windows-10-unveiled,news-19648.html|title=Microsoft Unveils Windows 10 with New Start Menu|last=Andronico|first=Michael|date=30 September 2014|website=Tom's Guide|access-date=14 May 2019}}</ref> Universal apps, which previously could be used only in full screen mode, can now be used in self-contained windows similarly to other programs.<ref name="verge-win10">{{cite web | url=https://www.theverge.com/2014/9/30/6868695/microsoft-windows-10-announced-official | title=Windows 10 is the official name for Microsoft's next version of Windows | publisher=
[[Windows shell#Charms|Charms]] have been removed; their functionality in universal apps is accessed from an ''App commands'' menu on their title bar.<ref name="verge-win10" /><ref name="tomsguide-unveiled" /> In its place is Action Center, which displays notifications and settings toggles. It is accessed by clicking an icon in the notification area, or dragging from the right of the screen. Notifications can be synced between multiple devices.<ref name="verge-win10" /><ref name="verge-closerlook">{{cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2015/1/28/7927109/windows-10-features-hands-on|title=Windows 10: a closer look at the future of Microsoft's vision for PCs|last=Warren|first=Tom|date=28 January 2015|website=
Windows 10 is designed to adapt its user interface based on the type of device being used and available input methods. It offers two separate user interface modes: a user interface optimized for mouse and keyboard, and a "Tablet mode" designed for touchscreens. Users can toggle between these two modes at any time, and Windows can prompt or automatically switch when certain events occur, such as disabling Tablet mode on a tablet if a keyboard or mouse is plugged in, or when a [[2-in-1 PC]] is switched to its laptop state. In Tablet mode, programs default to a maximized view, and the taskbar contains a back button and hides buttons for opened or pinned programs by default; Task View is used instead to switch between programs. The full screen Start menu is used in this mode, similarly to Windows 8, but scrolls vertically instead of horizontally.<ref name="verge-continuum">{{cite web |title=Watch how Windows 10 works with touch interfaces |url=https://www.theverge.com/2014/9/30/6873963/windows-10-continuum-touch-interface |website=[[The Verge]] |date=30 September 2014 |access-date=30 September 2014 |publisher=[[Vox Media]]}}</ref><ref name=thurrotcom-tablet1>{{cite
==Apple Macintosh==
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====Overview====
The classic Mac OS {{efn|This is a [[retronym]] coined after the introduction of its successor, [[macOS|Mac OS X]]. It did not have a name until later, as explained below.}} ('''System Software''') is the series of
Apple released the [[Macintosh 128K|original Macintosh]] on 24 January 1984. The [[System 1|first version of the system software]], which had no official name, was partially based on the [[Lisa OS]], which Apple previously released for the
Initial versions of the System Software ran one application at a time. With the [[Macintosh 512K]], a system extension called the [[MultiFinder#Switcher|Switcher]] was developed to use this additional memory to allow multiple programs to remain loaded. The software of each loaded program used the memory exclusively; only when activated by the Switcher did the program appear, even the Finder's desktop. With the Switcher, the now familiar Clipboard feature allowed cut and paste between the loaded programs across switches including the desktop.{{
With the introduction of System 5, a [[cooperative multitasking]] extension called [[MultiFinder]] was added, which allowed content in windows of each program to remain in a layered view over the desktop, and was later integrated into System 7 as part of the operating system along with support for [[virtual memory]]. By the mid-1990s, however, contemporary operating systems such as [[Windows NT]], [[OS/2]], and [[NeXTSTEP]] had all brought [[pre-emptive multitasking]], [[protected memory]], [[access controls]], and multi-user capabilities to desktop computers, The Macintosh's limited [[Mac OS memory management|memory management]] and susceptibility to conflicts among [[Extension (Mac OS)|extensions]] that provide additional functionality, such as networking or support for a particular device,<ref name="MeaCulpa">{{Citation |last = Hertzfeld |first = Andy |author-link = Andy Hertzfeld |title = folklore.org: The Original Macintosh: Mea Culpa |url = http://www.folklore.org/StoryView.py?project=Macintosh&story=Mea_Culpa.txt |access-date = 10 May 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100619193516/http://folklore.org/StoryView.py?project=Macintosh&story=Mea_Culpa.txt |archive-date = 19 June 2010 |url-status = live }}</ref> led to significant criticism of the operating system, and was a factor in Apple's declining market share at the time.{{
After two aborted attempts at creating a successor to the Macintosh System Software called [[Taligent]] and [[Copland (operating system)|Copland]], and a [[History of macOS|four-year development effort]] spearheaded by [[Steve Jobs#Return to Apple|Steve Jobs' return to Apple]] in 1997, Apple replaced Mac OS with a new operating system in 2001 named
The [[Mac OS 9#Mac OS 9 and the Classic Environment|final updates to Mac OS 9]] released in 2001 provided interoperability with Mac OS X. The name "Classic" that now signifies the historical Mac OS as a whole is a reference to the [[List of macOS components#Classic|Classic Environment]], a [[compatibility layer]] that helped ease the transition to Mac OS X (now macOS).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lowendmac.com/2012/a-brief-history-of-the-classic-mac-os/|title=A Brief History of the Classic Mac OS – Low End Mac|date=26 July 2012|access-date=23 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005230817/http://lowendmac.com/2012/a-brief-history-of-the-classic-mac-os/|archive-date=5 October 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
===Apple macOS===
====Overview====
macOS is the direct successor to the [[classic Mac OS]], the line of
* {{cite web|title=Apple technology brief on UNIX|url=http://movies.apple.com/media/us/osx/2012/docs//OSX_for_UNIX_Users_TB_July2011.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120710081938/http://movies.apple.com/media/us/osx/2012/docs/OSX_for_UNIX_Users_TB_July2011.pdf|archive-date=10 July 2012|access-date=5 November 2008|publisher=[[Apple Inc.|Apple]]}}
* {{cite web|title=Mac OS X Version 10.8 on Intel-based Macintosh computers|url=https://www.opengroup.org/openbrand/register/brand3591.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141116121907/https://www.opengroup.org/openbrand/register/brand3591.htm|archive-date=16 November 2014|access-date=4 December 2014|publisher=The Open Group}}
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* {{cite web|title=macOS version 11.0 Big Sur on Intel-based Mac computers|url=https://www.opengroup.org/openbrand/register/brand3663.htm|access-date=19 November 2020|publisher=The Open Group}}
* {{cite web|title=macOS version 11.0 Big Sur on Apple silicon-based Mac computers|url=https://www.opengroup.org/openbrand/register/brand3668.htm|access-date=19 November 2020|publisher=The Open Group}}
</ref> Apple's mobile operating system, [[iOS]], has been considered a variant of macOS.<ref>{{cite web|last=Foresman|first=Chris|date=September 2010|title=Apple TV definitely running iOS, could be jailbreak target|url=https://arstechnica.com/apple/news/2010/09/apple-tv-definitely-running-ios-could-be-jailbreak-target.ars|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101117151926/http://arstechnica.com/apple/news/2010/09/apple-tv-definitely-running-ios-could-be-jailbreak-target.ars|archive-date=17 November 2010|access-date=16 November 2010|work=[[Ars Technica]]|publisher=[[Condé Nast Publishing|Condé Nast Digital]]}}</ref>
Mac OS X 10.0 ([[code name]]d '''Cheetah''') was the first [[software versioning|major release]] and version of [[macOS]], [[Apple Inc.|Apple's]] desktop and server
Mac OS X 10.0 was a radical departure from the
<!----
The first desktop version, [[Mac OS X 10.0]], was released in March 2001, with its first update, 10.1, arriving later that year. The "X" in Mac OS X and OS X is the [[Roman numerals#Symbols|Roman numeral]] for the number 10 and is pronounced as such. The X was a prominent part of the operating system's [[Brand#Brand identity|brand identity]] and marketing in its early years, but gradually receded in prominence since the release of Snow Leopard in 2009. Apple began naming its releases after [[big cat]]s, which lasted until [[OS X Mountain Lion|OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion]]. Since [[OS X Mavericks|OS X 10.9 Mavericks]], releases have been named after locations in California.<ref name="techMavericks">{{cite news|last=Ha|first=Anthony|date=10 June 2013|title=Apple Has A New, California-Based Naming Scheme For OS X, Starting With OS X Mavericks|work=TechCrunch|url=https://techcrunch.com/2013/06/10/os-x-mavericks/|url-status=live|access-date=10 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709214256/https://techcrunch.com/2013/06/10/os-x-mavericks/|archive-date=9 July 2017}}</ref> Apple shortened the name to "OS X" in 2012 and then changed it to "macOS" in 2016, adopting the [[nomenclature]] that they were using for their other operating systems, [[iOS]], [[watchOS]], and [[tvOS]]. With [[MacOS Big Sur|Big Sur]], Apple advanced the macOS major [[version number]] for the first time, changing it to 11 for Big Sur from the 10 used for all previous releases.
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====Apple MacOS Components====
{{see also|MacOS#Components|List of macOS
The [[Finder (software)|Finder]] is a file browser allowing quick access to all areas of the computer, which has been modified throughout subsequent releases of macOS.<ref>{{cite web | first=Thom | last=Holwerda | url=http://www.osnews.com/story/18992/Review_Mac_OS_X_10_5_Leopard/page2/ | access-date=15 April 2009 | date=6 December 2007 | title=Review: Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard | publisher=OS News | quote=The next area where Apple claims to have made major improvements is the Finder. | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090515190607/http://www.osnews.com/story/18992/Review_Mac_OS_X_10_5_Leopard/page2 | archive-date=15 May 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | first=John | last=Siracusa | access-date=15 April 2009 | date=26 January 2006 | title=Finding Leopard | url=https://arstechnica.com/staff/fatbits/2006/01/2673.ars | publisher=[[Condé Nast Publishing|Condé Nast Digital]] | work=[[Ars Technica]] | quote=Unsurprisingly, each new Mac OS X release has been the vehicle for a parade of Finder fantasies. | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090204195034/http://arstechnica.com/staff/fatbits/2006/01/2673.ars | archive-date=4 February 2009 }}</ref> [[Quick Look]] has been part of the Finder since [[Mac OS X Leopard|version 10.5]]. It allows for dynamic previews of files, including videos and multi-page documents without opening any other applications. [[Spotlight (
Apple added Exposé in [[Mac OS X Panther|version 10.3]] (called [[Mission Control (macOS)|Mission Control]] since [[Mac OS X Lion|version 10.7]]), a feature which includes three functions to help accessibility between windows and desktop. Its functions are to instantly display all open windows as thumbnails for easy navigation to different tasks, display all open windows as thumbnails from the current application, and hide all windows to access the desktop.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://support.apple.com/kb/HT2503 | publisher=[[Apple Inc.|Apple]] | access-date=16 December 2008 | date=31 October 2008 | title=Mac 101: Exposé | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216053853/http://support.apple.com/kb/HT2503 | archive-date=16 December 2008 }}</ref> [[FileVault]] is optional encryption of the user's files with the 128-bit [[Advanced Encryption Standard]] (AES-128).<ref>{{cite web | url=http://docs.info.apple.com/article.html?path=Mac/10.5/en/8727.html | publisher=[[Apple Inc.|Apple]] | access-date=16 December 2008 | title=About FileVault | work=Mac OS X 10.5 Help | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090113170834/http://docs.info.apple.com/article.html?path=Mac%2F10.5%2Fen%2F8727.html | archive-date=13 January 2009 }}</ref>
Features introduced in [[Mac OS X Tiger|version 10.4]] include [[Automator (
All system icons are scalable up to 512×512 pixels as of
In more recent releases, Apple has developed support for [[emoji]] characters by including the proprietary [[Apple Color Emoji]] font.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2013/3/4/3966140/how-emoji-conquered-the-world|access-date=28 July 2014|title=How emoji conquered the world|author=Jeff Blagdon|website=The Verge|date=4 March 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130306003148/http://www.theverge.com/2013/3/4/3966140/how-emoji-conquered-the-world|archive-date=6 March 2013}}</ref><ref name="Smile, You’re Speaking EMOJI: the rapid evolution of a wordless tongue">{{cite web|last1=Sternbergh|first1=Adam|title=Smile, You're Speaking EMOJI: the rapid evolution of a wordless tongue|url=http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2014/11/emojis-rapid-evolution.html|website=New York magazine|date=17 November 2014|access-date=15 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170326144817/http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2014/11/emojis-rapid-evolution.html|archive-date=26 March 2017}}</ref> Apple has also connected macOS with social networks such as Twitter and Facebook through the addition of share buttons for content such as pictures and text.<ref>{{cite web|title=OS X Mountain Lion: Share with iCloud, Facebook, Twitter, and other services|url=https://support.apple.com/kb/PH11435?locale=en_US|publisher=Apple|access-date=14 August 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419023942/https://support.apple.com/kb/PH11435?locale=en_US|archive-date=19 April 2016}}</ref> Apple has brought several applications and features that originally debuted in
==Unix and Unix-like systems==
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===Unix===
'''Unix''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|j|u:|n|ɪ|k|s}}; trademarked as '''UNIX''') is a family of [[Computer multitasking|multitasking]], [[multiuser]] computer
Initially intended for use inside the [[Bell System]], AT&T [[license]]d Unix to outside parties in the late 1970s, leading to a variety of both academic and commercial Unix variants from vendors including [[University of California, Berkeley]] ([[Berkeley Software Distribution|BSD]]),
Unix systems are characterized by a [[modular design]] that is sometimes called the "[[Unix philosophy]]". According to this philosophy, the operating system should provide a set of simple tools, each of which performs a limited, well-defined function.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Art of Unix Programming |first=Eric |last=Raymond |author-link=Eric S. Raymond |date=19 September 2003 |isbn=978-0-13-142901-7 |publisher=Addison-Wesley |url=http://www.catb.org/~esr/writings/taoup/html/ |access-date=9 February 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090212183726/http://www.catb.org/~esr/writings/taoup/html/ |archive-date=12 February 2009 }}</ref> A unified [[filesystem]] (the [[Unix filesystem]]) and an [[inter-process communication]] mechanism known as "[[pipeline (Unix)|pipes]]" serve as the main means of communication,<ref name="Ritchie"/> and a [[shell (computing)|shell]] scripting and command language (the [[Unix shell]]) is used to combine the tools to perform complex workflows.
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Unix distinguishes itself from its predecessors as the first [[Software portability|portable]] operating system: almost the entire operating system is written in the [[C (programming language)|C programming language]], which allows Unix to operate on numerous platforms.<ref name="dottcl">{{cite web|url = https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/chist.pdf|title = The Development of the C Language|last = Ritchie|first = Dennis M.|author-link = Dennis Ritchie|date = January 1993|access-date = 20 December 2015|url-status = live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150611114354/https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/chist.pdf|archive-date = 11 June 2015|df = dmy-all}}</ref>
===Linux===
[[Linux]]<ref name="pronunciation-2">{{ cite newsgroup |newsgroup= comp.os.linux | title = Re: How to pronounce ''Linux''? |message-id= 1992Apr23.123216.22024@klaava.Helsinki.FI | date = 23 April 1992 |access-date=9 January 2007 | url=https://groups.google.com/d/msg/comp.os.linux/L_TTOib3_08/yOG2vLtsp1MJ}}</ref> is a family of [[free and open-source software|open-source]] [[Unix-like]]
Distributions include the Linux kernel and supporting [[system software]] and [[library (computer science)|libraries]], many of which are provided by the [[GNU Project]]. Many Linux distributions use the word "Linux" in their name, but the [[Free Software Foundation]] uses the name "'''GNU/Linux'''" to emphasize the importance of [[GNU]] software, [[GNU/Linux naming controversy|causing some controversy]].<ref name="linux-and-gnu">{{cite web | url = https://www.gnu.org/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html | title = Linux and the GNU System | publisher = Gnu.org | access-date = 1 September 2013 | url-status=live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170319145123/http://www.gnu.org/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html | archive-date = 19 March 2017 }}</ref>
Popular Linux distributions<ref>{{cite web|url=http://distrowatch.com/dwres.php?resource=major |title=DistroWatch.com: Put the fun back into computing. Use Linux, BSD. |last=DistroWatch |website=distrowatch.com |access-date=30 December 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130402195650/http://distrowatch.com/dwres.php?resource=major |archive-date=2 April 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.cio.com/article/3023349/linux/best-linux-distros-of-2016-something-for-everyone.html|title=Best Linux distros of 2016: Something for everyone|last=Bhartiya|first=Swapnil|newspaper=CIO|access-date=30 December 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231170119/http://www.cio.com/article/3023349/linux/best-linux-distros-of-2016-something-for-everyone.html|archive-date=31 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tecmint.com/linux-distributions/|title=10 Most Used Linux Distributions of All Time|website=TecMint|date=26 May 2021 |access-date=6 February 2023}}</ref> include [[Debian]], [[Fedora (operating system)|Fedora]], and [[Ubuntu]]. Commercial distributions include [[Red Hat Enterprise Linux]] and [[SUSE Linux Enterprise Server]]. Desktop Linux distributions include a [[windowing system]] such as [[X11]] or [[Wayland (
Linux was originally developed for personal computers based on the [[x86|Intel x86]] architecture, but has since been [[porting|ported]] to more [[computer hardware platforms|platforms]] than any other operating system.<ref>{{cite news |author=Barry Levine |title=Linux' {{sic|22|th|nolink=yes}} Birthday Is Commemorated – Subtly – by Creator |url=http://www.cmswire.com/cms/information-management/linux-22th-birthday-is-commemorated-subtly-by-creator-022244.php |access-date=10 May 2015 |publisher=Simpler Media Group, Inc |date=26 August 2013 |quote="Originally developed for Intel x86-based PCs, Torvalds' "hobby" has now been released for more hardware platforms than any other OS in history." |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518155152/http://www.cmswire.com/cms/information-management/linux-22th-birthday-is-commemorated-subtly-by-creator-022244.php |archive-date=18 May 2015}}</ref> Because of the dominance of the Linux-based
Linux also runs on
Linux is one of the most prominent examples of free and open-source software collaboration. The
90% of all cloud infrastructure is powered by Linux including supercomputers and cloud providers.<ref>{{Cite web|title=90% of the Public Cloud Runs on Linux|url=https://mobile.developer.com/daily_news/90-of-the-public-cloud-runs-on-linux.html|access-date=18 October 2020|website=mobile.developer.com|date=25 October 2017}}</ref> 74% of smartphones in the world are Linux-based.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/os-market-share/mobile/worldwide|title=Mobile Operating System Market Share Worldwide|website=StatCounter Global Stats|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201011012110/https://gs.statcounter.com/os-market-share/mobile/worldwide|archive-date= 11 October 2020|url-status= live}}</ref>
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===FreeBSD===
[[FreeBSD]] is a [[free and open-source]] [[Unix-like]]
FreeBSD has similarities with
The FreeBSD project includes a [[computer security|security]] team overseeing all software shipped in the base distribution. A wide range of additional third-party [[application software|applications]] may be installed using the pkg [[package manager|package management system]] or [[FreeBSD Ports]], or by [[compiler|compiling]] source code.
Much of FreeBSD's [[codebase]] has become an integral part of other operating systems such as [[Darwin (operating system)|Darwin]] (the basis for
==Google ChromeOS==
'''ChromeOS''' (formerly '''Chrome OS''',<ref>{{cite web |url=https://9to5google.com/2022/03/15/google-prepares-chromeos-rebrand-to-drop-the-space/ |title=Google prepares
Google announced the project in July 2009, conceiving it as an operating system in which both applications and user data reside in the [[Cloud computing|cloud]]: hence ChromeOS primarily runs [[web application]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.chromium.org/chromium-os/chromiumos-design-docs/chromium-os-kernel|title = Kernel Design|website = The Chromium Projects}}</ref> Source code and a public demo came that November. The first ChromeOS laptop, known as a [[Chromebook]], arrived in May 2011. Initial Chromebook shipments from [[Samsung Electronics|Samsung]] and [[Acer Inc.|Acer]] occurred in July 2011.
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ChromeOS has an integrated media player and [[file manager]]. It supports [[Google Chrome App|Chrome Apps]], which resemble native applications, as well as [[Remote computer|remote access]] to the desktop. Reception was initially skeptical, with some observers arguing that a browser running on any operating system was functionally equivalent{{Citation needed|reason=unverified claim|date=October 2020}}. As more ChromeOS machines have entered the market, the operating system is now seldom evaluated apart from the hardware that runs it.
ChromeOS is only available pre-installed on hardware from Google manufacturing partners, but there are unofficial methods that allow it to be installed in other equipment.<ref>{{Cite web|title = 5 Best Chrome OS
==See also==
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* [[Hypervisor]]
* [[Interruptible operating system]]
* [[List of operating systems]]
* [[List of pioneers in computer science]]
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{{Reflist}}
{{Operating system}}
{{Systems science}}
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