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{{Short description|Two-and-four stroke engines}}
'''Two- and
== M4+2 engine ==
{{Advert section|date=October 2022}}
''' The M4+2 engine
The M4+2 engine took its name from a combination of
▲''' The M4+2 engine ''', also known as the double-piston internal [[combustion]] engine, is a new type of [[internal combustion engine]] invented by a Polish patent holder Piotr Mężyk.<ref name="Piotr Mężyk">[http://izoling.beep.pl/www.izoling.pl/badania/czytaj/engine.html Official site of the city of [[Myszków]], Poland]('''Polish'''){{dead link|date=January 2020}}</ref>
[[
▲The M4+2 engine took its name from a combination of the two working modes of the known engines, that is from the [[two-stroke engine]] and [[four-stroke engine]]. The two-stroke combustion engine is characterized by a simple construction and system of air load change, as well as bigger index of power output. Unfortunately, its filling ratio is worse than in four-stroke engine. The ecological index of two-stroke engine is also unfavorable. The system of valves of the four-stroke engine is its disadvantage. The cylinders of both modules of double-pistons engine have been joined along one axis with common cylinder head - in the form of the ring. The pistons are moved with different speed and with appropriate stage displacement. The two crankshafts are connected with a special transmission. The four-stroke crankshaft is rotated with twice a speed of two-stroke crankshaft. The engine is named double-piston because of its construction - double pistons and crankshafts. In the M4+2, the advantages of both engines being connected are obvious; the [[piston]]s of the engine working in one [[combustion]] [[Cylinder (engine)|cylinder]] are set oppositely to each other, but in different modes. Although the projects of connecting two stroke modes in one cylinder were tried already a long time ago in the [[opposed piston engine]], the combination of the two different cycles had never been tried before. It turned out that the engine is not only able to work, but that the effects are very promising. The engine has a far greater efficiency over the break-even value known to combustion engines (about 35%) and closer to the one associated with [[steam turbines]] or [[electric engines]] (about 70%).{{Citation needed|reason=this should be in one of the already cited refs|date=April 2010}}
Advantages:
▲[[Image:proto.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The M4+2 [[prototype]] constructed at the [[Silesian University of Technology]], [[Poland]]]]
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The idea was developed at the [[Silesian University of Technology]], Poland,
▲*more efficient [[Power (physics)|power]] production (150 [[horsepower]] from 1000 cc of volume in the basic version)
▲*ability to use different [[fuel]] types (natural plant oils as well as petroleum)
▲*much better ecological effects – a huge reduction of [[carbon dioxide]] and other gas emission
▲*lower fuel consumption
▲*prolonged stroke expansion
▲*possibility to change the compression parameters without having to stop the engine
▲*simplicity of construction<ref name="novenia">[http://www.invenia.es/tech:05_pl_spop_0dwm Invenia] New-generation various fuel forms internal combustion engine - a review from Spain</ref><ref name="German">[http://www.bit.or.at/irca/bbsshow8.php?ref1=05%20PL%20SPOP%200DWM&vQuelle=&cc= BBS] A review from Germany</ref>
▲The idea was developed at the [[Silesian University of Technology]], Poland, under the leadership of [[Adam Ciesiołkiewicz]].<ref name="kones">[http://www.ilot.edu.pl/Journal%20of%20KONES%202002%20No%201_2/01/str56.pdf Journal abstract] - Journal of KONES Internal Combustion Engines 2002 No. 1-2 {{ISSN|1231-4005}}, the official Polish educational site ('''Pdf''')</ref> It was granted a [[patent]] number 195052 by the Polish [[Patent Office]].<ref name="patent">[http://www.uprp.pl/wydawnictwa/wyd/bup_03/bup09_03/bup09_2003.pdf The Polish Patent Office newsletter] ('''Polish, Pdf'''){{dead link|date=January 2020}}</ref> The work with the new combustion engine has been done by IZOLING P.W. Company in cooperation with Silesian University of Technology in Gliwice. Consultations with researchers from Technical University of Kraków also were held. So far, two working engine models have been made. The preliminary model is based on two existing engines (two-stroke motorbike engine and four-stroke small machine engine). This model confirms the concept of two- and four-stroke engines connection. The second model is the functional model. <!-- It realizes the elaborated engine work conception. --> The new solution of combustion engine was presented during scientific conferences (KONES '2002, Seminary of bio - fuels 2003, etc.) and in mass media (journals, newspapers, TVP, radio).
* Gas exhaust▼
* Two-stage [[combustion]]▼
* Gas expansion▼
The filling process takes place at the [[overpressure]] phase, using a mechanical [[gas compressor]] and a [[throttle]] for the purpose of regulation.
▲[[Image:m4+2anim.gif|thumb|500px|right|The M4+2 engine working cycle animation]]
The load change is assisted by a four-stroke piston, working as a dynamic boosting system and allowing the good scavenging of working space.
▲The stages of the working cycle:
▲*Gas exhaust
▲*Fresh air inlet (two stages)
▲*Medium [[Gas compression|compression]]
▲*Two-stage [[combustion]]
▲*Gas expansion
▲The filling process takes place at the [[overpressure]] phase, using a mechanical [[gas compressor]] and a [[throttle]] for the purpose of regulation.<br>
▲The load change is assisted by a four-stroke piston, working as a dynamic boosting system and allowing the good scavenging of working space. <br>
A possibility exists of changing the relative piston positions during the engine work, which gives the possibility of changing the compression ratio depending on the temporary level of the load. This suggests the possibility of different fuels for combustion (low-octane petrol, biofuels with high levels of vegetable components).
The working cycle is
The engine is characterized by:
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Calculations prove the new engine has more favorable parameters and work indicators:▼
*the increase of engine thermal efficiency (Although the mechanical efficiency is lesser than a conventional engine)▼
*higher total efficiency - efficiency characteristic is more favorable at medium load. It is comparable with the diesel engine efficiency so the exploitation of fuel consumption is relatively smaller▼
*the higher torque and the higher power output compared to the four-stroke SI engine with the same stroke volume▼
▲Calculations prove the new engine has more favorable parameters and work indicators:
<!-- Preliminary research shows that the combustion engine has possibility of lean-mixtures combustion (lambda>1). The properties and the possibility of compression ratio change during normal work forecast the possibility of different fuels combustion (like vegetable oils, low-octane petrol, bio - fuels with high stage of vegetable components). The properties and features of new engine show that it can work as SI or diesel engine.▼
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===Ricardo 2x4 engine===▼
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<!--
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▲=== Ricardo 2x4 engine ===
The two-cycle modes are currently being researched at [[Ricardo Consulting Engineers]] in the [[United Kingdom|UK]]. The concept consists in switching from one mode to the other depending on the [[Revolutions per minute|rpm]] value. The four-stroke engine is more efficient when running at full throttle, while the opposite is the case for the two-stroke engine. When a small car under heavy load runs at half speed, the engine automatically switches to the two-cycle mode, which is then more efficient. The research on this showed a 27% reduction in fuel consumption.<ref name="genius">[http://www.theengineer.co.uk/Articles/305434/Stroke+of+genius.htm Engineer Online] Stroke of genius [[The Engineer (UK magazine)]]{{dead link|date=October 2021}}</ref><ref name="mit">[http://www.technologyreview.com/Energy/20494/ Nonelectric Hybrid Engines] [[Technology Review]]/[[MIT
== See also ==
* [[Six-stroke engine]]
* [[Rotary engine]]
== References ==
{{reflist}}
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