Harmonium (poetry collection) and Cramlington: Difference between pages

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'''Harmonium''' is a book of [[poetry]] by [[U.S.]] poet [[Wallace Stevens]]. His first book, it was published in 1923 (by Knopf) when he was in middle age (forty-four years old). Its first edition sold only a hundred copies before being remaindered. Most of its poems were published between 1914 and 1923 in other magazines.<ref>Bevis, H.: "...sixty-seven of the seventy-four poems of the 1923 ''Harmonium'' had first been published in small magazines between 1914 and 1923."</ref> So most are now in the public ___domain in America and similar jurisdictions, as the [[Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act|Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act]] affects only works first published after 1922.<ref>See Buttel for details about the publication dates of individual poems. See also the LibriVox site for the complete public ___domain poems of Wallace Stevens.[http://librivox.org/forum/viewtopic.php?t=4077] </ref>

{| align=right border=1 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=2 style="margin-left:1em" style="margin-bottom:1em"

|- align=left style="background:lightyellow"

|'''&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Earthy Anecdote'''<p>

&nbsp;Every time the bucks went clattering<br>

&nbsp;Over Oklahoma<br>

&nbsp;A firecat bristled in the way.<br><br>

&nbsp;Wherever they went,<br>

&nbsp;They went clattering,<br>

&nbsp;Until they swerved<br>

&nbsp;In a swift, circular line<br>

&nbsp;To the right,<br>

&nbsp;Because of the firecat.<br><br>

&nbsp;Or until they swerved<br>

&nbsp;In a swift, circular line<br>

&nbsp;To the left,<br>

&nbsp;Because of the firecat.<br><br>

&nbsp;The bucks clattered.<br>

&nbsp;The firecat went leaping,<br>

&nbsp;To the right, to the left,<br>

&nbsp;And<br>

&nbsp;Bristled in the way.<br><br>

&nbsp;Later, the firecat closed his bright eyes<br>

&nbsp;And slept.

|}

=== Introductory Puzzles ===

|country = England

For reasons that perplex critics ''Harmonium'' begins with "Earthy Anecdote".<ref>First published in 1918. See Buttel, p. 76. See also Librivox.[http://librivox.org/forum/viewtopic.php?t=4077]</ref> This poem must be "some sort of manifesto," [[Helen Vendler]] speculates, "but of what was it the proclamation?"[http://www.britac.ac.uk/pubs/review/03-00a/13-vendler.html]

|official_name= Cramlington

|latitude= 55.0821

|longitude= -1.5848

|population= 39,000 ([[2004]] est.)

|shire_district= [[Blyth Valley]]

| shire_county = [[Northumberland]]

|region= North East England

|constituency_westminster= [[Blyth Valley]]

|post_town= CRAMLINGTON

|postcode_district = NE23

|postcode_area= NE

|dial_code= 01670

|os_grid_reference= NZ2676

}}

The small [[town]] of '''Cramlington''' in the county of [[Northumberland]] is situated nine miles north of the provincial city of [[Newcastle Upon Tyne]] in the north east of [[England]]. Its population is about 39,000. Its name suggests a probable founding by the [[Danes]] or [[Anglo-Saxons|Anglo-Saxon]] origin, the word ‘Ton’ meaning town.

Similar puzzles surround the second poem in ''Harmonium'', "[[Invective against Swans]]". Why would Stevens write an insult poem slamming swans? Why the aspic nipple in the third poem, [[In the Carolinas]]? What manner of nude "scuds the glitters" on a weed? ("[[The Paltry Nude Starts on a Spring Voyage]]") Who is the giant ("[[The Plot Against the Giant]]") and why can he be undone by heavenly labials? What is a "[[gubbinal]]"? Why does the listener in [[The Snow Man]] become "nothing himself" and behold "the nothing that is"? And so on.

==History==

=== Some Evaluations ===

[[Image:St_nicholas_cramlington.jpg|thumb|St Nicholas's Church|left]]

[[Harriet Monroe]] wrote in 1924,

The first record of the Manor of Cramlington is from a mention in [[1135]] when the land was granted to Nicholas de Grenville. A register of early chaplains begins with John the Clerk of Cramlington (c.[[1163]]-[[1180]]). The register continues to the present day.

<blockquote>

[T]there never was never a more flavorously original poetic personality than the author of this book. If one seeks sheer beauty of sound, phrase, rhythm, packed with prismatically colored ideas by a mind at once wise and whimsical, one should open one's eyes and ears, sharpen one's wits, widen one's sympathies to include rare and exquisite aspects of life, and then run for this volume of iridescent poems.<ref>Monroe, 28</ref>

</blockquote>

[[Marianne Moore]] wrote shortly after the book's publication that Stevens "achieved remoteness" of imagination, which "takes refuge" in a "riot of gorgeousness." She adds that although "Mr. Stevens is never inadvertently crude, one is conscious...of a deliberate bearishness — a shadow of acrimonious, unprovoked contumely."<ref>Axelrod and Deese, p. 4</ref> Edmund Wilson, writing in the ''New Republic'' in 1924, wrote, "Even when you do not know what he is saying, you know that he is saying it well."<ref>Axelrod and Deese, p. 4</ref>

Matthew Josephson ranked Stevens among the best of contemporary poets, writing in 1923 that Stevens exhibits both a poetry of sensuousness and a metaphysical poetry. He favors the latter, as in "Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Blackbird" and "Anecdote of the Jar", predicting that they will be "spell-binding for hundreds of years".<ref>Axelrod and Deese, p. 4</ref> (By contrast Charles Altieri has recently expressed a preference for the poetry of sensuousness, Stevens matters as a poet, according to Altieri, because of his commitment to the primacy of the senses.[http://socrates.berkeley.edu/~altieri/manuscripts/intentionality.htm]) John Gould Fletcher wrote in 1923 that because of his honesty Stevens stands "head and shoulders" above the internationally famous aesthetes like [[T.S._Elliot|Eliot]], [[The_Sitwells|the Sitwells]], and [[Paul_Val%C3%A9ry|Valéry]]. He defended Stevens' "obscurity" as deriving from "a wealth of meaning and allusion."<ref>Axelrod and Deese, p. 4</ref> He discerns a poet "definitely out of tune with life and with his surroundings, and...seeking an escape into a sphere of finer harmony between instinct and intelligence." Fletcher warned that the poet faced "a clear choice of evils: he must either expand his range to take in more of human experience, or give up writing altogether. ''Harmonium'' is a sublimation which does not permit a sequel."<ref>Axelrod and Deese, p.4</ref> [[Louis Untermeyer]] criticized Stevens in 1924 as a "conscious aesthete" at war with reality, achieving little beyond "an amusing precosity". He can only "smile indulgently" at the "childish" love of alliteration and assonance in "Chieftan Iffucan of Azcan in caftan" or "Gloomy grammarians in golden gowns", and he is irritated by the confusing titles: "The Emperor of Ice Cream", "The Paltry Nude Starts on a Spring Voyage", "Frogs Eat Butterflies. Snakes Eat Frogs. Hogs Eat Snakes. Men Eat Hogs." <ref>Untermeyer, p 30</ref> To the caricature of "aesthete" Gorham Munson added "dandy" in "The Dandyism of Wallace Stevens" (''Dial'' 79, 1925), objecting to what he took to be Stevens's indifference to political and social issues of the era. The epithet "dandy" became "hedonist" in [[Yvor Winters]]'s 1943 essay "Wallace Stevens, or the Hedonist's Progress", objecting that Stevens did not give primacy to the intellect or to orthodox Christian beliefs.<ref>Possibly the most disgruntled reviewer of Stevens's early poems was the Irish-American poet Shaemas O'Scheel, the author of an Irish war poem, "They Went Forth to Battle, But They Always Fell." Stevens had a set of poems in ''Poetry'''s "War Number" (November 1914). O"Sheel condemned the entire "War Number" but cited Stevens's "Phases" in particular as "an excellent example" of poetry that is "untruthful, and nauseating to read." (Axelrod and Deese, p. 1)</ref>

From the [[1100s|12th Century]] onwards, its history has been mostly rural incorporating several farms and the parish [[church]] of St. Nicholas (built at a cost of £3,000 during [[1865]]-[[1868]] in the [[Gothic style]]) but during the early [[1800s|19th Century]], [[coal mining]] with several mine shafts in the immediate vicinity (the first was sunk in [[1824]]) began to change that. It remained small, however, until [[1964]] when it was proclaimed a [[New town#United Kingdom|New Town]] and developers (such as William Leech and J.T.Bell) developed large [[housing estate]]s. It has effectively become a [[suburb]] of the much larger [[city]] to its south.

=== The Poetry of Sensuousness ===

During [[World War I]], the North East of England was protected by the [[No. 36 Squadron RAF|No. 36 Home Defence Squadron]]. The squadron was formed at Cramlington on [[February 1]], [[1916]] by Capt. R. O. Abercromby, with Cramlington subsequently becoming an important base for military planes and [[airships]]. A reference to Cramlington airfield is made in [[W. E. Johns]] [[1935]] book ''The Black Peril'' from the extremely popular [[Biggles]] series.

Favoring ''Harmonium'''s "sensualism", as exampled in "[[Metaphors of a Magnifico]]", marks a divide among critics, for there are many who, like Vendler, champion the later poetry. "I think, with others, that Stevens' powers increased with age," she writes.<ref>Vendler, p. 5</ref> Also there are those like Bates who agree that ''Harmonium'' absorbs the poses and preoccupations of the [[fin-de-siècle]] "naughtiness" and its echo in the "[[Decadent_movement|English Decadence]]" as transmitted and refracted through Stevens's own unique sensibility, but maintain that both the aesthete and sensualist readings overlook the American burgher in Stevens, the successful insurance executive possessed of "something of the mountainous gruffness that we recognize in ourselves as American — the stamina, the powerful grain showing in a kind of indifference."<ref>Richard Eberhart, quoted in Bates, p. 89. Bates may have been thinking of Marianne Moore's remark about Stevens's "bearishness".</ref> Some of the issues here are raised by a poem like "[[Disillusionment of Ten O'Clock]]". Josephson chooses these lines from "Banal Sojourn" to illustrate Stevens's poetry of sensuousness:

<blockquote>

The sky is a blue gum streaked with rose. The trees are black.<br>

The grackles crack their throats of bone in the smooth air.<br>

Moisture and heat have swollen the garden into a slum of bloom.<br>

Pardie! Summer is like a fat beast, sleepy in mildew...

</blockquote>

Josephson's objection to this side of Stevens is that he in his next book "would have to be more and more intimate and scandalous,

''ad absurdum''", and that already this side "has influenced many of his younger contemporaries, and in them, at least, leads to pretense, and murkiness."<ref>Josephson, 32</ref>

==Geography and infrastructure==

=== Imagism ===

The latitude and longitude of Cramlington are 55.07N & 01.59W [[British national grid reference system|NZ2676]]. The [[River Blyth, Northumberland|River Blyth]] is close by, as is Plessey Woods Country Park.

The town is served by [[Cramlington railway station]], with services to the [[MetroCentre]], [[Morpeth, Northumberland|Morpeth]] and [[Newcastle upon Tyne]] provided by [[Northern Rail]]. Cramlington has an extensive bus service of which is provided by [[Arriva North East|Arriva Northumbria]]. With the X1,X2,X3,X4,X5 and X6 buses linking the town to Newcastle Upon Tyne respectively.

Buttell shows how Stevens absorbed such diverse traditions and innovations as Romanticism, Victorianism, Elizabethan comedy, French irony, Symbolism, Imagism, and Modernist art. Although Stevens had reservations about the [[imagism|Imagist]] movement, the movement's injunction "Use no superfluous word" is evident in such poems as "[[The Snow Man]]" and "[[The Load Of Sugar-Cane]]". Edward Kessler's ''Images of Wallace Stevens'' organizes Stevens's use of images into six categories: North and South, Sun and Moon, Music and the Sea, the Statue and the Wilderness, and Colors and "Domination of Black".

As of early 2007, there have been rumours of a possible metro link being established in the future through sharing the somewhat redundant line between neighbouring towns [[Blyth]], [[Bedlington]], [[Ashington]] and [[Morpeth]].

Cramlington also has good road transport links, being situated between the [[A1 road|A1]], [[A19 road|A19]] and [[A189 road|A189]] roads. The town is also notable for its many roundabouts, especially the notorious Moor Farm roundabout which links the A19 and A189 as well as other roads to Cramlington.

In 2006, it was announced that Moor Farm roundabout is to be 'traffic controlled' with traffic lights installed, working on a similar operation to those at the A19 Silverlink roundabout, due to continuous congestion and also frequent accidents on a severe scale.

It has also been announced that Blyth Valley Council are proposing the construction of a new bus concourse, of which will be located near to Manor Walks Shopping Centre to improve public transport links for commuters.

==Economy==

=== On Stevens's "symbolism" ===

There are several large industrial zones in Cramlington, most to the town's north-west, housing major pharmaceutical companies including [[Merck Sharp and Dohme]]. Other growing chemical companies including Aesica Pharmaceuticals are also present.<ref>[http://www.aesica-pharma.co.uk/find.html]</ref>

The popular Manor Walks shopping centre was constructed in the centre of the town in the [[1970s]], and was subsequently expanded in the mid-[[1990s]] and in [[2003]]/[[2004|4]]. The centre now includes retailers such as [[Argos]], [[ASDA]], [[Boots Group|Boots]], [[Next (retailer)|Next]] and [[Sainsbury's]].

Stevens is often called a [[Symbolism (arts)|symbolist]] poet. Vendler notes that the first task undertaken by the early critics of Stevens was to "decode" his "symbols". (The scare-quotes are Vendler's.) Color symbolism is a vital part of Stevens' poetic technique, according to a symbolist critic<ref>Prasad, pp. 1-10; précis in ''The Wallace Stevens Journal'', p. 138.</ref> writing in 1975, who proposed the following color scheme for reading Stevens. <blockquote>blue - imagination;<br>green - the physical<br>red - reality<br>gold - sun<br>purple - delight in the imagination</blockquote> Vendler accuses the decoders of producing "some commentary of extraordinary banality".<ref>Vendler, p. 53.</ref> It seems safe to affirm however that Stevens's symbolism is in aid of a polarity between "things as they are" and "things imagined".<ref>Heringman, p. 325</ref> Imagination, order and the ideal are often symbolized by blue, the moon, the polar north, winter, music, poetry, and art. Actuality and disorder are often represented by yellow, the sun, the tropic south, summer, physical nature. For instance, sun and moon represent this duality in ''Harmonium'''s "[[The Comedian as the letter C]]", in which the protagonist, Crispin, conceives his voyage of self-discovery as a poet to be

<blockquote>

An up and down between two elements,<br>

A fluctuating between sun and moon,

</blockquote>

Provisional permissions were recently given to an [[Open-pit mining|open cast mining]] operation to the north-west of the town, however the fine detail of how much [[coal]] is to be extracted has yet to be agreed.<ref>[http://www.northumberland.gov.uk/BB_News.asp?BB_Bulletin_ID=2891]</ref> As of [[July 2006]], it now appears mining will not go ahead.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/tyne/5146544.stm] </ref>

=== On the relevance of biography ===

==Education==

At least as controversial as the question about symbolism is the question whether and how Stevens's personal life should be read into his poetry. William Carlos Williams was not reluctant to do so, writing some months after Stevens's death, "He was a dandy at heart. You never saw Stephens in sloppy clothes. His poems are the result."<ref>Bates, p. 90.</ref> The remarkable [[Le Monocle de Mon Oncle]] is particularly disputed with regard to the relevance of the biographical. Referring to the fact that Stevens's marriage to Elsie turned cold, Milton Bates writes, "Emotional deprivation became to some extent the condition of his craft, the somber backdrop for the motley antics of ''Harmonium''."<ref>Bates, p. 82.</ref> Stevens's interest in Chinese art, notably the prints of Utamaro (See canto III of "Monocle") is discernible in his poetry, as in ''Harmonium's'' "[[Hibiscus on the Sleeping Shores]]"? Should the reader note this and move on, or does it fortify the critiques of Stevens's aestheticism?<ref>Stevens, H., p. 796: "I hate orientalism." (letter from Wallace Stevens to Paule Vidal, August 19, 1953.)</ref> Buttel offers a nuanced judgment when he writes, "Purging the excesses of this [orientalist] mode from his verse, he became attracted to the dazzling color and exotic qualities of the American South, the Caribbean, Latin America, and modern French painting. Even so, orientalism left its mark on ''Harmonium,'' in delicacy of effect and in such details as `Utamaro's beauties,' `umbrellas in Java,' and `a woman of Lhassa.'"<ref>Buttel, p. 73-4</ref>

Schools in [[Northumberland]] currently operate under a three tier system, however, the council recently made the decision to convert to the national two tier system. This change will affect all schools in the town. For example, [[Cramlington Community High School]], which is currently one of the largest high schools in the country, will absorb a neighbouring middle school to increase its student capacity.

Prior to the closure of the area's many middle schools, some elementary schools will be relocating to the former middle school sites, which will allow disused sites and land to be sold to housing developers and other parties. It has been proposed that the changes will begin as of September 2007, however there has been concern from local residents over traffic and parking arrangements at the new sites.<ref>http://www.blyth-wansbecktoday.co.uk/ViewArticle2.aspx?SectionID=1115&ArticleID=1974999</ref>

=== The gaudiness of poetry ===

==Leisure==

In a letter written in 1933 Stevens selects "[[The Emperor of Ice Cream]]" as his favorite among his poems because it contains something of "the essential gaudiness of poetry".[http://www.english.uiuc.edu/maps/poets/s_z/stevens/letters.htm] (There may be a link between the gaudiness of poetry and the title of the book: A [[harmonium]] could be described as a gaudy little organ-like musical instrument, or indeed as a calliope, suggesting [[Calliope]], muse of poetry.) The gaudiness of Stevens' poetry endears him to many (even those who profess to be among his enemies [http://www.wesleyan.edu/wstevens/cohen.html]) and has earned him the sobriquet "the [[Matisse]] of poets", although it is arguable that [[Paul Klee|Klee's]] paintings had more influence on his poetry. In a letter written in 1939 Stevens expressed fondness for "[[Fabliau of Florida]]". The use of color images is striking in such poems as "[[Domination of Black]]" and "[[Disillusionment of Ten O'Clock]]", associating Stevens with the [[imagism|imagist]] movement in early twentieth-century art.

Cramlington's main leisure centre, Concordia, is situated in the town centre adjacent to the shopping mall and was opened by the Queen in the 1977. It boasts a leisure pool, originally designed in the 1970s as an indoor tropical paradise, indoor football pitches, tennis, badminton and squash courts, as well as a climbing wall. It also features a well-equipped gymnasium, sauna and bowling green.

As part of the new town design, the town has a large cycle path network. A cycle route also connects the town to the nearest beach, in Blyth.

Stevens might also be called "the [[Vivaldi]] of poets" because of the importance to him of the [[The Four Seasons (Vivaldi)|seasons]] and weather generally. Harold Bloom chides Vendler for writing in ''On Extended Wings'' that "the only phenomenon to which he [Stevens] is passionately attached is the weather", replying, "If Mrs. Vendler were wholly correct, readers deeply moved by Stevens might have to murmur that never has so much been made out of the weather."[http://www.nytimes.com/books/97/12/21/home/stevens-vendler.html]. Responding to the seasons, nature, and the world generally is the work of the imagination, whether the poet's or anyone else's, and failure of imagination is associated with death, as in "[[Another Weeping Woman]]".

As of late March 2007, Blyth Valley council have announced that the cycle network is to be extended to allow access to neighbouring town [[Bedlington]].

There are few pubs located around Cramlington, however the original Cramlington Village, ajacent the modern town centre is now more well-known for its nightlife. As the village incorporates popular pubs The Plough, The Blagdon Arms, The Travellers Rest, Capella's wine bar, The commrades club and the social club.

The Vivaldi of poets has also been accused of "some hazy notion of an analogy between music and poetry."[http://www.nytimes.com/books/97/12/21/home/stevens-harmonium.html] Whether hazy or not, the notion colors such poems as <i>Harmonium</i>'s "[[Peter Quince at the Clavier]]", "[[Ploughing on Sunday]]", and [[Infanta Marina]], which Vendler likens to a "double scherzo". She also observes that for Stevens "looking and hearing, imagery and musicality, occupy equal ground".<ref>Vendler, p. 48.</ref> This sensuous ground contrasts with rationalism and abstraction, as in the contrast he presents between the philosophers' Plato and "the ultimate Plato" in "[[Homunculus et la Belle Ètoile]]".

==Religion==

=== Irony and Humor ===

Cramlington has a number of churches of various denominations.

'''Methodist'''

Stevens the ironist should not be overlooked. Irony (arguably) suffuses "[[The Ordinary Women]]", "[[Invective Against Swans]]", "[[Nuances of a Theme by Williams]]", and other poems in ''Harmonium''. Also a sense of humor is a significant characteristic of the collection, as indicated by many of the poem titles and in some cases by the content as well. Both title and content of "[[Cy Est Pourtraicte, Madame Ste Ursule, et Les Unze Mille Vierges]]" testify to this lighter side. (Samuel French Morse writes that nothing Stevens was to write later would achieve "the particular comic quality of these early exercises" in ''Harmonium'', though the tone of the poetry would deepen.<ref>Morse, p. 33.</ref>) Even Stevens's experimentation with perspective, coolly executed in "[[The Snow Man]]", is presented with bawdy humor in a poem like "[[A High-Toned Old Christian Woman]]". Another dimension of Harmonium is reflection on the relationship between traditional European artistic tradition and the new artistic experiments in America to which Stevens was self-consciously contributing. "[[Doctor of Geneva]]" can be read as such an experiment.

* Doxford Place Methodist Church

* Welcome Methodist Church (formerly Station Terrace Methodist Church)

'''Church of England'''

=== Locality ===

* St. Nicholas Parish Church

* St. Andrew's

* St. Peter's

'''Catholic'''

As for "Earthy Anecdote", Vendler believes that "this apparently trivial little poem" revealed to Stevens how much his art depended on obstructions and the consequent swerves they provoked. On the other (dramatically different) hand, Nicholson reads it as an anecdote about planet Earth. The bucks are spinning planets and the firecat is the Sun — so the poem's title is a pun.

* St. Paul's

==Famous residents==

Stevens is on record as saying that he "intended something quite concrete: actual animals, not original chaos," commenting on Walter Pach's illustration for his poem, which he judged "just the opposite of my idea".<ref>Steven, H. Letter to Carl Zigrosser, July 10, 1918. p. 209</ref> If chaos is just the opposite of his idea, Nicholson's astronomical interpretation might fall under the same censure, and perhaps Vendler's "poet's struggles" reading as well. Martha Strom's approach may be more in line with Stevens's idea. She explains the position of the poem at the beginning of ''Harmonium'' as signifying Stevens's departure from the dominant "local" school, which enjoined the poet to stay close to his roots and locale. She writes,

The acclaimed [[comedian]] [[Ross Noble]] comes from Cramlington. Footballers [[Alan Shearer]], [[Steven Taylor (footballer)|Steven Taylor]] and [[Peter Ramage]] also started their careers playing for [[Cramlington Juniors F.C.]]. [[Sting]] briefly was a first school teacher at St Paul's First School. [[Trade unionist]] [[Charles Fenwick]] was born in the town.Worldwide renowned photographer and gangster rapper SWalton was also born and raised in Cramlington.

<blockquote>

[[Middlesbrough F.C]] winger [[Graeme Owens]] was also born in Cramlington. Professional Skateboarder, Jamie Adair also originates from the town.

Stevens locates the bucks in Oklahoma, which firmly situates the poem in the "local" school of writing, but he imbues the localist donnée — a particular landscape, some bucks, and a cat in Oklahoma — with the motion of his imagination, and the flat "local" scene acquires texture and life.<ref>Strom, p. 429.</ref>

Pseudo-[[Chav]], Buzzcocks is from Cramlington. Buzzcocks is the character created by Adam Riffle and Norman Sheeran for an internet [[mockumentary]] on chav life. He is alledgedly the Godfether of Cramlington and the fastest [[rave]] dancer in the North East. A Youtube link to the character is available below

</blockquote>

This departure from the strictures of "locality" reaches its ''telos'' in the final poem that Stevens wrote for ''Harmonium,'' "[[The Comedian as the Letter C]]", in which the poet voyages away from his local soil.

===Twin Notes =towns==

* [[Solingen]], [[Germany]]

<references />

* [[Ratingen]], Germany

=== References ===

* [[Gelendzhik]], [[Russia]]

<ul>

<li>Axelrod, Steven Gould, and Helen Deese. ''Critical Essays on Wallace Stevens''. 1988: G.K. Hall & Co.

==References==

<li>Bates, Milton J. ''Wallace Stevens: a mythology of self''. 1985: University of California Press.

<references/>

<li>Bevis, William W. "The Arrangement of Harmonium". ELH Vol 37, No 3 (1970).

<li>Buttel, Robert. ''Wallace Stevens, The Making of Harmonium''. 1967: Princeton University Press.

==External links==

<li>Heringman, Bernard. "Wallace Stevens: The Use of Poetry". ELH Vol. 16, No. 4 (1949)

*[http://www.rafweb.org/Sqn036-40.htm History of the No. 36 Home Defence squadron]

<li>Josephson, Matthew. "Review of ''Harmonium".'' Reprinted in Axelrod and Deese.

*[http://communities.northumberland.gov.uk/Cramlington_C15.htm Northumberland Communities] Photos and maps of Cramlington from 1610-1910.

<li>Kessler, Edward. ''Images of Wallace Stevens''. 1972: Rutgers University Press.

*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VO6ucOnBwHA] Buzzcock's the Chav.

<li>Monroe, Harriet. "Comment: A Cavalier of Beauty". Reprinted in Axelrod and Deese.

{{Northumberland Settlements}}

<li>Morse, Samuel French. "Wallace Stevens, Bergson, Pater". ''ELH'' Vol. 31, No. 1.

<li>Nicholson, Mervyn. "Reading Stevens' Riddles." ''College English'', Vol. 50, No. 1. (Jan., 1988), pp. 13-31.

[[Category:Towns in Northumberland]]

<li>Prasad, Veena Rani. "Color-Scheme in the Poetry of Wallace Stevens". ''Indian Journal of American Studies''. January/July 1975, pp. 1-10.

<li>Stevens, H. Letters of Wallace Stevens. 1966: University of California Press

[[de:Cramlington]]

<li>Vendler, Helen. ''Words Chosen Out Of Desire''. 1984: University of Tennessee Press.

[[fr:Cramlington]]

<li>''The Wallace Stevens Journal''. "Current Bibliography." Volume 1, Numbers 3-4. (Fall/Winter 1977)

[[simple:Cramlington]]

</ul>

[[Category:American poetry collections]]

[[Category:poems by Wallace Stevens]]