Submarine and Seoul Subway Line 9: Difference between pages

Revision as of 01:45, 27 January 2006

Revision as of 20:17, 18 April 2007

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{{future public transportation}}

:''For the sandwich, see [[Submarine sandwich]]. For the patent term, see [[Submarine patent]]''

{{Korean subway |

Name = Seoul Subway Line 9 |

Color = |

<!-- Image = |

Caption = Transfer Sign |-->

Revised Romanization = Seoul Jihacheol Guhoseon |

McCune-Reischaucer = Sŏul Chihach'ŏl Kuhosŏn |

Hangul = 서울 지하철 9호선 |

Hanja = 서울 地下鐵 9號線 |

}}

'''[[Seoul Metropolitan Subway|Seoul Subway]] Line 9''' is currently under construction.

[[Image:vanguard_class_image.jpg|thumb|250px|right|[[HMS Vanguard (S28)|HMS ''Vanguard'']], a [[Vanguard class submarine|''Vanguard''-class]] nuclear ballistic missile (SSBN) submarine]]

[[Image:HMCS_Windsor_SSK_877.jpg|thumb|250px|right|[[HMCS Windsor (SSK 877)|HMCS ''Windsor'']], a [[Victoria class submarine|''Victoria''-class]] diesel-electric hunter-killer (SSK) submarine]]

[[Image:HMAS Rankin SSK-78.jpg|right|thumb|250px|[[HMAS Rankin (SSG 78)|HMAS ''Rankin'']], a [[Collins class submarine|''Collins''-class]] diesel-electric guided missile (SSG) submarine]]

[[Image:USS Virginia.jpg|right|thumb|250px|[[USS Virginia (SSN-774)|USS ''Virginia'']], a [[Virginia class submarine|''Virginia''-class]] nuclear attack (SSN) submarine]]

Line 9 is planned to run east from [[Gimpo Airport]] (connecting to Line 5) along the south bank of the Han river. Major transfer points will be [[Seoul Subway Line 2|Line 2]] at Dangsan, [[Seoul Subway Line 5|Line 5]] at Yeouido, [[Seoul Subway Line 1|Line 1]] at Noryangjin, [[Seoul Subway Line 4|Line 4]] at Dongjak and [[Seoul Subway Line 3|Line 3]] and [[Seoul Subway Line 7|Line 7]] at Express Bus Terminal station.

A '''submarine''' is a specialized watercraft that can operate [[underwater]]. Most major [[navy|navies]] use submarines. Submarines are also used for [[Marine science|marine]] and [[freshwater]] [[science]] and for work at depths too great for human divers.

Construction of the first phase between [[Gimpo Airport]] and [[Banpo]] began in April [[2002]] and is due to be completed in late [[2008]]. Phase 2 will run from Banpo to Bangi-dong in the east. A [[Seoul Metropolitan Government]] website describes construction of phase 2 as being suspended in consideration of transport demand and financial situations.[http://english.seoul.go.kr/gover/initiatives/inti_01vis_0402.htm]

[[Nuclear power|Nuclear powered]] submarines and other large submarines are classed as [[ship]]s, but are customarily referred to by their crews as ''"[[boat]]s"''. The term [[U-Boat]] is sometimes used in [[English language|English]], this comes from the [[German language|German]] word for submarine, 'U-Boot', itself an [[abbreviation]] for ''Unterseeboot'' ('undersea boat'). Modern attack submarines are known as fast attack subs and generally operate in the [[hunter-killer]] role. Large subs carrying strategic [[Nuclear weapon|nuclear missile]]s are known as "boomers" in the [[United States Navy]], and "bombers" in the [[Royal Navy]].

It will be a 3-track subway providing express service on separate tracks similar to [[New York City Subway|New York]]. Stations will have [[elevators]], [[escalators]] and [[platform screen doors]].

Submarines encompass one of the largest ranges in capabilities of any vessel. They range from a small two-man vessel that can examine the [[sea floor]] for few hours to the [[Typhoon class submarine|Typhoon class]], which could remain submerged for months and carry enough nuclear missiles to destroy hundreds of [[City|cities]]. There is a wide variety of specialized submarines: rescue submarines like the [[Deep Submergence Rescue Vehicle|DSRV]] or the recently rescued [[AS-28]], or tiny one-person human powered subs intended for competitions between [[University|universities]].

There are<!-- were? --> plans to eventually extend subway line 9 north from Gimpo train depot and across the [[Han River]] to meet the Ilsan Line (extension of [[Seoul Subway Line 3|Line 3]]) at [[Goyang]]'s [[Daegok Station]] until as early as 2008.[http://209.85.135.104/search?q=cache:mVBnxarjBE8J:www.seoulst.go.kr/web_board/read.cgi%3Fboard%3Dkorail_news_n%26nnew%3D2%26y_number%3D810]

The word '''submarine''' was originally an adjective meaning "under the sea". Some firms who make [[diving|diving gear]] but not parts for submarines, called their work "submarine engineering". "Submarine" as a noun meaning a submersible craft originated as short for "submarine boat" and older books such as ''[[Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea]]'' always use this term.

===Seoul Subway Line 9===

Another underwater device for use in underwater exploration, salvage, and rescue is the [[diving bell]].

Note: All station names, except for those which transfer to existing stations, are tentative and subject to change. All names are listed as they are on the official website of Seoul Subway Line 9.

==Non-military submarines and submersibles==

Non-military submarines are usually much smaller than military submarines. [[Tourist]] submarines work mainly in tropical resort areas or other areas with clear water and good visibility. In [[1996]], there were over fifty private submarines operating around the world, serving approximately two million passengers that year. Most of these submarines carried between twenty-five and fifty passengers at a time and sometimes made ten or more dives per day. In design, these submarines borrow mainly from research subs, having large [[porthole]]s for passengers' viewing and often placing significant mechanical systems outside the [[hull]] to conserve interior space. Nonetheless, even aboard tourist submarines the seating can be rather cramped. They are mainly [[battery (electricity)|battery-powered]] and very slow.

{| class="wikitable"

As of January, [[2005]], the largest tourist submarine in use was the ''Atlantis XIV'' based out of [[Waikiki|Waikiki beach]]. The largest ''Atlantis''-class submarine of its fleet, launched in [[1994]], can carry 64 passengers and 3 crew (two guides and a pilot) to 150 feet deep (this depth set by the state) off the shores of [[Oahu|the island of O'ahu]] in [[Hawaii|Hawai'i]]. There, tourists can view a great number of ocean specimens living around artificial [[reef]]s built by the Hawaiian university out of old ships, constructions of metal [[flotsam]], and even a sunken [[Airplane|plane]], all designed to replace the reefs damaged or destroyed by human habitation of the island.

|'''Station #'''

|'''Station Name'''

|'''Transferrable Lines'''

|'''Station Type'''

|'''Doors Open'''

|-

|901

|Gimpo Train Depot (under construction)

|

|Aboveground

|

|-

|902

|[[Gimpo Airport Station|Gimpo Airport]] (under construction)

|[[Seoul Subway Line 5|Line 5]]

|Underground

|

|-

|903

|Airport Market (under construction)

|

|Underground

|

|-

|904

|Banghwa (under construction)

|

|Underground

|

|-

|905

|Magok (under construction)

|

|Underground

|

|-

|906

|Macheon (under construction)

|

|Underground

|

|-

|907

|Gayang (under construction)

|

|Underground

|

|-

|908

|Jeungsan (under construction)

|

|Underground

|

|-

|909

|Deungchon (under construction)

|

|Underground

|

|-

|910

|Yeomchang (under construction)

|

|Underground

|

|-

|911

|Mokdong (under construction)

|

|Underground

|

|-

|912

|Yanghwa (under construction)

|

|Underground

|

|-

|913

|[[Dangsan Station|Dangsan]] (under construction)

|[[Seoul Subway Line 2|Line 2]]

|Underground

|

|-

|914

|[[National Assembly Station|National Assembly]] (under construction)

|

|Underground

|

|-

|915

|[[Yeouido Station|Yeouido]] (under construction)

|[[Seoul Subway Line 5|Line 5]]

|Underground

|

|-

|916

|Yeouigyo (under construction)

|

|Underground

|

|-

|917

|[[Noryangjin Station|Noryangjin]] (under construction)

|[[Seoul Subway Line 1|Line 1]]

|Underground

|

|-

|918

|Bon-dong (under construction)

|

|Underground

|

|-

|919

|Heukseok (under construction)

|

|Underground

|

|-

|920

|[[Dongjak Station|Dongjak]] (under construction)

|[[Seoul Subway Line 4|Line 4]]

|Underground

|

|-

|921

|Banpo (under construction)

|

|Underground

|

|-

|922

|Sinbanpo (under construction)

|

|Underground

|

|-

|923

|[[Express Bus Terminal Station|Express Bus Terminal]] (under construction)

|[[Seoul Subway Line 3|Line 3]], [[Seoul Subway Line 7|Line 7]]

|Underground

|

|-

|924

|Wonchon (under construction)

|

|Underground

|

|-

|925

|Gangnam (under construction)

|

|Underground

|

|-

|926

|Nonhyeon (planned- 2007 phase 2)

|

|Underground

|

|-

|927

|[[Samneung Station|Samneung]] (planned)

|[[Bundang Line]] (under construction)

|Underground

|

|-

|928

|AIO (planned)

|

|Underground

|

|-

|929

|Bongeunsa (planned)

|

|Underground

|

|-

|930

|[[Sports Complex Station|Sports Complex]] (planned)

|[[Seoul Subway Line 2|Line 2]]

|Underground

|

|-

|931

|Jamsil (planned)

|

|Underground

|

|-

|932

|Samjeon (planned)

|

|Underground

|

|-

|933

|[[Seokchon Station|Seokchon]] (planned)

|[[Seoul Subway Line 8|Line 8]]

|Underground

|

|-

|934

|Songpa (planned)

|

|Underground

|

|-

|935

|Bangi (planned)

|

|Underground

|

|-

|936

|[[Olympic Park Station|Olympic Park]] (planned)

|[[Seoul Subway Line 5|Line 5]]

|Underground

|

|-

|937

|Oryun (planned)

|

|Underground

|

|}

*Tentative station names[http://www.metro9.co.kr/eng/htm/05_route/show_route03.asp ]

==Submersibles==

In common usage, "submarine" means a ship which operates above and below the surface, untethered. Underwater vessels with limited mobility, intended to remain in one place during most of their use, such as those used for rescue, research or salvage purposes are usually called "[[submersible]]s". Submersibles are typically transported to their area of operation by surface ships or large submarines and have a very short range. Many submersibles operate on a "tether" or "umbilical", remaining connected to a [[tender]] (a submarine, surface vessel or platform).

==External links==

A [[bathysphere]] or [[bathyscaphe]] is a type of submersible which lacks any self-propulsion. A predecessor of the bathysphere, the [[diving bell]], consisted of a chamber, with an open bottom, lowered into the water

*[http://www.metro9.co.kr/eng/main.asp Seoul Metro Lime 9 Corporation Homepage]

*[http://subway.seoul.go.kr/plan/plan_01.asp Seoul Metropolitan Government Line 9 page] (Korean) includes a route map, status information and links to the construction companies' websites

A fairly recent development, very small unmanned submersibles called "marine remotely operated vehicles" or MROVs are widely used today to work in water too deep or too dangerous for divers. For example, remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) repair offshore [[petroleum]] platforms and attach cables to sunken ships to hoist them. Such remotely operated vehicles are attached by a tether (a thick cable providing power and communications) to control center on a ship. Operators on the ship see video images sent back from the robot and may control its propellers and manipulator arm. The wreck of the ''[[RMS Titanic|Titanic]]'' was explored by such a vehicle, as well as by a manned vessel.

*[http://www.urbanrail.net/as/seou/seoul.htm UrbanRail.Net's Seoul Subway page]

==Military submarines==

[[Image:USS Greeneville (SSN 772) in Dry Dock.jpg|thumb|right|The ''Los Angeles'' class attack submarine [[USS Greeneville (SSN-772)|USS ''Greeneville'']] in dry dock, showing typical cigar-shaped hull.]]

There are probably more military submarines in operation than any other type of submarine, though it is difficult to obtain exact figures because navies are secretive about their submarine fleets.

Submarines are useful to a military because they are difficult to locate and, especially when deep below the surface, also difficult to destroy. A great deal of attention in the design of a submarine is devoted to making its travel through the water as silent as possible in order to prevent its detection ([[sound]] travels underwater much more easily than does light, meaning that a submarine's sound is the distinctive feature most likely to allow its detection). If a submarine remains undetected, it is able to strike at close range.

Modern submarines are usually [[cigar]]-shaped. This design, already visible on very early submarines (see below) is called a "teardrop hull", and was patterned after the bodies of [[whale]]s. It significantly reduces the hydrodynamic [[drag]] on the sub when submerged, but decreases the sea-keeping capabilities and increases the drag while surfaced. Since the limitations of the propulsion systems of early military submarines forced them to operate most their time on the surface, their hull designs were a compromise. Because of the slow submerged speeds of those subs, usually well below 10 [[knot (speed)|kt]], the increased drag for underwater travel was considered acceptable. Only late in World War II, when technology enhancements allowed faster and longer submerged operations and increased surveillance by enemy aircraft forced submarines to stay most of their times below the surface, did hull designs become teardrop shaped again, to reduce drag and noise.

With [[Nuclear reactor|nuclear power]], submarines can remain submerged for months at a time. Diesel submarines must periodically resurface or [[snorkel]] to recharge their [[battery (electricity)|batteries]]. Some modern submarines are able to generate [[oxygen]] for their crew by [[electrolysis]] of water.

A raised tower on top of a submarine accommodates the length of the [[periscope]] and electronics masts, which can include [[radio]], [[radar]], [[electronic warfare]], and other systems. In many early classes of submarines (see history, below), the Control Room, or "Conn", was located inside this tower, which was known as the "[[conning tower]]". Since that time, however, the Conn has been located within the hull of the submarine, and the tower is more commonly called the "sail" today. In another interpretation, "conning tower" comes from the [[English language|English]] verb "to con", which means "to navigate", indicating the presence of navigational systems in the conning tower. The Conn should not be confused with the "bridge", which is a small, open platform set into the top of the sail used for visual observation while operating on the surface. There may also be an additional closed platform below this with windows and their wipers for bad weather.

[[Image:Kiosk Casabianca.jpg|right|200px|thumb|Sail of the French nuclear submarine ''Casabianca''; note the diving planes, [[camouflage]]d masts, periscope, electronic warfare masts, door and windows.]]

Modern submarines use an [[inertial guidance system]] for navigation while submerged, but drift error build up over time is unavoidable. To counter this, the [[global positioning system]] will occasionally be used to obtain an accurate position. The [[periscope]] - a retractable [[tube]] with [[Prism (optics)|prism]]s allowing a view to the surface - is only used occasionally in modern submarines, since the range of visibility below the sea is short. The [[Virginia class submarine|''Virginia''-class submarines]] have "photonics masts" rather than hull-penetrating optical tube periscopes. These masts must still be hoisted above the surface, and employ electronic sensors for visible light, infra-red, laser range-finding, and electromagnetic surveillance.

A typical nuclear submarine has a crew of over 120; non-nuclear boats typically have less than half as many. Their job is difficult because they must work in isolation for long periods of time, without much contact with their families. Submarines normally maintain [[radio silence]] to avoid detection. Operating a submarine is dangerous, even in peacetime; many submarines have been lost in accidents (see history, below).

===Types of military submarines===

Non-strategic military or attack submarines may be divided in two general types: Nuclear (what the U.S. calls a fast-attack submarine; SSN) or diesel-electric (SS). Nuclear powered submarines are faster and larger, and have more firepower and longer mission endurance than diesel-electrics. Depending on the submarine's overall mission, the diesel-electric submarine is sometimes more suited for shallow water or littoral operations.

To close the gap between the two very different designs several navies have started the development of, [[air-independent propulsion]] boats which are in fact diesel-electric submarines with an enlarged diving period.

Every known strategic, ballistic-missile carrying submarine (SSBN) operated today is nuclear powered. In regard to tactical nuclear weapons, it is widely rumored that [[Israel]] tested nuclear-capable [[cruise missile|cruise missiles]] from two German-built ''Dolphin''-class diesel submarines in May 2000 which thus may have reached operational capability today.

U.S. SSNs no longer carry nuclear-tipped Tomahawk cruise missiles as a result of nuclear arms control agreements. Some older, [[Ohio class submarine|Trident]] class SSBN submarines are however scheduled to be converted to carry multiple conventional-warhead, "guided" Tomahawk missiles and thus become redesignated as an SSGN.

Attack submarines carrying missiles or torpedoes may be nuclear, diesel-electric or air independent powered. Currently obsolete are the tactics which called for groups of specialized submarines, such as the squadrons which contained each of the Japanese Types A, B, and C, of which the first two carried scout seaplanes, and which the first type commanded; or the US Navy's [[Hunter-killer submarine|hunter-killer submarine]]s. Other obsolete types include [[Radar-picket submarine|radar-picket submarine]]s, such as [[USS Triton (SSRN-586)|USS ''Triton'']]; specialized mine-layers; and those which carried attack seaplanes, such as the Japanese ''I-400''-class.

Outside these categories may fall the many smaller [[midget submarine]]s, used for sabotage, espionage and secretive transport. Five of this type were used by Japan in the attack on [[Pearl Harbor]]. [[North Korea]]'s submarine fleet, estimated as the fourth-largest in the world in the 1990s, consists largely of smaller vessels. Also outside these categories fall the [[World War II]] German [[Type XIV U-boat|''milchkuh'']] submarines: submersible supply vessels.

====Ballistic Missile Submarines====

[[Image:Snle-snle-ng-svg.svg|right|200px|thumb|Comparison of different nuclear systems: left, the SNLE ([[Redoutable class submarine|''Redoutable'']] type) with the [[M-4 SLBM|M4 missile]]; right, the SNLE-NG ([[Triomphant class submarine|''Triomphant'']] type) with the present [[M45 SLBM|M45 missile]] and the future [[M51 SLBM|M51 missile]].]]

''[[Ballistic missile]]'' submarines (''SSBNs'' or ''boomers'' in American [[slang]]) carry [[submarine-launched ballistic missile|submarine-launched ballistic missiles]] (SLBM) with [[nuclear weapon|nuclear warheads]], for attacking strategic targets such as cities or [[missile silo]]s anywhere in the world. They are currently universally [[nuclear power|nuclear-powered]], to provide the greatest stealth and endurance. (The first Soviet ballistic missile submarines were diesel-powered.) They played an important part in [[Cold War]] mutual [[deterrence]], as both the United States and the Soviet Union had the credible ability to conduct a [[retaliatory strike]] against the other nation in the event of a [[first strike]]. This comprised the strategy of [[Mutual Assured Destruction]].

[[Image:USS Michigan (SSBN-727).jpg|thumb|left|The ''Ohio''-class submarine [[USS Michigan (SSBN-727)|USS ''Michigan'']].]]

The U.S. has 18 [[Ohio class submarine|''Ohio'' class]] submarines, of which 14 are [[Trident missile|Trident II]] [[SSBN]]s, each carrying 24 SLBMs. The American [[George Washington class submarine|''George Washington'']] class "boomers" were named for "famous Americans", and together with the [[Ethan Allen class submarine|''Ethan Allen'']], [[Lafayette class submarine|''Lafayette'']], [[James Madison class submarine|''James Madison'']], and [[Benjamin Franklin class submarine|''Benjamin Franklin'']] classes, these SSBN's comprised the "41 for Freedom." Later ''Ohio'' class submarines were named for states (recognizing the increase in striking power and importance, equivalent to battleships), with the exceptions that some of the "famous Americans" were foreigners and [[USS Henry M. Jackson (SSBN-730)|SSBN-730]] gained the name of a Senator. The first four ''Ohio'' class vessels were equipped with Trident I, and are now being converted to carry [[Tomahawk missile|Tomahawk]] guided missiles.

For [[Russia]], see [[List of NATO reporting names for ballistic missile submarines]].

[[Image:HMS Renown (Resolution-class submarine) .jpg|thumb|200px|The ''Resolution''-class [[HMS Renown (S26)|HMS ''Renown'']]]]

The British [[Royal Navy]] possess a single class of four ballistic missile submarines (what RN call "bombers", for their function), the [[Vanguard class submarine|''Vanguard'' class]]. The Royal Navy's previous ballistic missile submarine class was the [[Resolution class submarine|''Resolution'' class]] which also consisted of four boats. The ''Resolution''s, named after battleships to convey the fact they were the new [[capital ship]]s, were decommissioned when the ''Vanguard''s entered service in the [[1990s]].

France operates a ''[[force de frappe]]'' including a nuclear ballistic submarine fleet made up of one SSBN [[Redoutable class submarine|''Redoutable'' class]] and three SSBNs of the [[Triomphant class submarine|''Triomphant'' class]]. One additional SSBN of the ''Triomphant'' class is under construction.

The [[People's Republic of China]]'s [[People's Liberation Army Navy]]'s SLBM inventory is relatively new. China launched its first nuclear armed submarine in April 1981. The PLAN currently has 5 [[Han class submarine|''Han'']]s at 5,000 tons displacement and 1 [[Xia class submarine|''Xia'']] at roughly 8,000 tons displacement. Both are based on Soviet designs. The Type 91 is outfitted with 6 SLBM launching tubes and the Type 92 is equipped with 12. China's SLBM program is built around its [[JL-1]] inventory. The Chinese Navy is estimated to have 24 JL-1s. The JL-1 is basically a modified [[DF-21]].

The PLAN plans to replace its JL-1 with an unspecified number of the longer ranged, more modern [[JL-2]]s. Deployment on the JL-2 reportedly began in late [[2003]].

====Attack boats====

Submarines designed for the purpose of attacking merchant ships or other warships are known as "fast attacks", "[[hunter-killer]]s", "fast boats", or "fleet submarines". They typically carry [[torpedo]]es for attacking naval vessels, and today carry [[cruise missile]]s for attacking either land-based targets or shipping. On American submarines, cruise missiles can be fired horizontally through a submarine's torpedo tubes, or, on newer vessels, via specially designed [[vertical launching system|vertical launch tubes]]. The former has an effect of reducing the available torpedoes a submarine can carry, while the latter requires it to be reloaded by a [[submarine tender]] or by returning to port. The [[Soviet Navy]] also developed several types of missile attack submarines (SSGNs), which carried a heavy load of anti-surface missiles, as their primary targets were U.S. aircraft carriers.

Attack submarines can use a wide variety of propulsion systems. The majority of non-nuclear submarines use the same diesel-electric combination developed early in the [[20th century]], many use nuclear power, and a small but growing number use some other form of [[air-independent propulsion]] such as [[fuel cell]]s or [[Stirling engine]]s. All of the attack submarines of the United States use nuclear power.

All American attack submarines (that had actual names rather than just alphanumeric designators) were named for various ocean fish until the [[Los Angeles class submarine|''Los Angeles'' class]], which are named for cities&mdash;with the exceptions of a few named for politicians and Hyman G. Rickover, the [[Seawolf class submarine|''Seawolf'' class]], which received the traditional name for the first, a state name for the second and a Presidential name for the third (and last), and now the [[Virginia class submarine|''Virginia'' class]], where the first six are named after states.

Until the 1980s, Russian attack submarines were designed around the concept of Anti-Surface Warfare so they tended to be fast and noisy. Due primarily to a U.S. sailor and communications technician who spied for the Soviet Union, [[John Anthony Walker]], Russia learned NATO naval forces could track them quite easily and over time redesigned their submarines to operate much more quietly. The [[Victor class submarine|Victor III]] was the first class of Russian submarine to be built with this new cabability; armed with torpedoes, SUBROCs, and cruise missiles, they posed a more significant threat to NATO sea power. Today Russian [[Akula class submarine|''Akula'']] (Shark), [[Sierra class submarine|Sierra]], and ''[[Graney class submarine|Graney]]'' class submarines continue in design innovation and are respected as some of the finest submarines in the world.

[[Image:Trafalgar class submarine.JPG|right|thumb|250px|A ''Trafalgar''-class submarine]]

Just before the [[1990s]], the Royal Navy consisted of diesel and nuclear powered submarines but, due to the end of the Cold War, financial cuts saw the RN submarine fleet became all-nuclear, presently consisting of the [[Swiftsure class submarine|''Swiftsure'']] and [[Trafalgar class submarine|''Trafalgar'']] class submarines, the latter named after the [[Battle of Trafalgar]]. The boats are armed with torpedoes, [[AGM-84 Harpoon|Harpoon]] anti-ship missiles and many are now armed with the Tomahawk cruise missile, which is fired from their torpedo tubes. The RN intends to have all of its attack submarines armed with the Tomahawk by [[2008]]. During the [[Kosovo War]], [[HMS Splendid (S106)|HMS ''Splendid'']] became the first RN submarine to fire a Tomahawk in anger. The expected replacement of those classes is the [[Astute class submarine|''Astute''-class]] submarine, but delays have seen the expected launch of the first A class, [[HMS Astute (S119)|HMS ''Astute'']], moved to [[2009]].

The names of Royal Navy submarine classes, including ballistic missile submarines, are letter-based; thus, all boats of the ''Swiftsure'' class begin with the letter S and the ''Trafalgar''s, the letter T. Royal Navy submarines were originally designated alphanumerically, such as [[HMS A1|HMS ''A1'']] of the [[A class submarine (1903)|A-class]] of [[1903]] (built by the pioneer designer, [[John P. Holland]]).

The role of all these attack boats has changed considerably since the end of the [[Cold War]]. U.S. fast boats no longer prowl the deep oceans in the hunt for the elusive Soviet, instead they provide cruise missile support, early warning and intelligence gathering, harbor mine clearing, Special Operation Warfare team delivery, and others. The ''Virginia'' class was specifically designed with this multiple-mission capability in mind.

==History of submarines==

===Early history of submarines and the first submersibles===

A far ancestor for a submarine is probably a [[17th century]] [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] [[Cossack]] [[riverboat]] called ''chaika'' (gull) that was used underwater for [[reconnaissance]] and [[infiltration]] missions. ''Chaika'' could be easily capsized and submerged so that the [[crew]] was able to breathe underneath (like in a modern [[diving bell]]) and propel the vessel by walking on the bottom of river. Special plummets (for submerging) and pipes for additional breathing were used.

[[Image:drebbel_cover.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Reconstruction of [[Cornelius Jacobszoon Drebbel]]'s [[1620]] submarine.]]

The first submersible with reliable information on its construction was built in [[1620]] by [[Cornelius Jacobszoon Drebbel]], a Dutchman in the service of [[James I of England|James I]]. It was propelled by means of oars. The precise nature of the submarine type is a matter of some controversy; some claim that it was merely a bell towed by a boat. Two improved types were tested in the [[Thames]] between 1620 and [[1624]].

Though the first submersible vehicles were tools for exploring under water, it did not take long for inventors to recognize their military potential. The strategic advantages of submarines were set out by Bishop [[John Wilkins]] of [[Chester]] in ''Mathematicall Magick'' in [[1648]].

#''Tis private: a man may thus go to any coast in the world invisibly, without discovery or prevented in his journey.''

#''Tis safe, from the uncertainty of Tides, and the violence of Tempests, which do never move the sea above five or six paces deep. From Pirates and Robbers which do so infest other voyages; from ice and great frost, which do so much endanger the passages towards the Poles.''

#''It may be of great advantages against a Navy of enemies, who by this may be undermined in the water and blown up.''

#''It may be of special use for the relief of any place besieged by water, to convey unto them invisible supplies; and so likewise for the surprisal of any place that is accessible by water.''

#''It may be of unspeakable benefit for submarine experiments.''

===The first military submarines===

[[image:Bushnell-turtle-big.jpg|thumb|150px|left|A cross-section sketch of Bushnell's [[Turtle (submarine)|''Turtle'']].]]

The first military submarine was [[Turtle (submarine)|''Turtle'']], a hand-powered egg-shaped device designed by the American [[David Bushnell]], to accommodate a single man. It was the first verified submarine capable of independent underwater operation and movement, and the first to use [[Propeller#Ship.2FSubmarine_propellers_.28screws.29|screws]] for propulsion. During the [[American Revolutionary War]], ''Turtle'' (operated by Sgt. Ezra Lee, Continental Army) tried and failed to sink a British warship, [[HMS Eagle|HMS ''Eagle'']] (flagship of the blockaders) in [[New York City|New York]] harbor on [[September 7]], [[1776]].

[[Image:FultonNautilus.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The ''[[Nautilus (1800)|Nautilus]]'' ([[1800]])]]

In [[1800]], France built a human-powered submarine designed by [[Robert Fulton]], the [[Nautilus (1800)|''Nautilus'']]. It proved capable of using mines to destroy two warships during demonstrations. The French eventually gave up with the experiment in 1804, as did the British when they later tried the submarine.

During the [[War of 1812]], in [[1814]] [[Silas Halsey]] lost his life while using a submarine in unsuccessful attack on a British warship stationed in [[New London harbor]].

In 1851, a Bavarian artillery corporal, Wilhelm Bauer, took a submarine called the ''Brandtaucher'' (fire-diver) to sea in Kiel Harbour. This submarine was powered by a [[treadwheel]]. It sank but the crew of 3 managed to escape. The submarine was raised in 1887 and is on display in a museum in Dresden.

===Submarines in the American Civil War===

[[Image:USS_Alligator_0844401.jpg|thumb|200px|The French-designed [[1862]] ''[[USS Alligator (1862)|Alligator]]'', first submarine of the [[US Navy]].]]

During the [[American Civil War]], the Union was the first to field a submarine. The French-designed [[USS Alligator (1862)|''Alligator'']] was the first [[U.S. Navy]] sub and the first to feature compressed air (for air supply) and an air filtration system. She was the first submarine to carry a diver lock which allowed a diver to plant electrically-detonated mines on enemy ships. Initially hand-powered by oars, she was converted after 6 months to a screw propeller powered by a hand crank. With a crew of 20, she was larger than Confederate submarines. ''Alligator'' was 47 feet (14.3 meters) long and about 4 feet (1.2 meters) in diameter. She was lost in a storm off [[Cape Hatteras]] on [[April 1]], [[1863]] while uncrewed and under tow to her first combat deployment at Charleston.

The [[Confederate States of America]] fielded several human-powered submarines including [[CSS H. L. Hunley|CSS ''H. L. Hunley'']] (named for one of her financer, Horace Hunley) . The first Confederate submarine was the 30-foot long ''Pioneer'' which sank a target [[schooner]] using a towed mine during tests on [[Lake Pontchartrain]] but she was not used in combat. She was scuttled after New Orleans was captured and in 1868 was sold for scrap.

CSS ''Hunley'' was used for attacking the North's ships, which were blockading the South's seaports. The submarine had a long pole with an explosive chargein the bow, called a spar torpedo. The sub had to approach an enemy vessel, attach the explosive, move away, and then detonate it. It was extremely hazardous to operate, and had no air supply other than what was contained inside the main compartment. On two occasions, the sub sank; on the first occasion half the crew died and on the second, the entire eight-man crew (including Hunley himself) drowned. On [[February 18]], [[1864]] ''Hunley'' sank [[USS Housatonic|USS ''Housatonic'']] off the Charleston Harbor, the first time a submarine successfully sank another ship, though she sank in the same engagement shortly after signaling her success. Another Confederate submarine was lost on her maiden voyage in Lake Pontchartrain; she was found washed ashore in the 1870s and is now on display at the [[Louisiana State Museum]]. Submarines did not have a major impact on the outcome of the war, but did portend their coming importance to naval warfare and increased interest in their use in naval warfare.

===Mechanically-powered submarines (late 1800s)===

[[Image:Plongeur.jpg|thumb|300px|''[[Plongeur]]'', the first submarine that did not rely on human power for propulsion.]]

The first submarine that did not rely on human power for propulsion was the French submarine ''[[Plongeur]]'', launched in [[1863]], and equipped with a reciprocating engine using compressed air from 23 tanks at 180 [[Pound-force per square inch|psi]] <ref>http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/ship/sub-history4.htm</ref>.

The first combustion-powered submarine was the [[steam]] and [[peroxide]] driven [[Ictineo|''Ictineo II'']], launched in [[1867]] by [[Narcis Monturiol i Estarriol|Narcís Monturiol]]. It was originally launched in [[1864]] as a human-powered submarine, propelled by 16 men. <ref>http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/ship/sub-history4.htm</ref>. [[image:Ictineo II.jpg|thumb|left|200px|A replica of [[Narcis Monturiol i Estarriol|Monturiol]]'s wooden Ictineo II stands near [[Barcelona]] harbor]]The 14 meter long craft was designed to carry a crew of two, dive 30 metres (96 feet), and demonstrated dives of two hours. When on the surface it ran on a steam engine, but underwater such an engine would quickly consume the submarine's oxygen. So Monturiol turned to chemistry to invent an engine that ran on a reaction of potassium chlorate, zinc and manganese peroxide. The beauty of this method was that the reaction which drove the screw released oxygen, which when treated was used in the hull for the crew and also fed an auxiliary steam engine that helped propel the craft under water. In spite of successful demonstrations in the Port of Barcelona, Monturiol was unable to interest the Spanish navy, or of any other country.

In [[1870]], the French writer, [[Jules Verne]], published the [[science fiction]] classic ''[[Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea|20,000 Leagues under the Sea]]'', which concerns the adventures of a maverick inventor in ''[[Nautilus]]'', a submarine more advanced than any that existed at that time. The story inspired inventors to build more advanced submarines.

In [[1879]], a Manchester curate, the Reverend [[George Garrett]] built the steam-powered ''[[Resurgam]]'' at [[Birkenhead]]. Garrett intended to demonstrate the 12m long vehicle to the British Navy at Portsmouth, but had mechanical problems, and while under tow the submarine was swamped and sank off North Wales.

The first submarine built in series, however, was human-powered. It was the submarine of the Polish inventor Stefan Drzewiecki&mdash;50 units were built in [[1881]] for Russian government. In 1884 the same inventor built an electric-powered submarine.

Discussions between George Garret and Swede Thorsten Nordenfelt led to a series of steam powered submarines. The first was the Nordenfelt I, a 56 tonne, 19.5 metre long spindle shaped vessel similar to the Resurgam, with a range of 240 kilometres and armed with a single torpedo in 1885. Greece, fearful of the return of the Ottomans, purchased it. Nordenfelt then built the Nordenfelt II, a 30 metre long submarine with twin torpedo tubes, which he sold to a worried Ottoman navy. Nordenfelt's efforts culminated in 1887 with the Nordenfelt IV, with twin motors and twin torpedoes. It was sold to the worried Russians, but proved unstable, ran aground and was scrapped.

[[Image:Peral1888.jpg|thumb|250px|The Peral submarine in [[1888]] Its hull can be seen today at Cartagena]]

The first fully capable military submarine was the electrically powered vessel built by the Spanish engineer and sailor, [[Isaac Peral]], for the [[Spanish Navy]]. It was launched in September 8th, [[1888]]. It had two [[torpedo]]es, new air systems, and a hull shape and propeller and cruciform external controls anticipating later designs. Its underwater speed was ten knots, but it suffered from the short range of battery powered systems. In June 1890 Peral's submarine launched the first torpedo fired from a submarine under the sea. The Spanish Navy scrapped the project.

Many more submarines were built at this time by various inventors, but they were not to become effective weapons until the 20th century.

===Late 1800s to World War I===

[[Image:USS Plunger (SS-2).jpg|right|250px|thumb|USS ''Plunger'', launched in 1902]]

The turn of century era marked a pivotal time in the development of submarines, with a number of important technologies making their debut, as well as the widespread adoption and fielding of submarines by a number of nations. [[Diesel]] electric propulsion would become the dominant power system and things such as the periscope would become standardized. Large numbers of experiments were done by countries on effective tactics and weapons for submarines, all of which would culminate in them making a large impact on coming World War I.

In 1895, the [[Ireland|Irish]] inventor [[John Philip Holland]] designed submarines that, for the first time, made use of internal combustion engine power on the surface and electric [[battery (electricity)|battery]] power for submerged operations. In 1902, Holland received {{US patent|708553}}. Some of his vessels were purchased by the [[United States]], the [[United Kingdom]], the [[Imperial Russian Navy]], and [[Japan]], and commissioned into their navies around 1900. The [[US Navy]] commissioned its first submarine, the [[USS Holland (SS-1)|USS Holland]] in [[1900]], and the [[Imperial Japanese Navy]] purchased five similar designs in [[1904]].

[[Image:NarvalSubmarine.jpg|thumb|250px|The [[1900]] French submarine ''Narval'']]

Commissioned in June [[1900]], the French steam and electric submarine ''Narval'' introduced the classic twin-hull design, with an inner hull inside an outer hull. France was "undoubtedly the first navy to have an effective submarine force" (Conway Marine "Steam, Steel and Shellfire"). These 200 tons ships had a range of over 100 miles on the surface, and over 10 miles underwater. The French submarine ''Aigette'' in [[1904]] further improved the concept by using a [[diesel]] rather than a gasoline engine for surface power. Large numbers of these submarines were built, with seventy-six completed before 1914.

===Submarines during World War I===

[[Image:U9Submarine.jpg|thumb|250px|German submarine U9 (1910). She sank three English [[cruiser]]s in a few minutes in September [[1914]].]]

The first time military submarines had significant impact on a war was in [[World War I]]. Forces such as the [[U-boat]]s of [[Germany]] saw action in the [[First Battle of the Atlantic]]. The U-boats' ability to function as practical war machines relied on new tactics, their numbers, and submarine technologies such as combination [[diesel]]/[[electric]] power system that had been developed in the preceding years. More like submersible ships than the submarines of today, U-boats operated primarily on the surface using regular engines, submerging occasionally to attack under battery power. They were roughly triangular in cross-section, with a distinct [[keel]], to control rolling while surfaced, and a distinct bow.

===Interwar developments===

[[Image:HMS M2.jpg|right|thumb|250px|The [[HMS M2]] launching a [[seaplane]]]]

Various new submarine designs were developed during the interwar years. Among the most notorious ones were [[Submarine aircraft carrier]]s, equipped with waterproof hangar and steam catapult and which could launch and recover one or more small seaplanes. The submarine and her plane could then act as a reconnaissance unit ahead of the fleet, an essential role at a time when [[radar]] still did not exist. The first example was the British [[HMS M2]], followed by the French [[French submarine Surcouf|''Surcouf'']], and numerous aircraft-carrying submarines in the [[Imperial Japanese Navy]]. The 1929 ''Surcouf'' was also designed as an "underwater cruiser," intended to seek and engage in surface combat.

===Submarines during World War II===

====Germany====

Germany had the largest submarine fleet during World War II. Due to the [[Treaty of Versailles]] limiting the surface navy, the rebuilding of the German surface forces had only begun in earnest a year before the outbreak of World War II. Having no hope of defeating the vastly superior [[Royal Navy]] decisively in a surface battle, the German High Command immediately stopped all construction on capital surface ships save the nearly completed [[Bismarck class battleship|Bismarck class battleships]] and two cruisers and switched the resources to submarines, which could be built more quickly. Though it took most of 1940 to expand the production facilities and get the mass production started, more than a thousand submarines were built by the end of the war.

[[image:U-47s.jpg|thumb|250px|[[U-47]] returns to port after sinking [[HMS Royal Oak (08)|HMS ''Royal Oak'']] in October 1939. The battlecruiser ''[[German battlecruiser Scharnhorst|Scharnhorst]]'' is seen in the background''.]]

Germany put submarines to devastating effect in the [[Second Battle of the Atlantic]] in [[World War II]], attempting but ultimately failing to cut off Britain's supply routes by sinking more ships than Britain could replace. The supply lines were vital to Britain for food and industry, as well as armaments from the USA. Although the U-boats had been updated in the intervening years, the major innovation was improved communications, encrypted using the famous [[Enigma machine|Enigma cypher machine]]. This allowed for mass-attack [[tactics]] or "[[wolf pack]]s", (Rudel), but was also ultimately the U-boats' downfall.

After putting to sea, the U-boats operated mostly on their own trying to find convoys in areas assigned to them by the High Command. If a convoy was found, the submarine did not attack immediately, but shadowed the convoy to allow other submarines in the area to find the convoy. These were then grouped into a larger striking force and attacked the convoy simultaneously, preferably at night while surfaced.

In the first half of the War the submarines scored spectacular successes with these tactics, but were too few to have any decisive success. In the second half Germany had enough submarines, but this was more than nullified by equally increased numbers of convoy escorts, aircraft, and technical advances like [[radar]] and [[sonar]]. [[Huff-Duff]] and [[Ultra]] allowed the Allies to route convoys around wolf packs when they detected them from their radio transmissions.

[[Winston Churchill]] wrote that the U-boat threat was the only thing that ever gave him cause to doubt the Allies' eventual victory.

====Japan====

''Main article: [[Imperial Japanese Navy submarines]]''

[[Image:I-400.jpg|thumb|left|250px|The [[Imperial Japanese Navy]]'s ''[[I-400 class submarine]]'', the largest submarine type of WWII.]]

Japan had by far the most varied fleet of submarines of [[World War II]], including manned torpedoes ([[Kaiten]]), midget submarines ([[Ko-hyoteki class submarine|Ko-hyoteki]], [[Kairyu class submarine|Kairyu]]), medium-range submarines, purpose-built supply submarines (many for use by the Army), long-range fleet submarines (many of which carried an aircraft), submarines with the highest submerged speeds of the conflict ([[I-200 class submarine|Sentaka ''I-200'']]), and submarines that could carry multiple bombers (WWII's largest submarine, the [[I-400 class submarine|Sentoku ''I-400'']]). These submarines were also equipped with the most advanced torpedo of the conflict, the oxygen-propelled [[Long Lance|Type 95]] (what U.S. historian Samuel E. Morison postwar called "Long Lance").

Overall, despite their technical prowesses, Japanese submarines were relatively unsuccessful. They were often used in offensive roles against warships, which were fast, maneuverable and well-defended compared to merchant ships. In [[1942]], Japanese submarines sank two fleet [[aircraft carriers]], one [[cruiser]], and several [[destroyers]] and other warships, and damage many others, including two [[battleships]]. They were not able to sustain these results afterwards, as Allied fleets were reinforced and became better organized. By the end of the war, submarines were instead often used to transport supplies to island garrisons. During the war, Japan managed to sink about 1 million tons of merchant shipping (184 ships), compared to 1.5 million tons for Great Britain (493 ships), 4.65 million tons for the US (1,079 ships) and 14.3 million tons for Germany (2,840 ships).

Early models were not very maneuverable under water, could not dive very deep, and lacked [[radar]]. (Later in the war units that were fitted with [[radar]] were in some instances sunk due to the ability of US radar sets to detect their emissions. For example, [[USS Batfish (SS-310)|''Batfish'' (SS-310)]] sunk three such equipped submarines in the span of four days). After the end of the conflict, several of Japan's most original submarines were sent to Hawaii for inspection in "Operation Road's End" ([[I-400 class submarine|''I-400'']], ''I-401'', [[I-200 class submarine|''I-201'']] and ''I-203'') before being scuttled by the U.S. Navy in 1946, when the Soviets demanded access to the submarines as well.

====United States====

[[Image:USS Grayback (SS 208).jpg|thumb|left|[[USS Grayback (SS-208)|USS ''Grayback'']]]]

Meanwhile, the US used its submarines to attack [[merchant ship]]ping (commerce raiding or ''guerre de course''), her submarines destroying more [[Japan]]ese shipping than all other weapons combined. Where Japan had the finest submarine torpedoes, the USN had perhaps the worst, the Mark XIV, with a Mark VI magnetic influence exploder and Mark V contact exploder, neither of which worked correctly for the first twenty months of the war. Senior Submarine Force commanders (including one member of the Mark XIV's design team) ignored crew complaints.

====The schnorchel====

Diesel submarines needed air to run their engines, and so carried very large [[Battery (electricity)|batteries]] for submerged travel. These limited the speed and range of the submarines while submerged. The [[snorkel#Submarine snorkel|schnorchel]] (a prewar Dutch invention) was used to allow German submarines to run just under the surface, attempting to avoid detection visually and by [[radar]]. The German navy experimented with engines that would use [[hydrogen peroxide]] to allow diesel fuel to be used while submerged, but technical difficulties were great. The Allies experimented with a variety of detection systems, including chemical sensors to "[[smell]]" the exhaust of submarines.

===Modern submarines===

In the [[1950s]], [[nuclear power]] partially replaced diesel-electric propulsion. Equipment was also developed to extract [[oxygen]] from sea water. These two innovations gave submarines the ability to remain submerged for weeks or months, and enabled previously impossible voyages such as [[USS Nautilus (SSN-571)|USS ''Nautilus'']]'s crossing of the North pole beneath the Arctic ice cap in 1958. Most of the naval submarines built since that time in the United States and the Soviet Union/Russia have been powered by nuclear reactors. The limiting factors in submerged endurance for these vessels are food supply and crew morale in the space-limited submarine.

While the greater endurance and performance from nuclear reactors mean that nuclear submarines are better for long distance missions or the protection of a carrier battle-force, conventional diesel-electric submarines have continued to be produced by both nuclear and non-nuclear powers, as they can be made stealthier, except when required to run the diesel engine to recharge the ship’s battery. Technological advances in sound dampening, noise isolation and cancellation have substantially eroded this advantage. Though far less capable regarding speed and weapons payload, conventional submarines are also cheaper to build. The introduction of [[air-independent propulsion]] boats led to increased sales numbers of such types of submarines.

During the [[Cold War]], the [[United States|United States of America]] and the [[Soviet Union]] maintained large submarine fleets that engaged in cat-and-mouse games; this tradition today continues, on a much-reduced scale. The Soviet Union suffered the loss of at least four submarines during this period: [[Soviet submarine K-129|''K-129'']] was lost in [[1968]] (which [[CIA]] attempted to retrieve from the ocean floor with the [[Howard Hughes]]-designed ship named [[Hughes Glomar Explorer|Glomar Explorer]]), [[Soviet submarine K-8|''K 8'']] in [[1970]], [[Soviet submarine K-219|''K -219'']] in [[1986]] (subject of the film "Hostile Waters"), and [[Soviet submarine Komsomolets|''Komsomolets'']] (the only Mike class submarine) in [[1989]] (which held a depth record among the military submarines&mdash;1000&nbsp;m). Many other Soviet subs, such as [[Soviet submarine K-19|''K-19'']] (first Soviet nuclear submarine, and first Soviet sub at North Pole) were badly damaged by fire or radiation leaks. The United States lost two nuclear submarines during this time: [[USS Thresher (SSN-593)|USS ''Thresher'']] and [[USS Scorpion (SSN-589)|''Scorpion'']]. The Thresher was lost due to equipment failure, and the exact cause of the loss of the Scorpion is not known.

[[Image:HMS Conqueror (S48).jpg|right|250px|thumb|[[HMS Conqueror (S48)|HMS ''Conqueror'']] flying a [[Jolly Roger#Use by submarines|Jolly Roger]] on returning to [[HMNB Clyde|Faslane]] having sunk [[ARA General Belgrano]]]]

The United Kingdom employed nuclear-powered submarines against [[Argentina]] in [[1982]] during the two nations' [[Falklands War|dispute]] over the [[Falkland Islands]]. The sinking of the antiquated cruiser [[ARA General Belgrano|ARA ''General Belgrano'']] by [[HMS Conqueror (S48)|HMS ''Conqueror'']] was the first sinking by a nuclear-powered submarine in war.

===Major submarine incidents since 2000===

'''''Main Article: '''[[Major submarine incidents since 2000]]''

Since submarines have been actively deployed, there have been several incidents involving submarines which were not part of major combat. Most of these incidents were during the Cold War, but some are more recent. Since the year [[2000]] there have been 9 major naval incidents involving submarines. There were three [[Russia|Russian]] submarine incidents, in two of which the submarines in question were lost, along with three [[United States]] submarine incidents, one [[China|Chinese]] incident, one [[Canada|Canadian]], and one [[Australia|Australian]] incident. In August 2005, the Russian PRIZ, an [[AS-28]] rescue submarine was trapped by cables and/or nets off of Petropavlovsk, and saved when a British ROV cut them free in a massive international effort.

==Submarine propulsion==

Until the advent of [[nuclear marine propulsion]], most [[20th century]] submarines used batteries for running underwater and [[gasoline]] (petrol) or [[diesel]] engines on the surface and to recharge the batteries. Early boats used gasoline but this quickly gave way to paraffin, then diesel, because of reduced flammability. Diesel-electric became the standard means of propulsion. Initially the diesel or gasoline engine and the electric motor were on the same shaft which also drove a propeller with clutches between each of them. This allowed the engine to drive the electric motor as a generator to recharge the batteries and also propel the submarine if required. The clutch between the motor and the engine would be disengaged when the boat dived so that the motor could be used to turn the propeller. The motor could have more than one armature on the shaft &mdash; these would be electrically coupled in series for slow speed and parallel for high speed (known as "group down" and "group up" respectively).

In the [[1930s]] the principle was modified for some submarine designs, particularly those of the [[United States Navy|U.S. Navy]] and the British [[U Class submarine|U-class]]. The engine was no longer attached to the motor/propeller drive shaft but drove a separate generator which would drive the motors on the surface and/or recharge the batteries. This [[diesel-electric]] propulsion allowed much more flexibility, for example the submarine could travel slowly whilst the engines were running at full power to recharge the batteries as quickly as possible, reducing time on the surface, or use its [[snorkel]]. Also it was now possible to [[soundproofing|insulate]] the noisy diesel engines from the pressure hull making the submarine quieter.

There were other power sources attempted&mdash;oil-fired steam turbines powered the British [[British K class submarine|"K" class submarines]] built during the [[World War I|First World War]] and in following years but these were not very successful.

This was selected to give them the necessary surface speed to keep up with the British battle fleet.

Steam power was resurrected in the [[1950s]] with the advent of the nuclear-powered steam turbine driving a generator which is now used in all large submarines. By removing the requirement for atmospheric oxygen these submarines can stay submerged indefinitely so long as food supplies remain (air is recycled and fresh water [[distilled]] from seawater). These vessels always have a small battery and diesel engine/generator installation for emergency use should the reactor have to be shut down.

[[Image:Victoria crosssection submarine.jpg|right|thumb|250px|[[Victoria class submarine|''Victoria'' Class]] submarine cross-section]]

[[Anaerobic]] propulsion was employed by the first mechanically driven submarine [[Ictineo|Ictineo II]] in [[1864]]. Ictineo's engine used a chemical mix containing a [[peroxide]] compound, that generated heat for steam propulsion while at the same time solved the problem of [[oxygen]] renovation in an [[hermetic]] container for breathing purposes. The system wasn't employed again until [[1940]] when the German Navy tested a system employing the same principles, the [[Hellmuth Walter|Walter]] [[turbine]], on the experimental [[V-80]] submarine and later on the naval [[U-791]] submarine.

At the end of the [[Second World War]] the [[United Kingdom|British]] and Russians experimented with [[hydrogen peroxide]]/[[kerosene]] (paraffin) engines which could be used both above and below the surface. The results were not encouraging enough for this technique to be adopted at the time, although the Russians deployed a class of submarines with this engine type code named [[Quebec class submarine|Quebec]] by NATO, they were considered a failure. Today several navies, notably [[Sweden]] now use [[air-independent propulsion]] boats which substitute [[liquid oxygen]] for hydrogen peroxide.

Most small modern commercial submarines which are not expected to operate independently use batteries which can be recharged by a mother-ship after every dive.

Towards the end of the 20th century, some submarines began to be fitted with [[pump-jet]] propulsors instead of propellers. Although these are heavier, more expensive, and often less efficient than a propeller, they are significantly quieter, giving an important tactical advantage.

A possible propulsion system for submarines is the [[magnetohydrodynamic drive]], or "caterpillar drive", which has no moving parts. It was popularized in the movie version of ''[[The Hunt for Red October]]'', written by [[Tom Clancy]], which portrayed it as a virtually silent system. (In the book, a form of propulsor was used rather than an MHD.) Although some experimental surface ships have been built with this propulsion system, speeds have not been as high as those hoped. In addition, the noise created by bubbles, and the higher power settings a submarine's reactor would need, mean that it is unlikely to be considered for any military purpose.

==Submarine movies==

:''Main article: [[Submarine film]]''

A special genre of submarine movies has developed. Submarines are popular subjects for films due to the danger, drama and claustrophobia of being on a submarine, and the suspense of the cat-and-mouse game of submarine or anti-submarine warfare. These movies include ''[[The Hunt for Red October]]'', ''[[Das Boot]]'', [[U-571 (film)]], ''[[Crimson Tide]]'' and ''[[The Enemy Below]]''.

[[K-19: The Widowmaker]] is about the first of many disasters that befell the Soviet submarine K-19.

==Notes==

<references/>

==See also==

*[[Subways in South Korea]]

{{commonscat|submarines}}

*[[List of Korea-related topics]]

*[[Seoul Metropolitan Subway]]

{{Public transportation of Seoul Metropolitan Area}}

===General===

* [[AS-28]] Russian Rescue Submarine Saved

* [[Submarines in the United States Navy]]

* [[Submarine cable]]

* [[Timeline of underwater technology]]

* [[Midget submarine]]

* [[Submersible]]

* [[Semi-submersible]]

* [[Deep Submergence Rescue Vehicle]]

* [[Autonomous Underwater Vehicle]]

* [[Modern Naval tactics]]

* [[Communication with submarines]]

* [[Submarine sandwich]], named for its submarine-like shape

* [[Submarine simulator]], a computer game genre

* [[List of submarine actions]]

* [[List of sunken nuclear submarines]]

* [[Depth charge]] and [[Depth charge (cocktail)]]

* [[Nuclear navy]]

* [[List of countries with submarines]]

===Articles on specific vessels===

* [[NR-1 Deep Submergence Craft|''Nerwin'' (NR-1)]]

* [[Vesikko]]

* [[ORP Orzel|ORP Orzeł]]

* [[Ships named Nautilus]]

* [[List of submarines of the Royal Navy]]

* [[List of submarines of the United States Navy]]

* [[List of ships of the Soviet Navy#Submarines|List of Soviet submarines]]

* [[List of U-boats]]

* [[Kaiko]] (deepest submarine dive)

===Articles on specific submarine classes===

*[[List of submarine classes]]

*[[List of submarine classes of the Royal Navy]]

*[[List of Soviet and Russian submarine classes]]

*[[List of United States submarine classes]]

==Patents==

* '''{{US patent|708553}}''' - ''Submarine boat''

==References==

*"Steam, Steel and Shellfire, The steam warship 1815-1905", Conway's History of the Ship ISBN 0785814132

==External links==

* John Holland: http://www.clarelibrary.ie/eolas/coclare/people/holland.htm

* German Submarines of WWII: http://www.uboat.net

* Submarines of WWI: http://www.dropbears.com/w/ww1subs/index.htm

* Role of the Modern Submarine: http://www.submarinehistory.com/21stCentury.html

* Submariners of WWII: http://www.oralhistoryproject.com &mdash; World War II Submarine Veterans History Project

* German submarines using peroxide: http://www.dataphone.se/~ms/ubootw/boats_walter-system.htm

* record breaking Japanese Submarines: http://www.combinedfleet.com/ss.htm

* German U-Boats 1935&ndash;1945: http://www.u-boot-archiv.de

* U.S. ship photo archive: http://www.navsource.org

* Israeli missile trials: http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/israel/missile/popeye-t.htm

* The Sub Report: http://www.thesubreport.com

* The Invention of the Submarine: http://www.vectorsite.net/twsub1.html

* Submersibles and Technology by Graham Hawkes http://www.deepflight.com/subs/index.htm

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* Royal Navy submarine history http://www.royal-navy.mod.uk/static/pages/3164.html

* A century of Royal Navy submarine operations http://www.chinfo.navy.mil/navpalib/cno/n87/usw/issue_12/holland.html

* Royal Navy submarines http://www.solarnavigator.net/royal_navy_submarines.htm

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* Still floating submarine Lembit (1936) http://www.meremuuseum.ee/et/ships/lembit.html

[[Category:Ship types]]

[[Category:Submarines]]

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