Penguin and Burlington, Newfoundland and Labrador: Difference between pages

Revision as of 17:50, 24 October 2006

Revision as of 02:42, 19 April 2007

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{{Infobox Rural Town

{{otheruses}}

|Name = Burlington, NL

{{Taxobox

|Former_Town Name = Northwest Arm

| color = pink

| nameSettled = Penguins1800's}}

| fossil_range = [[Paleocene]]-Recent

| image = Manchot 01.jpg

| image_width = 250px

| image_caption = [[Chinstrap Penguin]], ''Pygoscelis antarctica''

| regnum = [[Animal]]ia

| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]

| classis = [[bird|Aves]]

| ordo = '''Sphenisciformes'''

| ordo_authority = [[Richard Bowdler Sharpe|Sharpe]], 1891

| familia = '''Spheniscidae'''

| familia_authority = [[Charles Lucien Jules Laurent Bonaparte|Bonaparte]], 1831

| subdivision_ranks = Modern Genera

| subdivision =

* ''[[Aptenodytes]]''

* ''[[Eudyptes]]''

* ''[[Eudyptula]]''

* ''[[Megadyptes]]''

* ''[[Pygoscelis]]''

* ''[[Spheniscus]]''

* For extinct genera, see [[Sphenisciformes#Systematics|Systematics]]

}}

'''Burlington''' is an incorporated town located at the north side of the mouth of Green Bay [[Newfoundland and Labrador]], [[Canada]]. Burlington, once named Northwest Arm, is a small fishing and lumbering community that was permanently settled in the mid 1800s. The community was renamed in the early part of 1915 due to a mix-up in the mail service. After many residents complained that their mail was sent to another community with a similar name, the town leaders felt the need to have a name change. Out of three seperate enteries, 'Burlington' was chosen.

'''Penguins ''' (order '''Sphenisciformes''', family '''Spheniscidae''') are an order of [[aquatic]], [[flightless bird]]s living exclusively in the [[Southern Hemisphere]].

==Species and habitats==

The number of penguin species has been and still is a matter of debate. The numbers of penguin species listed in the literature varies between 16 and 19 species. Some sources consider the [[White-Flippered Penguin]] a separate ''[[Eudyptula]]'' species, although today it is generally considered a subspecies of the [[Little Penguin]] (e.g. Williams, 1995; Davis & Renner, 2003). Similarly, it is still unclear whether the [[Royal Penguin]] is merely a color morph of the [[Macaroni penguin]]. Also possibly eligible to be treated as a separate species is the Northern population of [[Rockhopper Penguin|Rockhopper penguins]] (Davis & Renner, 2003). Although all penguin species are native to the southern hemisphere, they are not, contrary to popular belief, found only in cold climates, such as [[Antarctica]]. In fact, only a few species of penguin actually live so far south. Three species live in the tropics; one lives as far north as the [[Galápagos Islands]] (the [[Galápagos Penguin]]) and will occasionally cross the [[equator]] while feeding.

==Geography==

The largest living species is the [[Emperor Penguin]] (''Aptenodytes forsteri''): adults average about 1.1 m (3 ft 7 in) tall and [[mass|weigh]] 35 kg (75 lb) or more. The smallest penguin species is the [[Little Penguin|Little Blue Penguin]] (also known as the Fairy Penguin), which stands around 40 cm tall (16 in) and weighs 1 kg (2.2 lb). Generally larger penguins retain heat better, and thus inhabit colder regions, while smaller penguins are found in temperate or even tropical climates (''see also'' [[Bergmann's Rule]]). Some [[prehistoric]] species attained enormous sizes, becoming as high as an adult human; see below for more.

===Towns and communities nearby===

* [[Middle Arm, Newfoundland and Labrador|Middle Arm]]

* [[Smith's Harbour, Newfoundland and Labrador|Smith's Harbour]]

* [[Baie Verte, Newfoundland and Labrador|Baie Verte]]

* [[Springdale, Newfoundland and Labrador|Springdale]]

==History ==

Most penguins feed on [[krill]], [[fish]], [[squid]], and other forms of [[sealife]] caught while swimming underwater. They spend half of their life on land and half in the oceans.

In August 1933, the community was completely destroyed by fire that was caused by careless campers that were camping out in the woods between Burlington and Middle Arm , a small community just a few miles from Burlington.

When mothers lose a chick, they sometimes attempt to steal another mother's chick, usually unsuccessfully as other females in the vicinity assist the defending mother in keeping her chick.

The fire destroyed homes, livestock, sawmills and valuable timber. Since this was in the depression years, and a lot of long hours and hard work was gone up in smoke in just a few hours. A lot of people did not rebuild, instead they left to make a new start elsewhere.

Penguins seem to have no fear of humans, and have approached groups of explorers without hesitation.

In 1965, a Community Council was started. In 1965, the community first got electricity through diesel motor. Since that it is now changed so that it is received through NF & Labrador Power distribution. In 1968 telephone service was supplied and within the last two or three years water from Waddies Pond has been provided to the houses.

==Evolution==

The evolutionary history of penguins is poorly understood, as penguin fossils are rare. The oldest known [[fossil]] penguin species are the ''[[Waimanu]]'', which lived in the early [[Paleocene]] epoch of [[New Zealand]], about 62 million years ago. While they were not as well adapted to aquatic life as modern penguins (which first emerged in the [[Eocene]] epoch 40 million years ago), ''Waimanu'' were flightless and loon-like, with short wings adapted for deep diving. These fossils prove that prehistoric penguins were already flightless and seagoing, so their origins probably reach as far back as 65 million years ago, before the extinction of the [[dinosaurs]]. Penguin ancestry beyond ''Waimanu'' is not well known, though some scientists (Mayr, 2005) think the penguin-like [[Plotopteridae|plotopterids]] (usually considered relatives of [[anhinga]]s and [[cormorant]]s) may actually be an early sister group of the penguins, and that penguins may have ultimately shared a common ancestor with the [[Pelecaniformes]].

During the Late [[Eocene]] and the Early [[Oligocene]] (40-30 [[mya (unit)|MYA]]), some lineages of gigantic penguins existed. [[Nordenskjoeld's Giant Penguin]] was the tallest, growing nearly 1.80 meters (6 feet) tall. The heaviest known species was with at least 80 kg the [[New Zealand Giant Penguin]]. Both were found on [[New Zealand]], the former also in the Antarctic.

'''Palaeeudyptines'''<br>

Traditionally, most extinct species of penguins, giant or small, have been placed in the [[paraphyletic]] sub-family called Palaeeudyptinae. More recently, it is becoming accepted that there were at least 2 major extinct lineages, one or two closely related ones from [[Patagonia]] and at least one other with pan-[[Antarctic]] and [[subantarctic]] distribution. For a complete list of these generarations, see below.

===Systematics===

(updated after Marples, 1962, and Acosta Hospitaleche, 2004)<!-- add: Auk121:422 Cladistics21:209 --->

'''ORDER SPHENISCIFORMES'''

* ''[[Waimanu]]''

* '''Family Spheniscidae'''

** '''Subfamily [[Palaeeudyptinae]]''' (Giant penguins, [[fossil]])

*** ''[[Palaeeudyptes]]''

*** ''[[Archaeospheniscus]]''

*** ''[[Anthropornis]]''

**** Nordenskjoeld's Giant Penguin, ''[[Anthropornis nordenskjoeldi]]''

*** ''[[Crossvallia]]'' (tentatively assigned to this subfamily)

*** ''[[Delphinornis]]''

*** ''[[Pachydyptes]]''

*** ''[[Platydyptes]]''

*** ''[[Anthropodyptes]]'' (tentatively assigned to this subfamily)

** '''Subfamily Paraptenodytinae''' (Patagonian stout-legged penguins, [[fossil]])

*** ''[[Paraptenodytes]]''

*** ''[[Arthrodytes]]''

** '''Subfamily Palaeospheniscinae''' (Patagonian slender-legged penguins, [[fossil]])

*** ''[[Palaeospheniscus]]'' - includes ''Chubutodyptes''

** '''Subfamily Spheniscinae''' (modern penguins)

*** ''[[Aptenodytes]]''

**** <!--[[Image:Penguins Edinburgh Zoo 2004 SMC.jpg|100px]]--> [[King Penguin]], ''Aptenodytes patagonicus''

**** <!--[[Image:Emperor penguins.jpg|100px]]--> [[Emperor Penguin]], ''Aptenodytes forsteri''

**** [[Ridgen's Penguin]], ''Aptenodytes ridgeni'' ([[fossil]])

*** ''[[Pygoscelis]]''

**** <!--[[Image:Pygoscelis papua.jpg|100px]]--> [[Gentoo Penguin]], ''Pygoscelis papua''

**** [[Tyree's Penguin]], ''Pygoscelis tyreei'' ([[fossil]])

**** <!--[[Image:Adelie Penguin.jpg|100px]]--> [[Adelie Penguin]], ''Pygoscelis adeliae''

**** <!--[[Image:Penguinu.jpg|100px]]--> [[Chinstrap Penguin]], ''Pygoscelis antarctica''

**** ''Pygoscelis grandis'' ([[fossil]])

**** ?''Pygoscelis'' small sp. ([[fossil]], may be different genus)

*** ''[[Eudyptes]]''

**** <!--[[Image:Emperor Penguin in Edinburgh Zoo 2004 SMCs.jpg|100px]]--> [[Rockhopper Penguin]], ''Eudyptes chrysocome''

**** <!--[[Image:Fiordland penguin (Mattern).jpg|100px]]--> [[Fiordland Penguin]], ''Eudyptes pachyrhynchus''

**** <!--[[Image:SnaresPenguin (Mattern).jpg|100px]]--> [[Snares Penguin]], ''Eudyptes robustus''

**** [[Royal Penguin]], ''Eudyptes schlegeli''

**** [[Erect-crested Penguin]], ''Eudyptes sclateri''

**** <!--[[Image:MacaroniPenguinJM.jpg|100px]]--> [[Macaroni Penguin]], ''Eudyptes chrysolophus''

**** Chatham Islands Penguin, ''Eudyptes'' sp. ([[Late Quaternary prehistoric birds|prehistoric]]?)

*** ''[[Megadyptes]]''

**** <!--[[Image:MegadyptesAntipodes.jpg|100px]]--> [[Yellow-eyed Penguin]], ''Megadyptes antipodes''

*** ''[[Eudyptula]]''

**** <!--[[Image:Little Penguin.jpg|100px]]--> [[Little Penguin]] (Blue or Fairy Penguin), ''Eudyptula minor''

**** [[White-Flippered Penguin]], ''Eudyptula albosignata''

*** ''[[Spheniscus]]''

**** ''[[Spheniscus predemersus]]'' ([[fossil]])

**** <!--[[Image:Penguin.jackass.arp.500pix.jpg|100px]]--> [[African Penguin]] (Jackass or Blackfooted Penguin), ''Spheniscus demersus''

**** ''Spheniscus chilensis'' ([[fossil]])

**** ''Spheniscus megaramphus'' ([[fossil]])

**** ''Spheniscus urbinai'' ([[fossil]])

**** <!--[[Image:Magellanic-penguin02.jpg|100px]]--> [[Magellanic Penguin]], ''Spheniscus magellanicus''

**** <!--[[Image:Humboldt Penguin.jpg|100px]]--> [[Humboldt Penguin]], ''Spheniscus humboldti''

**** <!--[[Image:6277_aquaimages.jpg|100px]]--> [[Galápagos Penguin]], ''Spheniscus mendiculus''

**** <!--[[Image:6285_aquaimages.jpg|100px]]--> [[Galápagos Penguin]], ''Spheniscus mendiculus''

** '''Not asssigned to a subfamily''' (all [[fossil]])

*** ''[[Dege (penguin)|Dege]]''

*** ''[[Duntroonornis]]''

*** ''[[Eretiscus]]

*** ''[[Insuza]]''

*** ''[[Korora (bird)|Korora]]''

*** ''[[Marplesornis]]''

*** ''[[Marambiornis]]''

*** ''[[Mesetaornis]]''

*** ''[[Nucleornis]]''

*** ''[[Pseudaptenodytes]]''

*** ''[[Tonniornis]]''

*** ''[[Wimanornis]]''

Green Bay has had a Liberal member in the provincial election since 1949 with the exception of the 1972 election when the district went Progressive Conservative.

== Anatomy ==

Penguins are superbly adapted to an aquatic life. Their [[wing]]s have become flippers, useless for flight in the air. In the water, however, penguins are astonishingly agile. Within the smooth [[plumage]] a layer of air is preserved, ensuring buoyancy. The air layer also helps insulate the birds in cold waters.

On land, penguins use their [[tail]]s and wings to maintain balance for their upright stance.

In 1855, there was one family living in Burlington, the White's. It seems that they didn't live there very long because when Mr. Joseph Green and his family moved there in 1855, they were in the community a month before Mrs. Green saw another woman. The next family to come was the Mills from Tizzard's Harbour, in the Twillingate District. In 1876, the Perry family came from Indian Islands, the Dwyer family from Hillview, Trinity Bay, and the Robbins family from Bonavista.

All penguins are [[countershading|countershaded]] - that is, they have a white underside and a dark (mostly black) upperside. This is for [[camouflage]]. A predator looking up from below (such as an [[orca]] or a [[leopard seal]]) has difficulty distinguishing between a white penguin belly and the reflective water surface. The dark plumage on their backs camouflages them from above.

The first Government Land Grant was issued in 1872 to George Marsh, Perry's Cove, on the South Side of the Arm. In 1874 Fredrick Martin and James Young were issued grants also. Grants were issued until the final one in 1924. In all, there were forty-five grants of land covering 199 acres. Since then some of the families have left and transferred property to other people, so other documents were then issued and some families have them in their possession. For example, in the official land map at the Confederation Building, St. John's, the land granted to James Higgins is entered under the name of James Albert Rideout.

Diving penguins reach 6 to 12 km/h (3.7 to 7.5 mph), though there are reports of velocities of 27 km/h (17 mph) (which are more realistic in the case of startled flight). The small penguins do not usually dive deep; they catch their prey near the surface in dives that normally last only one or two minutes. Larger penguins can dive deep in case of need. Dives of the large [[Emperor Penguin]] have been recorded which reach a depth of 565 m (1870 ft) and last up to 20 minutes.

From a census dating back as far as 1874 we find that the people of Burlington cultivated the land, raised animals and followed the inshore and Labrador fisheries. They cut and sawed timber, built houses and outbuildings, as well as schools and a church. They also cut firewood and sold to people living in places like Twillingate where firewood was scarce.

Penguins either waddle on their feet or slide on their bellies across the snow, a movement called "tobogganing", which allows them to conserve energy and move relatively fast at the same time.

Of the original surnames Marsh, Hudson, Pike, Higgins, House, Green, Jennings, etc. most are no longer to be found in Burlington. New names have been added in the recent years, Foster, Kelly, Dawe, Elliott, Saunders, Burton, etc.

Penguins have an excellent sense of [[hearing (sense)|hearing]]. Their [[eye]]s are adapted for underwater vision, and are their primary means of locating prey and avoiding predators; in air, conversely, they are nearsighted. Their sense of smell has not been researched so far.

In the old Methodist records at Nipper's Harbour , there is a record of marriage between Azarilla Mills and Mary Ann White, dated October 31, 1883. Mary F. White is listed as a witness to a marriage. Mr. Joseph Rideout of Rouge's Harbour married a white girl from Indian Burying Place another nearby settlement. Mr. Bond Roberts, a resident of Burlington thinks that these people were all members of the first family of Burlington.

They are able to drink salt water safely because their [[supraorbital gland]] filters excess salt from the bloodstream. <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.zoo.org/educate/fact_sheets/penguin/penguin.htm | title=Animal Fact Sheets | accessdate=2006-07-21}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.stlzoo.org/animals/abouttheanimals/birds/penguins/humboldtpenguin.htm | title=Humboldt Penguin :: Saint Louis Zoo | accessdate=2006-07-21}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web | url=http://users.iafrica.com/b/bo/boulders/Vans%20book.htm | title=African Penguins and Penguins of the World | accessdate=2006-07-21}}</ref> The salt is excreted in a concentrated fluid from the nasal passages.

Mr. Abraham Mills, who pioneered schooner building, came to North West Arm just after the Green family. He had four brothers, George, Ambrose, Joseph and Nathaniel. In December, 1882, Abraham and Joseph were drowned along with four more men. The schooner building industry was then taken over by Abraham's son Eliezer, and in turn by Eliezer's son Abraham who died in 1971.

== Mating habits ==

Some penguins mate for life, while others for just one season. They generally raise a small brood, and the parents cooperate in caring for the clutch and for the young. During the cold season on the other hand the mates separate for several months to protect the egg. The male stays with the egg and keeps it warm, and the female goes out to sea and finds food so that when it comes home, the baby will have food to eat. Once the female comes back, they switch.

The people were mainly Methodists. One family was Roman Catholic and one or two were Church of England. At one time, on census return, eight people were listed as Salvation Army. As time went on everyone was considered to be United because that was the only church in the community at the time, until people started to change their religion. In 1960, there was a new church established which was the Pentecostal Assemblies of Newfoundland.

=== Male bonding behaviour ===

In early February [[2004]] the ''[[New York Times]]'' [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0C1EF83A5F0C748CDDAB0894DC404482 reported] a male pair of [[Chinstrap Penguin|Chinstrap penguin]]s in the [[Central Park Zoo]] in [[New York City]] were partnered, and when given an egg which needed incubation, successfully hatched it. Other penguins in New York have also been reported to be forming same-sex pairs.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.jrn.columbia.edu/studentwork/cns/2002-06-10/591.asp | title=Columbia News Service: June 10, 2002: They're in love. They're gay. They're penguins... And they're not alone. | accessdate=2006-07-21}}</ref>

Back then everyone went to church. The church supplied a great need. It took care of social needs for people. On winter nights, people would meet in each others houses for prayer meetings. The Sunday School carried on Easter Programs and Christmas Concerts, mainly for the children, and of course, it would not be Christmas without a Christmas tree and Santa Claus. At the concert they would distribute their gifts to their friends and families.

This was the basis for the children's [[picture book]] ''[[And Tango Makes Three]]''. The couple about whom the book was based, [[Roy and Silo]], would see further interesting developments in their relationship when in September 2005, Silo left Roy for a female penguin, only to come back to Roy in a few weeks.

Apart from the Church itself there was the Ladies Aid. Although they were all hard working back then, bringing water, knitting, sewing, hooking their own rugs, shearing sheep and spinning wool, they still made time for the church. There was also a branch of the Orange Lodge was started in the 1900's which the women also attended.

Zoos in [[Japan]] and [[Germany]] have also documented male penguin couples.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.365gay.com/newscon05/02/021105penguins.htm | title=365gay.com: Gay Penguins Resist 'Aversion Therapy' | accessdate=2006-07-21}}</ref> The couples have been shown to build nests together and use a stone to replace an egg in the nest. Researchers at [[Rikkyo University]] in [[Tokyo]], found twenty such pairs at sixteen major aquariums and zoos in Japan. Bremerhaven Zoo in Germany attempted to break up the male couples by importing female penguins from [[Sweden]] and separating the male couples; they were unsuccessful. The zoo director stated the relationships were too strong between the older couples.

The first school building was erected in 1877 on the north side. By 1884 another school building was erected, this time on the south side, and the teacher was to teach there for a period. After this the practice was to have a teacher teach for five months on the north side and five months on the south side.

== Name ==

''Penguin'' is thought by some to derive from the [[Welsh language|Welsh]] words ''pen'' (head) and ''gwyn'' (white), applied to the [[Great Auk]], which had a conspicuous white patch between the bill and the eye (although its head was black), or from an island off Newfoundland known as "White Head" due to a large white rock. This may be, however, a false etymology created by Dr. John Dee in his book on Prince [[Madoc]] of Wales, supposedly one of the discoverers of America. By this Dee hoped to cement [[Queen Elizabeth I]]'s claim, as a [[Tudory dynasty|Tudor]], to the New World. Penguins live nowhere near Newfoundland, nor do they generally have white heads, however Great Auks did look remarkably like penguins. According to another theory, the original name was ''pen-wing'', with reference to the rudimentary wings of both Great Auks and penguins. A third theory is that ''penguin'' comes from the [[Latin]] ''pinguis'' (fat). This has added credibility because in two other [[Germanic languages]], [[Dutch language|Dutch]] 'pinguïn' and [[German language|German]], 'Pinguin' both have the 'i' vowel too. While it has been replaced by an 'e' in the [[English language|English]] spelling, it can still be heard. By simply looking at the word's pronunciation and comparing that to the Dutch and German words, one could assume a common Latin root - after the [[first Germanic sound shift]] (500-200 BC) that makes a PIE 'p' into a 'f', of course. However, a Welsh 'i' is often mutated to an 'e' in the English language so the Welsh origin is still arguable..

There was no large industry back in the 1800's. The early settlers fished for cod, cleared land to grow their own potatoes, cabbage and small fruits. By keeping animals provided meat for the winter and milk and butter in season. They built their own boats and those who did not go to Labrador to fish were employed at the inshore fishery. When the mines opened at Bett's Cove and at Tilt Cove some of the men went there to work.

== Penguins in popular culture ==

[[Image:Tux.svg|100px|thumb|Tux the [[Linux]] mascot]]

{{main|Penguins in popular culture}}

Penguins are popular around the world primarily for their unusually upright, waddling pace and (compared to other birds) lack of fear towards humans. Their striking [[black]] and [[white]] plumage is often likened to a [[black tie|tuxedo]] suit and generates humorous remarks about the bird being "well dressed".

Pioneers in the sawmill industry were the Roberts family. In 1876 Josiah Roberts came to North West Arm from Twillingate. There was a great demand for lumber in North West Arm so Mr. Robert's two sons William and Elias after returning from St. John's in 1892, set up the first steam mill, near the North West River, on the site of the water-mill that their father had started.

Perhaps in reaction to this cutesy stereotype, fictional penguins are occasionally presented as grouchy or even sinister. The popular [[Sanrio]] character [[Badtz Maru]] is an example, being cute yet somewhat surly. One of the best known penguins in childrens' TV is [[Pingu]], characterised by his [[red]] scarf and bundle on a stick over his shoulder. The 1960s television [[cartoon]] character [[Tennessee Tuxedo]] would often escape the confines of his zoo with his partner, Chumley the [[walrus]]. Also, the webcomic ''[[Fluble]]'' features an enormous penguin conspiracy run by numerous diabolical, if often inept, penguins. In the children's movie [[Madagascar (film)|Madagascar]], the penguins are cast as [[spies]]. In the animated series "Wallace and Gromit" a penguin called [[Feathers McGraw]] disguises himself as a chicken with a [[red]] [[rubber]] [[glove]].In the animated "Toy Story 2" a rubber penguin named Wheezy also featured-and once again was a sweet and friendly character.

Penguins are often portrayed as friendly and smart as well. Another example is in the anime ''[[Neon Genesis Evangelion]]'', which features a warm-water hot springs penguin named [[List of characters in Neon Genesis Evangelion#Pen Pen|Pen Pen]]. [[Tux]] the penguin is the official [[mascot]] for [[Linux]]. Also, in [[Avatar: The Last Airbender]], a popular sport is penguin sledding, which is catching a penguin and using it like a [[tobbogan]].

There was also a film that came out in 1988 called "Scamper The Penguin," directed by G.A. Sokoljishij and Jim Terry, featuring Virginia Masters, David Miles Monson, and others as the voices of the animated characters who execute an elaborate escape plan. There is also the classic [[Woody the Woodpecker]] show, with [[Chilly Willy]].

Logging pitprops for the United Kingdom started in 1915 by John Jennings (contractor). This industry was closed down in 1918 when the sale of pitprops ended. Lumbering camps opened in 1920 and closed down during the depression years of the 1930's. Later camps opened for the cutting of pulpwood and continues for about ten years. In 1969 pulpwood was again the main industry and was shipped out by truck from Burlington.

The [[Penguin (comics)|Penguin]] is also the name of a villain in the comic series Batman and its TV show and movie spinoffs, and is usually seen wearing a tuxedo type outfit in order to fit the name.

Taken From:

[[Opus the Penguin|Opus]], a character from the Comic strips [[Bloom County]], [[Outland (comic)|Outland]], and ''Opus'' was a popular penguin from the 80's on, typically seen with a rather un-penguinlike nose.

http://www.ezc.ca/webs/ez_page.asp?user=communities&sub_category=Burlington&title=Local+History

==Brief Business & Organizations Information==

Penguins also appear regularly in Steve Bell's "If" comic strip in England's Guardian newspaper, wherein they tend to be somewhat anarchic and poorly behaved (by human standards).

There was no large industry in the 1800s. The early settlers [[fishory|fished]] for [[cod]] and cleared land to grow potatoes, cabbage and small fruits. Keeping animals provided meat for the winter and milk and butter in season. Settlers built their own boats for fishing in [[Labrador]], or they were employed by the inshore fishery. When the [[Mining|mines]] opened at [[Bett's Cove]] and at [[Tilt Cove]] some of the men went there to work.

Logging [[pitprops]] for the [[United Kingdom]] were started in 1915 by John Jennings (contractor). This industry was closed in 1918 when the sale of pitprops ended. [[Lumber]] camps opened in 1920 but closed during the [[Great Depression|Depression]] of the 1930s. Camps later opened for the cutting of [[pulpwood]] and continued for about ten years. In 1969 pulpwood was again the main industry, shipped out by truck from Burlington.

The documentary [[March of the Penguins]] (2005) details a year in the life of a colony of Emperor Penguins [[mating]], giving birth, and hunting for food in the harsh continent of Antarctica. It won the 2005 [[Academy Award for Documentary Feature]].

The old [[Budweiser (Anheuser-Busch)|Budweiser]] ice commercials starred a Penguin, with the catchphrase "Doo bee doobee dooo," signaling his arrival, and the eventual stealing of the Bud ice. <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.youtube.com/v/EVWtq-_VYk8 | title=Bud Ice ad on YouTube | accessdate=2006-07-21}}</ref>

'''Current Businesses Include:'''

In the upcoming [[Pokemon Diamond and Pearl]] video game for the Nintendo DS, the water starter is a penguin.

Brian's Trucking*

=== Penguins and polar bears ===

Despite what commercials and other sources may show, the likelihood of a meeting between a penguin and a [[Polar Bear|polar bear]] without human intervention is vanishingly small. This is because the two species are found on opposite hemispheres. Polar bears inhabit the northern hemisphere, while penguins mainly inhabit the southern hemisphere. This is a misconception that is fueled by popular culture such as movies and television. A prominent example of this takes place in a holiday 2005 ad campaign by Coca-Cola featuring the partying penguins and the polar bears watching from afar.

Melvin F. Noble Ltd.

=== Other meanings ===

The "penguin" is also a juggling trick where you catch each ball by rotating your wrist to face the outside of the pattern, followed by rotating your wrist back to the middle (inside) of the pattern to throw it again. Many examples of this trick can be found on video sites on the internet.

Midtown Convenience

== External links ==

* [http://www.penguinpage.net/ penguinpage.net - Weblog covering ongoing research in NZ penguins]

* [http://livewavecams.com/penguin.html Live Penguin Webcam]

* [http://www.70south.com/resources/animals/penguins Penguin information on 70South]

* [http://www.martingrund.de/pinguine/ Gentoo penguin webcam from the Antarctic]

* [http://www.pinguins.info Information about penguins at pinguins.info]

* [http://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/penguins/index.html PBS Nature: The World of Penguins]

* [http://www.itis.usda.gov Integrated Taxonomic Information System]

* [http://www.seaworld.org/infobooks/Penguins/home.html Seaworld Penguin Information]

* [http://www.penguin-blog.com Penguin Weblog]

* [http://www.picture-newsletter.com/penguins/index.htm Pictures Penguins]

* [http://ibc.hbw.com/ibc/phtml/familia.phtml?idFamilia=7 Penguin Videos] on the Internet Bird Collection

* [http://www.penguinworld.com Penguin World]

NewLife Design*

== References ==

<references />

Noble Brothers

* Acosta Hospitaleche, Carolina (2004): ''Los pingüinos (Aves, Sphenisciformes) fósiles de Patagonia. Sistemática, biogeografía y evolución''. Doctoral thesis, Department of Natural Sciences and Museum, Universidad Nacional de La Plata. La Plata, Argentina. [in Spanish] [http://www.sedici.unlp.edu.ar/search/request.php?id_document=ARG-UNLP-TPG-0000000084&request=request PDF fulltext]

Sharon's Tanning and Beauty Salon*

* Davis; Lloyd S.; Renner; M. (1995). ''Penguins'' . London: T & A D Poyser. ISBN 0-7136-6550-5.

Spectrum Design and Video*

* Marples, B. J. (1962): Observations on the history of penguins. ''In:'' Leeper, G. W. (ed.), ''The evolution of living organisms''. Melbourne, Melbourne University Press: 408-416.

Wolverine Enterprises

* Mayr, G. (2005): Tertiary plotopterids (Aves, Plotopteridae) and a novel hypothesis on the phylogenetic relationships of penguins (Spheniscidae). ''Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research'' '''43'''(1): 61-71. [[Digital Object Identifier|DOI]]:doi:10.1111/j.1439-0469.2004.00291.x [http://www.senckenberg.de/files/content/forschung/abteilung/terrzool/ornithologie/plotopteridae.pdf PDF fulltext]

*indicates business is home based

* Williams; Tony D. (1995). ''The Penguins - Spheniscidae'' . Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-854667-X.

'''Current Organizations Include:'''

==Gallery==

<gallery>

Image:penguin2.jpg|[[Adelie penguin]] in [[Antarctica]]

Image:penguin.jackass.arp.500pix.jpg|[[African Penguin]]

Image:penguinu.jpg|[[Chinstrap Penguin]] hunting for [[krill]]

Image:Humboldt Penguin.jpg|[[Humboldt Penguin]] at the [[Milwaukee County Zoological Gardens]]

Image:Magellanic-penguin02.jpg|[[Magellanic Penguin]]

image:Pygoscelis_papua.jpg|[[Gentoo Penguin]]

Image:Little pengiun.JPG|[[Little Penguin]] - also called "Fairy Penguin"

Image:Emperor penguins.jpg|[[Emperor Penguin]]s

Image:DSC_1781.jpg|Gentoo Penguin at polish Arctowski base

</gallery>

Back in Time Museum

[[Category:Antarctic birds]]

[[Category:Flightless birds]]

[[Category:Penguins|*]]

[[Category:Seabirds]]

[[Category:Spheniscidae|*]]

[[Category:Spheniscinae|*]]

[[Category:Sphenisciformes|*]]

[[Category:Animal homosexuality]]

CAP Site

{{Link FA|af}}

{{Link FA|de}}

Faith Pentecostal Assembly

[[af:pikkewyn]]

[[bg:Пингвинови]]

Family Resource Centre

[[ca:Pingüí]]

[[cs:Tučňáci]]

Fire Department

[[cy:Pengwin]]

[[da:Pingvin]]

L.O.B.A.

[[de:Pinguine]]

[[el:Πιγκουίνος]]

M.W. Jeans Academy

[[es:Sphenisciformes]]

[[eo:Pingveno]]

Recreation

[[fa:پنگوئن]]

[[fr:Manchot]]

Riverside United Church

[[ko:펭귄]]

[[io:Pinguino]]

Share Foundation

[[id:Pinguin]]

[[it:Pinguino]]

==Culture==

[[he:פינגווינים]]

{| border="6"

[[li:Pingkwins]]

|+ '''Demographics'''

[[hu:Pinvin]]

|-

[[nl:Pinguïns]]

| &nbsp; Population in 2007 &nbsp; || &nbsp; 376 &nbsp;

[[ja:ペンギン]]

|-

[[no:Pingviner]]

| &nbsp; Population change from 2000 &nbsp; || &nbsp; -8.0% &nbsp;

[[pl:Pingwiny]]

|-

[[pt:Pinguim]]

| &nbsp; Median age &nbsp; || &nbsp; 35 &nbsp;

[[ru:Пингвины]]

|-

[[simple:Penguin]]

| &nbsp; Number of families &nbsp; || &nbsp; 127 &nbsp;

[[sk:Tučniakovité]]

|-

[[sl:pingvin]]

| &nbsp; Number of married couples &nbsp; || &nbsp; 115 &nbsp;

[[sv:Pingviner]]

|-

[[ta:பனிப்பாடி (panippaaDi)]]

| &nbsp; Total number of dwellings &nbsp; || &nbsp; 130 &nbsp;

[[vi:Chim cánh cụt]]

|-

[[tr:penguen (kuş)]]

| &nbsp; Protestant &nbsp; || &nbsp; 97.6% &nbsp;

[[yi:פּינגװין]]

|-

[[zh:企鵝]]

| &nbsp; Land area (km².) &nbsp; || &nbsp; 4.11 &nbsp;

|}

Statistics Canada detail demographics follow link [http://www12.statcan.ca/english/profil01/Details/details1.cfm?SEARCH=BEGINS&ID=2094&PSGC=10&SGC=1008071&DataType=1&LANG=E&Province=10&PlaceName=Burlington&CMA=&CSDNAME=Burlington&A=&TypeNameE=Town&Prov= here]

===Notable Residents===

*[[Rex Goudie]]

*[[Shaun Majumder]]

*[[Reuben Bartlett]]

==See also==

* [[List of communities in Newfoundland and Labrador]]

==External links==

* [http://www.townofburlington.ca Town of Burlington Official Site]

*[http://www12.statcan.ca/english/profil01/Details/details1.cfm?SEARCH=BEGINS&ID=2094&PSGC=10&SGC=1008071&DataType=1&LANG=E&Province=10&PlaceName=Burlington&CMA=&CSDNAME=Burlington&A=&TypeNameE=Town&Prov= Statistics Canada]

{{coorHeader|49|45|08|N|56|01|02|W|scale:25000}}

[[Category:Coastal towns in Newfoundland, Canada]]

[[Category:Rural Towns in Newfoundland and Labrador]]

* [http://www.newlifedesign.ca New Life Design]