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==Parallel Sysplex==
[[File:GDPS.svg|thumb|300px|Schematic representation of a Parallel Sysplex]]
IBM introduced<ref>{{cite web
| title = S/390 Parallel Sysplex Overview
| id = 194-080
| date = April 6, 1994
| url = https://www.ibm.com/common/ssi/ShowDoc.wss?docURL=/common/ssi/rep_ca/0/897/ENUS194-080/index.html
| work = Announcement Letters
| publisher = IBM
}}
</ref> the Parallel Sysplex with the addition of the 9674<ref>{{cite web
| title = IBM S/390 Coupling Facility 9674 Model C01
| id = 194-082
| date = April 6, 1994
| url = https://www.ibm.com/common/ssi/ShowDoc.wss?docURL=/common/ssi/rep_ca/2/897/ENUS194-082/index.html
| work = Announcement Letters
| publisher = IBM
}}
</ref> [[Coupling Facility]] (CF), new S/390 models,<ref>{{cite web
| title = S/390 Parallel Sysplex Offering
| id = 194-081
| date = April 6, 1994
| url = https://www.ibm.com/common/ssi/ShowDoc.wss?docURL=/common/ssi/rep_ca/1/897/ENUS194-081/index.html
| work = Announcement Letters
| publisher = IBM
}}
</ref><ref>{{cite web
| title = IBM ES/9000 Water-Cooled Processor Enhancements: New Ten-Way Processor, Parallel Sysplex Capability, and Additional Functions
| id = 194-084
| date = April 6, 1994
| url = https://www.ibm.com/common/ssi/ShowDoc.wss?docURL=/common/ssi/rep_ca/4/897/ENUS194-084/index.html
| work = Announcement Letters
| publisher = IBM
}}
</ref><ref>{{cite web
| title = IBM Enterprise System/9000 Air-Cooled Processors Enhanced with Additional Functions and Parallel Sysplex Capability
| id = 194-084
| date = April 6, 1994
| url = https://www.ibm.com/common/ssi/ShowDoc.wss?docURL=/common/ssi/rep_ca/5/897/ENUS194-085/index.html
| work = Announcement Letters
| publisher = IBM
}}
</ref> upgrades to existing models, coupling links for high speed communication and MVS/ESA SP V5.1<ref>{{cite web
| title = IBM MVS/ESA SP Version 5 Release 1 and OpenEdition Enhancements
| id = 294-152
| date = April 6, 1994
| url = https://www.ibm.com/common/ssi/ShowDoc.wss?docURL=/common/ssi/rep_ca/2/897/ENUS294-152/index.html
| work = Announcement Letters
| publisher = IBM
}}
</ref> operating system support, in April 1994.<ref>{{cite book
| title = System/390 Parallel Sysplex Performance
| id = SG24-4356-03
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</ref>
The Coupling Facility (CF) may reside on a dedicated stand-alone server configured with processors that can run Coupling Facility control code (CFCC), as integral processors on the mainframes themselves configured as ICFs (Internal Coupling Facilities), or less common, as normal LPARs. The CF contains Lock, List, and Cache structures to help with serialization, message passing, and buffer consistency between multiple LPARs.<ref>{{cite
| title = Coupling Facility Configuration Options
| id = ZSW01971USEN
| author = David Raften
| date = November 2019
| publisher = IBM
| work = Positioning paper
| url = http://www.ibm.com/common/ssi/fcgi-bin/ssialias?infotype=SA&subtype=WH&attachment=ZSW01971USEN.PDF&appname=STGE_ZS_ZS_USEN&htmlfid=ZSW01971USEN
}}
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Databases running on the System z server that can take advantage of this include:
* [[IBM
* [[IBM Information Management System]] (IMS).
* [[Virtual Storage Access Method|VSAM]] (VSARM/RLS)
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Major components of a Parallel Sysplex include:
* [[Coupling Facility]] (CF or ICF) hardware, allowing multiple processors to share, cache, update, and balance data access;
* Sysplex Timers
* High speed, high quality, redundant cabling;
* Software ([[operating system]] services and, usually, [[middleware]] such as [[IBM
The Coupling Facility may be either a dedicated external system (a small mainframe, such as a [[System z9]] BC, specially configured with only coupling facility processors) or integral processors on the mainframes themselves configured as ICFs (Internal Coupling Facilities).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia_term/0
With STP and ICFs it is possible to construct a complete Parallel Sysplex installation with two connected mainframes. Moreover, a single mainframe can contain the internal equivalent of a complete physical Parallel Sysplex, useful for application testing and development purposes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.zjournal.com/index.cfm?section=article&aid=308 |title=MVS Boot Camp: IBM Health Checker |first=John E. |last=Johnson |publisher=z/Journal |
The IBM Systems Journal dedicated a full issue to all the technology components.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://researchweb.watson.ibm.com/journal/sj36-2.html |title=IBM's System Journal on S/390 Parallel Sysplex Clusters |
==Server Time Protocol==
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==Geographically Dispersed Parallel Sysplex==
{{redirect|GDPS|other uses|GDPS (disambiguation)}}
'''Geographically Dispersed Parallel Sysplex''' ('''GDPS''') is an extension of Parallel Sysplex of mainframes located, potentially, in different cities. GDPS includes configurations for single site or multiple site configurations:<ref>{{cite conference |first=Riaz |last=Ahmad |date=March 5, 2009 |title=GDPS 3.6 Update & Implementation |publisher=SHARE |___location=Austin, TX |url=http://ew.share.org/proceedingmod/abstract.cfm?abstract_id=19145 |
* GDPS HyperSwap Manager: This is based on synchronous [[Peer to Peer Remote Copy]] (PPRC) technology for use within a single data center. Data is copied from the primary storage device to a secondary storage device. In the event of a failure on the primary storage device, the system automatically makes the secondary storage device the primary, usually without disrupting running applications.
* GDPS Metro: This is based on synchronous data mirroring technology (PPRC) that can be used on mainframes {{convert|200|km|mi}} apart. In a two-system model, both sites can be administered as if they were one system. In the event of a failure of a system or storage device, recovery can occur automatically, with limited or no data loss.
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