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{{Short description|Work distributed across Internet to substitute computers}}
'''Crowd computing''' is a form of distributed work where tasks that are hard for computers to do, are handled by large numbers of humans distributed across the internet.
It is an overarching term encompassing tools that enable idea sharing, non-hierarchical decision making and utilization of "[[cognitive surplus]]" - the ability of the world’s population to collaborate on large, sometimes global projects.<ref>Shirky, Clay. TED Talk June 2010 http://www.ted.com/talks/clay_shirky_how_cognitive_surplus_will_change_the_world.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226143403/http://www.ted.com/talks/clay_shirky_how_cognitive_surplus_will_change_the_world.html |date=2014-02-26 }}</ref> Crowd computing combines elements of [[crowdsourcing]], [[automation]], [[distributed computing]], and [[machine learning]].
Prof. Rob Miller of MIT further defines crowd computing as “harnessing the power of people out in the web to do tasks that are hard for individual users or computers to do alone. Like cloud computing, crowd computing offers elastic, on-demand human resources that can drive new applications and new ways of thinking about technology.” <ref>Miller, Rob. Microsoft research talk, June 19, 2013; http://research.microsoft.com/apps/video/default.aspx?id=194501</ref>
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The practice predates the internet. At the end of the 18th century, the British Royal Astronomers distributed spreadsheets by mail, asking the crowd to help them create maps of the stars and the seas. In the United States during the 1930s, when the government employed hundreds of “human computers” to work on the WPA and the Manhattan Project. <ref>Popper, Ben (17 April 2012). "Crowd computing taps artificial intelligence to revolutionize the power of our collective brains". Venture Beat. Retrieved 8 June 2012</ref>
The modern day microchip made using large crowds for mechanical computation less attractive in the second half of the twentieth century. However, as the volume of data online grew, it became clear to companies like Amazon and Google that there were some things humans were simply better at doing than machines.<ref name="Popper, Ben 2012">Popper, Ben (17 April 2012). "Crowd computing taps artificial intelligence to revolutionize the power of our collective brains". Venture Beat. Retrieved 8 June 2012.</ref>
==See also==
* [[Citizen science|Citizen Science]]
* [[Crowdsourcing]]
* [[Decentralized computing]]
* [[Distributed computing]]
==
{{Reflist}}
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