Crowd computing: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Work distributed across Internet to substitute computers}}

==Crowdcomputing==

'''Crowd computing''' is a form of distributed work where tasks that are hard for computers to do, are handled by large numbers of humans distributed across the internet.

Eric Brown, co-author of "The Effective CIO", coined the term "Crowdcomputing" in 2009.<ref>Brown, Eric J. and William A. Yarberry, Jr. (2009). The Effective CIO. Boca Raton: [[Taylor and Francis|Taylor & Francis]].</ref>{{dubious|date=January 2014}} It is an overarching term which defines the myriad of tools that enable idea sharing, non-hierarchical decision making and the full utilization of the world’s massive "[[cognitive surplus]]”-the ability of the world’s population to collaborate on large, sometimes global projects. <ref>Shirky, Clay. TED Talk June 2010 http://www.ted.com/talks/clay_shirky_how_cognitive_surplus_will_change_the_world.html</ref> Crowd computing brings together the strengths of [[crowdsourcing]], [[automation]] and [[machine learning]].

Prof. Rob Miller of MIT further defines crowd computing as “harnessing the power of people out in the web to do tasks that are hard for individual users or computers to do alone. Like cloud computing, crowd computing offers elastic, on-demand human resources that can drive new applications and new ways of thinking about technology.” <ref>Miller, Rob. Microsoft research talk, June 19, 2013; http://research.microsoft.com/apps/video/default.aspx?id=194501</ref>

Eric Brown, co-author of "The Effective CIO", coined the term "Crowdcomputing" in 2009.<ref>Brown, Eric J. and William A. Yarberry, Jr. (2009). The Effective CIO. Boca Raton: [[Taylor and Francis|Taylor & Francis]].</ref>{{dubious|date=January 2014}} It is an overarching term which defines the myriad ofencompassing tools that enable idea sharing, non-hierarchical decision making and the full utilization of the world’s massive "[[cognitive surplus]]”" - the ability of the world’s population to collaborate on large, sometimes global projects. <ref>Shirky, Clay. TED Talk June 2010 http://www.ted.com/talks/clay_shirky_how_cognitive_surplus_will_change_the_world.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226143403/http://www.ted.com/talks/clay_shirky_how_cognitive_surplus_will_change_the_world.html |date=2014-02-26 }}</ref> Crowd computing brings together thecombines strengthselements of [[crowdsourcing]], [[automation]], [[distributed computing]], and [[machine learning]].

Crowd computing offers a harmonious amalgamation of both cloud computing and crowdsourcing. It combines human intelligence (the crowd) with artificial intelligence (the cloud) in order to produce quality results at unprecedented speed. Scientists and historians are already utilizing this process to complete time-consuming research, and many businesses are beginning to realize its potential for cutting costs and increasing productivity. Crowd computing very well may be on its way to changing the way humans live and operate in our society by using [http://www.crowdcomputing.com/crowd-computing-where-humans-and-machines-work-together artificial intelligence in combination with the human mind.]<ref>Crowdcomputing.com; http://www.crowdcomputing.com/crowd-computing-where-humans-and-machines-work-together</ref>

Prof. Rob Miller of MIT further defines crowd computing as “harnessing the power of people out in the web to do tasks that are hard for individual users or computers to do alone. Like cloud computing, crowd computing offers elastic, on-demand human resources that can drive new applications and new ways of thinking about technology.” <ref>Miller, Rob. Microsoft research talk, June 19, 2013; http://research.microsoft.com/apps/video/default.aspx?id=194501</ref>

Srini Devadas, professor of electrical engineering and computer science at the MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, asserts that “crowd computing will complement the cloud as one of two burgeoning infrastructures that will enable the world to become more ‘collectively intelligent’.”<ref>Computer News Middle East, “Crowd-Computing-the future?”, January 19, 2012. http://www.cnmeonline.com/insight/crowd-computing-the-future/ </ref>

Four key process and technology innovations are the core of crowdcomputing:

* Microtasking. Work is broken into small components that are easier to complete by the crowd.

* Automation. Machines complete repetitive work, leaving judgement work to humans

* Hybrid Crowd: Higher value work and a greater volume of work can be completed when specialists, crowd workers and machines work together.

* AI: Machine learning creates a cascade of knowledge that enables more and more automation and continuously optimizes cost and quality. <ref>“Enabling Exponential Data Productivity: How Crowd Computing bridges the gap between Big Data and the enterprise”. White Paper, May 2013; http://www.crowdcomputingsystems.com/Big-Data-Crowdsourcing-Automation-White-Paper#oid=1001_11_banner_22</ref>

==Crowdcomputing tools and platforms==

Businesses and society in general increasingly rely on the combined intelligence, knowledge, bandwidth and life experiences of the ‘crowd to improve processes, make decisions, identify solutions to complex problems and monitor changes in consumer taste.<ref>Crowdcomputing.com</ref> Companies like [[Amazon.com|Amazon]] and [[Google]] saw early-on the potential for crowd computing. In 1995, Amazon created [[Amazon_Mechanical_Turk|Mechanical Turk]] to deal with its internal problem of sorting its massive inventory. The platform organizes people from around the globe to ‘work efficiently as a giant machine.”<ref>Popper, Ben (17 April 2012). "Crowd computing taps artificial intelligence to revolutionize the power of our collective brains". Venture Beat. Retrieved 8 June 2012.</ref> Google uses a [[captcha]] to help digitize books. Major sites like [[Facebook]] and [[Twitter]] rely on the crowd to power the translation that spreads their service around the globe. <ref>Popper, Ben (17 April 2012). "Crowd computing taps artificial intelligence to revolutionize the power of our collective brains". Venture Beat. Retrieved 8 June 2012.</ref>

==Enterprise Crowd Computing==

The premise of leveraging the triumverate of crowd sourcing, automation and machine learning accelerates the speed, improves the accuracy and reduces the cost of work historically completed through outsourced workers and frees internal analysts to do higher-value work. The enterprise, as a result, experiences exponentially greater productivity. <ref>“Enabling Exponential Data Productivity: How Crowd Computing bridges the gap between Big Data and the enterprise”. White Paper, May 2013; http://www.crowdcomputingsystems.com/Big-Data-Crowdsourcing-Automation-White-Paper#oid=1001_11_banner_22</ref>

The author on innovation Braden Kelley deems this shift a ‘revolution’ and credits crowdcomputing with the redesign of work that is now possible thanks to new technology tools and business architecture thinking that will allow man and machine to work more efficiently together than ever before. <ref>Kelley, Braden. (3 February 2013). “The Crowd Computing Revolution” http://www.innovationexcellence.com/blog/2013/02/03/the-crowd-computing-revolution-part-one/#sthash.c2b1p5Md.dpuf</ref>

[http://www.crowdcomputingsystems.com CrowdComputing Systems, Inc.] first brought crowd computing to the enterprise level in 2012 through a software platform with technology that was originally designed at MIT for fraud-detection work; it was later deemed to have more relevance for enterprise crowdsourcing and machine intelligence. <ref>Pelz-Sharp, Alan. (24 Jul, 2013). “Crowd Computing Systems brings machine learning to enterprise crowdsourcing”. 451 Research</ref>

The company’s platform automates tasks and combines human labor sourced from companies such as [https://www.elance.com/p/lpg/freelancing/?rid=1TN5N&utm_source=google&utm_medium=cpc&utm_campaign=C-Brand-Exact&utm_term=elance&ad=29682394458&bmt=e&adpos=1t1&gclid=CKzuq7SvwbkCFVNo7AodzTsAWw#testimonials Elance], [https://www.odesk.com Odesk] and [https://www.mturk.com/mturk/welcome Amazon Mechanical Turk] to create, manage and enhance an on-demand content and data workforce. <ref>Crosman, Penny. (4 Sept, 2013). “A New Way to Outsource Bank Jobs: To the Cloud”. Banking Technology News. Retrieved 5 September 2013. http://www.americanbanker.com/issues/178_171/a-new-way-to-outsource-bank-jobs-to-the-cloud-1061769-1.html</ref>

==History==

The practice predates the internet. At the end of the 18th century, the British Royal Astronomers distributed spreadsheets by mail, asking the crowd to help them create maps of the stars and the seas. In the United States during the 1930s, when the government employed hundreds of “human computers” to work on the WPA and the Manhattan Project. <ref>Popper, Ben (17 April 2012). "Crowd computing taps artificial intelligence to revolutionize the power of our collective brains". Venture Beat. Retrieved 8 June 2012</ref>

In the late 1800s, a team of British archeologists in Egypt stumbled upon a half million pieces of 2000-year-old papyrus, each with remarkably well-preserved text requiring translation. The pieces were shipped from the desert to Oxford University, where generations of scholars have been working to decipher their writings ever since. After over a hundred years, only about 15 percent of the collection had been completed. These manuscripts contain remarkably significant pieces of history, including the controversial Gospel of Thomas and the lost comedies of Athenian playwright Menander. In 2011, however, the scholars decided to speed up the process by leveraging the crowd. They launched a website, Ancient Lives, with a game that tasks members to translate small bits of the text from home. As of November of 2011, users had already provided 4 million transcriptions, helping to identify Thucydides, Aristophanes, Plutarch’s “On the Cleverness of Animals” and much more. <ref>Crowdcomputing.com; http://www.crowdcomputing.com/uses-and-examples-of-crowd-computing</ref>

AnotherThe earlymodern exampleday includesmicrochip when,made atusing thelarge endcrowds offor themechanical 18thcomputation century,less theattractive British Royal Astronomers distributed spreadsheets by mail, askingin the crowdsecond to help them create mapshalf of the starstwentieth and the seascentury. ItHowever, reached its height inas the Unitedvolume Statesof duringdata theonline 1930sgrew, whenit thebecame government employed hundreds of “human computers”clear to workcompanies onlike the WPAAmazon and theGoogle Manhattanthat Project.there Thewere wordsome “computer,”things ashumans itwere appliessimply tobetter ourat modern-daydoing devices,than camemachines.<ref directlyname="Popper, fromBen these mathematically-minded men and women. <ref2012">Popper, Ben (17 April 2012). "Crowd computing taps artificial intelligence to revolutionize the power of our collective brains". Venture Beat. Retrieved 8 June 2012.</ref>

==See also==

An additional early example of crowd computing was the discovery of a gold deposit ___location at the Moribund Red Lake Mine in [[Northern Ontario]]. Using all available data, the company, Goldcorp, Inc. had been unable to identify the ___location of new deposits on their land. In desperation, the CEO put all relevant geological data on the web and created a contest, open to anyone in the world. An obscure firm in Australia used their software and algorithms to crack the puzzle. As a result, the company found an additional 8 million ounces of gold at the mine. The only cost was the nominal [[prize money]] awarded. <ref>Hancock, Denis. (6 Nov. 2008) “The Wisdom of Crowds vs. Uniquely Qualified Minds”. Wikinomics. http://www.wikinomics.com/blog/index.php/2008/11/06/the-wisdom-of-crowds-vs-uniquely-qualified-minds/</ref>

* [[Citizen science|Citizen Science]]

* [[Crowdsourcing]]

* [[Decentralized computing]]

* [[Distributed computing]]

==References==

The modern day microchip made using large crowds for mechanical computation less attractive in the second half of the twentieth century. However, as the volume of data online grew, it became clear to companies like Amazon and Google that there were some things humans were simply better at doing than machines. <ref>Popper, Ben (17 April 2012). "Crowd computing taps artificial intelligence to revolutionize the power of our collective brains". Venture Beat. Retrieved 8 June 2012.</ref>

{{Reflist}}

==See AlsoFurther reading==

[[Citizen science|Citizen Science]]

==References==

* Brown, Eric J. and William A. Yarberry, Jr. (2009). The Effective CIO. Boca Raton: [[Taylor and Francis|Taylor & Francis]].

* Shirky, Clay. Cognitive Surplus: Creativity and Generosity in a Connected Age (2010) - {{ISBN |978-1-59420-253-7}}

* {{cite web|last=Hurley Hall|first=Sharon|title=Startup to Watch: Crowd Control|url=http://www.podiumventures.com/blog/13-featured/430-startup-to-watch-crowd-control|publisher=Podium Ventures|accessdate=8 June 2012}}

* {{cite news|last=Popper|first=Ben|title=Crowd computing taps artificial intelligence to revolutionize the power of our collective brains|url=http://venturebeat.com/2012/04/17/crowdcontrol-ai-crowdsourcing-crowdcomputing-mechanical-turk/|accessdate=8 June 2012|newspaper=Venture Beat|date=17 April 2012}}

* Shirky, Clay. Cognitive Surplus: Creativity and Generosity in a Connected Age (2010) - ISBN 978-1-59420-253-7

* Surowiecki, J. (2005). [[The Wisdom of Crowds]]. New York: [[Random House]], Inc.

* [http://vinodscaria.rnabiology.org/cheminformatics-crowd-computing-for-tuberculosis Cheminformatics Crowd Computing for Tuberculosis Drug Discovery] (3C4TB) Project Page

==More References==

{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Crowdsourcing]]