External flow: Difference between revisions

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In [[fluid mechanics]], '''external flow''' is a flow that [[boundary layer]]s develop freely, without constraints imposed by adjacent surfaces.<ref name="AIP"/><ref name="dynamics"/> It can be defined as the flow of a fluid around a body that is completely submerged in it. Examples include fluid motion over a flat plate (inclined or parallel to the free stream velocity) and flow over curved surfaces such as a sphere, cylinder, [[airfoil]], or [[turbine blade]], water flowing around submarines, and air flowing around a truck;<ref name="truck"/> a 2000 paper analyzing the latter used [[computational fluid dynamics]] to model the three-dimensional flow structure and pressure distribution on the external surface of the truck.<ref name="truck"/> In a 2008 paper, external flow was said to be "arguably is the most common and best studied case in [[soft matter]] systems.<ref name="stochastic"/>

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In [[fluid mechanics]], '''external flow''' is a flow that [[boundary layer]]s develop freely, without constraints imposed by adjacent surfaces.<ref name="AIP"/><ref name="dynamics"/> It can be defined as the flow of a fluid around a body that is completely submerged in it. Examples include fluid motion over a flat plate (inclined or parallel to the free stream velocity) and flow over curved surfaces such as a sphere, cylinder, [[airfoil]], or [[turbine blade]], water flowing around submarines, and air flowing around a truck;<ref name="truck"/> a 2000 paper analyzing the latter used [[computational fluid dynamics]] to model the three-dimensional flow structure and pressure distribution on the external surface of the truck.<ref name="truck"/> In a 2008 paper, external flow was said to be "arguably is the most common and best studied case in [[soft matter systems]].<ref name="stochastic"/>

The term can also be used simply to describe flow in any body of fluid external to the system under consideration.<ref name="external"/><ref name="asme"/>

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==References==

<references>

<ref name="AIP">
{{Cite journal

| last1 = Jendoubi | first1 = S.

| url = https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.868126

| last2 = Strykowski | first2 = P. J.

| title = Absolute and convective instability of axisymmetric jets with external flow

| date = September 1, 1994

| first1 = S.

| title = Absolute and convective instability of axisymmetric jets with external flow

| last1 = Jendoubi

| journal = Physics of Fluids

| first2 = P. J.

| volume = 6 | issue = 9 | pages = 3000–3009

| last2 = Strykowski

| bibcode = 1994PhFl....6.3000J

| date = September 1, 1994

| doi = 10.1063/1.868126

| journal = Physics of Fluids

}}</ref>

| volume = 6

<ref name="dynamics">

| issue = 9

{{Cite journal

| pages = 3000–3009

| last1 = Lebedev | first1 = V. V.

| via = aip.scitation.org (Atypon)

| doilast2 = Turitsyn | first2 = 10K.1063/1 S.868126

| last3 = Vergeles | first3 = S. S.

}}</ref>

| date = November 20, 2007

<ref name="dynamics">{{Cite journal

| title = Dynamics of nearly spherical vesicles in an external flow

| url = http://arxiv.org/abs/cond-mat/0702650

| journal = Physical Review Letters

| title = Dynamics of nearly spherical vesicles in an external flow

| volume = 99 | issue = 21 | pages = 218101

| first1 = V. V.

| arxiv = cond-mat/0702650

| last1 = Lebedev

| bibcode = 2007PhRvL..99u8101L

| first2 = K. S.

| doi = 10.1103/PhysRevLett.99.218101

| last2 = Turitsyn

| first3 pmid = S. S.18233260

| last3 s2cid = Vergeles17517230

}}</ref>

| date = November 20, 2007

<ref name="external">

| journal = Physical Review Letters

{{Cite journal

| volume = 99

| last1 |= issueChiu | first1 = 21Y-H.

| last2 |= pagesEtheridge | first2 = 218101D. W.

| date = April 1, 2007

| via = arXiv.org

| title = External flow effects on the discharge coefficients of two types of ventilation opening

| doi = 10.1103/PhysRevLett.99.218101

| journal = Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics

}}</ref>

| volume = 95 | issue = 4 | pages = 225–252

<ref name="external">{{Cite journal

| doi = 10.1016/j.jweia.2006.06.013

| url = https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0167610506000857

| bibcode = 2007JWEIA..95..225C

| title = External flow effects on the discharge coefficients of two types of ventilation opening

}}</ref>

| date = April 1, 2007

<ref name="asme">

| journal = Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics

{{Cite book

| volume = 95

| last1 |= issueChew | first1 = 4J. W.

| last2 |= pagesGreen | first2 = 225–252T.

| vialast3 = Turner | first3 = wwwA.sciencedirect B.com

| date = February 18, 2015

| doi = 10.1016/j.jweia.2006.06.013

| chapter = Rim Sealing of Rotor-Stator Wheelspaces in the Presence of External Flow

}}</ref>

| title = Turbo Expo: Power for Land, Sea, and Air

<ref name="asme">{{Cite web

| publisher = American Society of Mechanical Engineers

| url = https://electronicpackaging.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/GT/proceedings/GT1994/78835/V001T01A041/255325

| doi = 10.1115/94-GT-126

| title = Rim Sealing of Rotor-Stator Wheelspaces in the Presence of External Flow

| isbn = 978-0-7918-7883-5

| first1 = J. W.

| s2cid = 110218328

| last1 = Chew

}}</ref>

| first2 = T.

<ref name="stochastic">

| last2 = Green

{{Cite journal

| first3 = A. B.

| last3last1 = Speck | first1 = TurnerThomas

| last2 = Mehl | first2 = Jakob

| date = February 18, 2015

| last3 = Seifert | first3 = Udo

| publisher = American Society of Mechanical Engineers Digital Collection

| date = April 28, 2008

| via = asmedigitalcollection.asme.org

| title = Role of External Flow and Frame Invariance in Stochastic Thermodynamics

| doi = 10.1115/94-GT-126

| journal = Physical Review Letters

}}</ref>

| volume = 100 | issue = 17 | pages = 178302

<ref name="stochastic">{{Cite journal

| arxiv = 0712.0232

| url = https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.178302

| bibcode = 2008PhRvL.100q8302S

| title = Role of External Flow and Frame Invariance in Stochastic Thermodynamics

| doi = 10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.178302

| first1 = Thomas

| last1 pmid = Speck18518344

| first2 s2cid = Jakob2743850

}}</ref>

| last2 = Mehl

<ref name="truck">

| first3 = Udo

{{Cite journal

| last3 = Seifert

| last1 = Roy |first1=Subrata

| date = April 28, 2008

| last2 = Srinivasan |first2=Pradeep

| journal = Physical Review Letters

| volume year = 1002000

| title = External Flow Analysis of a Truck for Drag Reduction

| issue = 17

| journal = SAE Transactions

| pages = 178302

| viavolume = 109 | pages = APS808–812

| jstor = 44650820

| doi = 10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.178302

}}</ref>

<ref name="truck">https://www.jstor.org/stable/44650820?seq=1</ref>

</references>