Graph-based access control: Difference between revisions

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'''Graph-based access control''' ('''GBAC''') is a rather[[declarative newprogramming|declarative]] techniqueway forto grantingdefine users[[access ofcontrol|access rights]], task assignments, recipients and content in [[information systemssystem]]s. accessAccess rights are granted to objects like files or documents, but also business objects likesuch as an account. ItGBAC can also be used for the assignment of agents to tasks in workflow environments. Organizations are modeled as a specific kind of semantic graph comprising the organizational units, the roles and functions as well as the human and automatic agents (i.a. Comparedpersons, tomachines). The main difference with other approaches likesuch as [[RBACrole-based access control]] or [[Attributeattribute-based_access_control|ABACbased access control]] the main difference is that in GBAC access rights are defined using an organizationorganizational query language instead of total enumeration.

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Graph-based access control (GBAC) is a rather new technique for granting users of information systems access rights to objects like files or documents but also business objects like an account. It can also be used for the assignment of tasks in workflow environments. Organizations are modeled as a specific kind of semantic graph comprising the organizational units, the roles and functions as well as the agents. Compared to other approaches like [[RBAC]] or [[Attribute-based_access_control|ABAC]] the main difference is that in GBAC access rights are defined using an organization query language instead of total enumeration.

== History ==

The foundations of GBAC go back to a research project named CoCoSOrg (Configurable Cooperation System) [<ref name = "DISS">{{cite book |last1=Schaller |first1=Thomas |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/220690241 |title=Organisationsverwaltung in CSCW-Systemen - Dissertation |date=1998 |publisher=Bamberg University |___location=Bamberg}}</ref>] (in English language please see <ref name = "EOMAS">{{cite book |last1=Lawall, Schaller, Reichelt |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283579217 |title=Enterprise Architecture: A Formalism for Modelling Organizational Structures in Information Systems |date=2014 |publisher=Enterprise and Organizatinal Modeling and Simulation: 10th International Workshop CAiSE2014 |___location=Thessaloniki}}</ref>) at Bamberg University. In CoCoSOrg an organization is represented as a semantic graph and a formal language is used to specify agents and their access rights in a workflow environment. Within the C-Org-Project at Hof University's Institute for Information Systems ([http://www.iisys.de/en/research/research-groups/information-management.html iisys]), the approach was extended by features like separation of duty, access control in virtual organizations <ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lawall, Schaller, Reichelt|title=Restricted Relations between Organizations for Cross-Organizational Processes|journal=IEEE 16th Conference on Business Informatics (CBI), Geneva|date=2014|pages=74-8074–80}} [</ref> and subject-oriented access control .<ref>{{cite book|last1=Lawall, Schaller, Reichelt|title=S-BPM in the Wild: Role and Rights Management|date=2015|publisher=Springer|___location=Berlin|isbn=978-3-319-17541-6|pages=171-186171–186|edition=1}}</ref>].

The foundations of GBAC go back to a research project named CoCoSOrg (Configurable Cooperation System) [<ref name = DISS>{{cite book|last1=Schaller|first1=Thomas|title=Organisationsverwaltung in CSCW-Systemen - Dissertation|date=1998|publisher=Bamberg University|___location=Bamberg}}</ref>] (in English language please see <ref name = EOMAS>{{cite book|last1=Lawall, Schaller, Reichelt|title=Enterprise Architecture: A Formalism for Modelling Organizational Structures in Information Systems|date=2014|publisher=Enterprise and Organizatinal Modeling and Simulation: 10th International Workshop CAiSE2014|___location=Thessaloniki}}</ref>) at Bamberg University. In CoCoSOrg an organization is represented as a semantic graph and a formal language is used to specify agents and their access rights in a workflow environment. Within the C-Org-Project at Hof University's Institute for Information Systems ([http://www.iisys.de/en/research/research-groups/information-management.html iisys]) the approach was extended by features like separation of duty, access control in virtual organizations <ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lawall, Schaller, Reichelt|title=Restricted Relations between Organizations for Cross-Organizational Processes|journal=IEEE 16th Conference on Business Informatics (CBI),Geneva|date=2014|pages=74-80}} [</ref> and subject-oriented access control <ref>{{cite book|last1=Lawall, Schaller, Reichelt|title=S-BPM in the Wild: Role and Rights Management|date=2015|publisher=Springer|___location=Berlin|isbn=978-3-319-17541-6|pages=171-186|edition=1}}</ref>].

== Definition ==

Graph-based Accessaccess Controlcontrol consists of two building blocks:

* A semantic graph modeling an organization and

* aA query language.

=== Organizational graph ===

Graph-based Access Control consists of two building blocks:

[[File:GBACOrgGraph.pdf|thumb|OrganizationOrganizational Graph in GBAC]]

* A semantic graph modeling an organization and

* a query language.

The organizationorganizational graph is divided into a type and an instance level. On the instance level there are node types for organizationorganizational units, functional units and agents. The basic structure of an organization is defined using so called ″structural"structural relations″relations". They define the ″is"is part of″of"- relations between functional units and organizationorganizational units as well as the mapping of agents to functional units. Additionally there are specific relationship types like ″deputyship″"deputyship" or ″informed_by″"informed_by". These types can be extended by the modeler. All relationships can be context sensitive through the usage of predicates.[[Predicate (mathematical logic)|predicate]]s.

==== Organization Graph ====

On the type level organizationorganizational structures are described in a more general manner. It consists of organizationorganizational unit types, functional unit types and the same relationship types as on the instance level. Type definitions can be used to create new instances or reuse organizationorganizational knowledge in case of exceptions (for further reading see <ref name=DISS/> <ref name=EOMAS />).

[[File:GBACOrgGraph.pdf|thumb|Organization Graph in GBAC]]

==== Query Languagelanguage ====

The organization graph is divided into a type and an instance level. On the instance level there are node types for organization units, functional units and agents. The basic structure of an organization is defined using so called ″structural relations″. They define the ″is part of″- relations between functional units and organization units as well as the mapping of agents to functional units. Additionally there are specific relationship types like ″deputyship″ or ″informed_by″. These types can be extended by the modeler. All relationships can be context sensitive through the usage of predicates.

In GBAC a query language is used to define agents having certain characteristics or abilities. The following table shows the usage of the query language in the context of an access control matrix.

The first query means that all managers working for the company for more than asix half yearmonths can read the financial report, andas additionallywell as the managers thatwho are classified by the flag ″ReadFinancialReport″"ReadFinancialReport".

On the type level organization structures are described in a more general manner. It consists of organization unit types, functional unit types and the same relationship types as on the instance level. Type definitions can be used to create new instances or reuse organization knowledge in case of exceptions (for further reading see <ref name=DISS/> <ref name=EOMAS />).

The daily financial report can only be written by the manager of the controlling department or clerks of the department that are enabled to do that (WriteFinancialReport==TRUE).

==== Query Language ====

In GBAC a query language is used to define agents having certain characteristics or abilities. The following table shows the usage of the query language in the context of an access control matrix.

The first query means that all managers working for the company for more than a half year can read the financial report and additionally the managers that are classified by the flag ″ReadFinancialReport″.

The daily financial report can only be written by the manager of the controlling department or clerks of the department that are enabled to do that (WriteFinancialReport==TRUE).

{| class="wikitable"

Line 32 ⟶ 27:

! Data Object !! Read !! Write

|-

| Daily Financial Report || Manager(*).(Now() - Manager.HiringYear() > 0.5) OR Manager.ReadFinancialReport == TRUE || Manager(Controlling) orOR Clerk(Controlling).WriteFinancialReport == TRUE

|}

== Implementation ==

[[File:CORGUsage.jpg|thumb|Usage of C-Org]]

GBAC was first implemented in the CoCoS Environment within the organizationorganizational server CoCoSOrg .<ref name=DISS />.

In the C-Org-Project it was extended with more sophisticated features like separation of duty or access control in distributed environments.

There is also a cloud-based implementation [<ref>{{citeCite book |last1=Lawall, Schaller,|first1=Alexander |last2=Reichelt |titlefirst2=Dominik |last3=Schaller |first3=Thomas |chapter=Resource Managementmanagement and Authorizationauthorization for Cloudcloud services Services|date=2015-04-23 |publishertitle=Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Subject-Oriented Business Process Management |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1145/2723839.2723864 |series=S-BPM ONE '15 |___location=New York, ACMNY, USA |publisher=Association for Computing Machinery |pages=18:1-181–18:8 |doi=10.1145/2723839.2723864 |isbn=978-1-4503-3312-2}}</ref>] on IBM's [[Bluemix]]<ref>[http://www.ibm.com/cloud-computing/bluemix/?cm_mmc=search-gsn-_-branded-Bluemix-general-_-ibm%20bluemix-_-ger-bm-mkt-oww BlueMixBluemix]</ref> platform.

In all implementations the server takes a query from a client system and resolves it to a set of agents. This set is sendsent back to the calling client as response. Clients can be file systems, database management systems, workflow management systems, physical security systems or even telephone servers.

== See also ==

{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|

* [[RBAC]]

* [[Access control list]]

* [[Attribute-based_access_control|ABAC]]

* [[Attribute-based access control]] (ABAC)

* [[Capability-based security]]

* [[Context-based access control]] (CBAC)

* [[Discretionary access control]] (DAC)

* [[Lattice-based access control]] (LBAC)

* [[Mandatory access control]] (MAC)

* [[Organisation-based access control]] (OrBAC)

* [[Risk-based authentication]]

* [[Role-based access control]] (RBAC)

* [[RSBAC|Rule-set-based access control (RSBAC)]]

}}

== References ==

<references/>

[[Category:Access control]]

{{AFC submission|||ts=20150716130242|u=Prof schaller|ns=2}}

[[Category:Computer access control]]