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In [[fluid mechanics]], '''external flow''' is a flow that [[boundary layer]]s develop freely, without constraints imposed by adjacent surfaces.<ref name="AIP"/><ref name="dynamics"/> It can be defined as the flow of a fluid around a body that is completely submerged in it. Examples include fluid motion over a flat plate (inclined or parallel to the free stream velocity) and flow over curved surfaces such as a sphere, cylinder, [[airfoil]], or [[turbine blade]], water flowing around submarines, and air flowing around a truck;<ref name="truck"/> a 2000 paper analyzing the latter used [[computational fluid dynamics]] to model the three-dimensional flow structure and pressure distribution on the external surface of the truck.<ref name="truck"/> In a 2008 paper, external flow was said to be "arguably is the most common and best studied case in [[soft matter
The term can also be used simply to describe flow in any body of fluid external to the system under consideration.<ref name="external"/><ref name="asme"/>
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==References==
<references>
<ref name="AIP">
{{Cite journal | last1 = Jendoubi | first1 = S.
| last2 = Strykowski | first2 = P. J.
| date = September 1, 1994
| title = Absolute and convective instability of axisymmetric jets with external flow
| journal = Physics of Fluids
| volume = 6 | issue = 9 | pages = 3000–3009
| bibcode = 1994PhFl....6.3000J
| doi = 10.1063/1.868126
}}</ref>
<ref name="dynamics">
{{Cite journal
| last2 = Turitsyn | first2 = K. S.
| last3 = Vergeles | first3 = S. S.
| date = November 20, 2007
| title = Dynamics of nearly spherical vesicles in an external flow
| journal = Physical Review Letters
| volume = 99 | issue = 21 | pages = 218101
| arxiv = cond-mat/0702650
| bibcode = 2007PhRvL..99u8101L
| doi = 10.1103/PhysRevLett.99.218101
| s2cid = 17517230
}}</ref>
<ref name="external">
{{Cite journal
| last1 = Chiu | first1 = Y-H.
| last2 = Etheridge | first2 = D. W.
| date = April 1, 2007
| title = External flow effects on the discharge coefficients of two types of ventilation opening
| journal = Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics
| volume = 95 | issue = 4 | pages = 225–252
| doi = 10.1016/j.jweia.2006.06.013
| bibcode = 2007JWEIA..95..225C
}}</ref>
<ref name="
{{Cite book
| last1 = Chew | first1 = J. W.
| last2 = Green | first2 = T.
| last3 = Turner | first3 = A. B.
| date = February 18, 2015
| chapter = Rim Sealing of Rotor-Stator Wheelspaces in the Presence of External Flow
| title = Turbo Expo: Power for Land, Sea, and Air
| publisher = American Society of Mechanical Engineers
| doi = 10.1115/94-GT-126
|
|
}}</ref>
<ref name="
{{Cite journal
| last1 = Speck | first1 = Thomas
| title = Role of External Flow and Frame Invariance in Stochastic Thermodynamics
| journal = Physical Review Letters
| volume = 100 |
| arxiv = 0712.0232
| bibcode = 2008PhRvL.100q8302S
| doi = 10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.178302
| pmid = 18518344
| s2cid = 2743850
<ref name="truck">
{{Cite journal | last1 = Roy |first1=Subrata
| last2 = Srinivasan |first2=Pradeep
| year = 2000
| title = External Flow Analysis of a Truck for Drag Reduction
| journal = SAE Transactions
| volume = 109 | pages = 808–812
}}</ref>
</references>
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[[Category:Aerodynamics]]
[[Category:Flow regimes]]
{{Fluiddynamics-stub}}
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