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The '''Parallel Line Internet Protocol''' ('''PLIP''') is a [[computer network]]ing [[Protocol (computing)|protocol]] for direct computer-to-computer communications using the [[parallel port]], normally used for connections to a printer.<ref name="WellsJang2000">{{cite book|author1=Nicholas Wells|author2=Michael Jang|title=Guide to Linux Installation and Administration|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jQE-iUCjUKAC&pg=PA63|year=2000|publisher=Cengage Learning EMEA|isbn=0-619-00097-X|page=63}}</ref><ref name="Hantelmann2012">{{cite book|author=Fred Hantelmann|title=LINUX Start-up Guide: A self-contained introduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q9ypCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA3|date=6 December 2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-642-60749-3|page=3}}</ref>
The Parallel Line Internet ProtocolPLIP provides [[Linklink Layerlayer]] services for the [[Internet Protocol]], thewhich protocolis used for forming small [[local area network]]s and large computer networks, such as the [[Internet]],. This enablingenables computers without standard dedicated networking hardware, such as [[Ethernet]], but with older parallel port devices, to communicate.
==Operation==
The [[Internet Protocol Suite]] is the standards-based networking model and software specification for forming small and large computer networks, from local area networks to global communication systems, such aslike the Internet. It is usually implemented by software and hardware features that use [[Ethernet]] network interface cards, cabling, and networking switches or hubs.
Early [[personal computer]]s did not have Ethernet hardware included in their design, and bus adapters were initially expensive. A solution to was to use the, at the time, a standard [[parallel port]], typically used for connection to a printer or similar output device. The ports on two computers are connected with a so-called null-printer cable, sometimes called a [[LapLink cable]].
The laplinkLapLink cable connects five output pins of a parallel port to five input pins on the opposing port, for each direction. Due to the lack of an internal timing in the parallel ports, synchronization is implemented via software handshaking: four of the five pins are used for data transfer and one is used for synchronization. The [[Truth value|logical values]] at these pins are read and written directly by the software via an input or output instruction.
This method does not connect the bidirectional data lines of the two devices, in order to avoidprevent both lines from being active at the same time. The status lines ERROR, SLCT, PAPOUT, ACK, and BUSY on one device are connected to data pins d0 through d4, respectively, on the other.
Transmission of aA [[byte]] is accomplishedtransmitted by dividing it into two [[nibble]]s of four bits each. Each nibble is transmitted by setting the four data lines according to the four nibble bits and then toggling the acknowledge line. This toggle indicates to the receiving host that the nibble is ready to be read. Once the receiving host has read the nibble, it toggles its synchronization line to tell the transmitter that the nibble has been read and that a new one may be sent. Both hosts use a toggle on their acknowledge lines to indicate that the read or write operation has been performed. As a result, each host has to wait for a toggle from the other host before proceeding with a new operation.
As an example, the transfer of nibble <tt>{{mono|0010</tt>}} proceeds as follows:
<pre>
t->r lines r->s lines operation
transmitter detects toggle
</pre>
When the transmitter detects the toggle, thisThis procedure is repeated for the next nibble when the transmitter detects the toggle.
[[Internet Protocol]] packets are sent over the line after encapsulatingbeing themencapsulated into PLIP packets before transmissionbeing transmitted over the line. The encapsulated packet has the following structure:
*packet length: 2 bytes, [[little endian]]
*ethernet header (mostly used for backward compatibility)
*the IP packet
*checksum: 1 byte, sum modulo 256 of bytes in the packet
The length and checksum are calculated over the second and third fieldfields only, so that the actual total length of the packet is three more than the length as reported in the first two bytes of the packet.
==Similar methods==
An analogous feature for serial communications ports is the [[Serial Line Internet Protocol]] (SLIP), using null-modem cables, but allows the transfer of four bits at a time rather than one. It generally works at higher [[bitrate]]s. The method is based on the "Crynwr" standard devised by [[Russ Nelson]].
Ethernet may also be used as a direct computer-to-computer communications method using an [[Ethernet crossover cable]].
Other [[Point-to-point link|point-to-point]] connections, such as [[USB]] host-to-host bridges or cables, are also used to transfer files between two computers where a network is not necessary or available.
==See also==
*[[Direct cable connection]]
*[[Serial Line Internet Protocol]] (SLIP)
==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20121204000631/http://www.freebsd.org/doc/handbook/network-plip.html PLIP explanation]
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