Plate reader: Difference between revisions

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{{more citations needed|date=April 2012}}

[[File:Microplate reader.jpg|thumb|[[BioTek]] PowerWave XS Microplate Reader]]

'''Plate readers''', also known as '''microplate readers''' or '''microplate photometers''', are instruments which are used to detect [[biology|biological]], [[chemistry|chemical]] or [[physics|physical]] events of samples in [[microtiter plate]]s. They are widely used in research, [[drug discovery]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Neves |first1=Bruno Junior |last2=Agnes |first2=Jonathan Paulo |last3=Gomes |first3=Marcelo do Nascimento |last4=Henriques Donza |first4=Marcio Roberto |last5=Gonçalves |first5=Rosângela Mayer |last6=Delgobo |first6=Marina |last7=Ribeiro de Souza Neto |first7=Lauro |last8=Senger |first8=Mario Roberto |last9=Silva-Junior |first9=Floriano Paes |last10=Ferreira |first10=Sabrina Baptista |last11=Zanotto-Filho |first11=Alfeu |last12=Andrade |first12=Carolina Horta |title=Efficient identification of novel anti-glioma lead compounds by machine learning models |journal=European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry |date=March 2020 |volume=189 |pages=111981 |doi=10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111981 |pmid=31978780 |s2cid=210892159 }}</ref> bioassay validation, quality control and manufacturing processes in the pharmaceutical and biotechnological industry and academic organizations. Sample reactions can be assayed in 1-1536 well format microtiter plates. The most common microplate format used in academic research laboratories or clinical diagnostic laboratories is 96-well (8 by 12 matrix) with a typical reaction volume between 100 and 200 µLμL per well. Higher density microplates (384- or 1536-well microplates) are typically used for screening applications, when throughput (number of samples per day processed) and assay cost per sample become critical parameters, with a typical assay volume between 5 and 50 µLμL per well. Common detection modes for microplate assays are absorbance, [[fluorescence]] intensity, [[luminescence]], [[Time-resolved spectroscopy#Time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy|time-resolved fluorescence]], and [[fluorescence polarization]].

==Methods==

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*[[ELISA]]s

*Protein and [[cell growth]] assays

*[[Protein–protein interaction]]

*Protein:protein interactions

*[[Reporter gene|Reporter]] assays

*[[Nucleic acid quantitation]]

*Molecular interactions

*Enzyme activity

*Cell toxicity, proliferation, and viability

*[[ATP test|ATP quantification]]

*[[Immunoassays]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ashour |first1=Mohamed-Bassem A. |last2=Gee |first2=Shirley J. |last3=Hammock |first3=Bruce D. |title=Use of a 96-well microplate reader for measuring routine enzyme activities |journal=Analytical Biochemistry |date=November 1987 |volume=166 |issue=2 |pages=353–360 |doi=10.1016/0003-2697(87)90585-9 |pmid=3434778 }}</ref>

*[[High throughput screening]] of compounds and targets in drug discovery (Labeled Alpha Screen on most instruments)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bmglabtech.com/en/alphascreen/ | title=AlphaScreen &#124; BMG LABTECH }}</ref>

*Bead-Basedbased Epitope[[epitope]] Assayassay<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Suprun |first1=Maria |last2=Getts |first2=Robert |last3=Raghunathan |first3=Rohit |last4=Grishina |first4=Galina |last5=Witmer |first5=Marc |last6=Gimenez |first6=Gustavo |last7=Sampson |first7=Hugh A. |last8=Suárez-Fariñas |first8=Mayte |title=Novel Bead-Based Epitope Assay is a sensitive and reliable tool for profiling epitope-specific antibody repertoire in food allergy |journal=Scientific Reports |date=5 December 2019 |volume=9 |issue=1 |page=18425 |doi=10.1038/s41598-019-54868-7 |pmid=31804555 |pmc=6895130 |bibcode=2019NatSR...918425S }}</ref>

*Cellular Uptake of nanoparticles[[nanoparticle]]s<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1038/s41598-022-24480-3 | title=Quantifying fluorescent nanoparticle uptake in mammalian cells using a plate reader | year=2022 | last1=Shin | first1=Hye Ji | last2=Kwak | first2=Minjeong | last3=Joo | first3=Sihwa | last4=Lee | first4=Ji Youn | journal=Scientific Reports | volume=12 | issue=1 | page=20146 | pmid=36418509 | pmc=9684140 | bibcode=2022NatSR..1220146S }}</ref>

While "plate reader" usually refers to the devices described above, many variations are available. Some examples of other devices working with the microplate format are: