Manual override: Difference between revisions

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A '''manual override (MO)''' or '''manual analog override (MAO)''' is a mechanism whereinwhere control is taken from an [[automated system]] and given to the user. For example, a manual override in [[photography]] refers to the ability for the human photographer to turn off the automatic [[aperture]] sizing, [[automatic focusingfocus]]ing, or any other automated system on the camera.<ref>[http://www.ambitions4.com/Glossary-Pub-View-Topic-Details.asp?GlossaryID=339&strChar=M Manual override] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20060513202632/http://www.ambitions4.com/Glossary-Pub-View-Topic-Details.asp?GlossaryID=339&strChar=M |date=2006-05-13 }}, Ambitions Photography Academy.</ref>

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Some manual overrides can be used to veto an automated system's judgementjudgment when the system is in error. An example of this is a [[Printer (computing)|printer's]] ink level detection: in one case, a researcher found that when he overrode the system, he could print up to 38% more pages could be printed at good quality fromby histhe printer than the automated system would have allowed him to.<ref name=BBC> [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/3035500.stm 'Raw deal' on printer ink], ''[[BBC]]'', 3 July 2003 </ref>.

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Automated systems are becoming increasingly common and integrated into everyday objects such as [[automobile]]s and [[domestic appliance]]s. This development of [[ubiquitous computing]] raises general issues of policy and law about the need for manual overrides for matters of great importance such as life-threatening situations and major economic decisions. The loyalty of such autonomous devices then becomes an issue. If they follow rules installed by the manufacturer or required by law and refuse to cede control in some situations then the owners of the devices may feel disempowered, alienated and lacking true ownership.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.jjbohn.com/papers/langhein_aswemaylive_2002.pdf |title=As we may live – Real-world implications of ubiquitous computing |author1=Marc Langheinrich |author2=Vlad Coroama |author3=Jurgen Bohn |author4=Michael Rohs |name-list-style=amp |publisher=Institute of Information Systems}}</ref>

A '''manual override''' is a mechanism wherein control is taken from an [[automated system]] and given to the user. For example, a manual override in [[photography]] refers to the ability for the human photographer to turn off the automatic aperture sizing, automatic focusing, or any other automated system on the camera.<ref>[http://www.ambitions4.com/Glossary-Pub-View-Topic-Details.asp?GlossaryID=339&strChar=M Manual override], Ambitions Photography Academy.</ref>

==Major incidents==

Some manual overrides can be used to veto an automated system's judgement when the system is in error. An example of this is a printer's ink level detection: in one case, a researcher found that when he overrode the system, he could print up to 38% more pages at good quality from his printer than the automated system would have allowed him to.<ref name=BBC> [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/3035500.stm 'Raw deal' on printer ink], ''[[BBC]]'', 3 July 2003 </ref>.

[[China Airlines Flight 140]] crashed, causing many deaths, due to a misunderstanding about the manual overrides for the [[autopilot]]. The Take-Off/Go Around system had been activated to abort a landing. It was programmed to ignore manual controls in this situation but the human pilots tried to continue the landing. The conflicting control signals from the pilots and autopilot then resulted in the aircraft stalling and crashing. The autopilot for this aircraft type was then reprogrammed so that it would never ignore a manual override.<ref>{{citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SG07muS_S2EC |page=151 |year=2004 |title=Taming HAL: designing interfaces beyond 2001 |isbn=978-0-312-29574-5 |author=Asaf Degani|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan }}</ref>

==See also==

== Examples in fiction ==

*[[Big red button]]

*[[Communication cord]]

As a plot device manual override is often used in [[Sci-Fi]] because of the usual prevalence of advanced / electronic technology. For example;

*[[Dead man's handle]]

*[[Engine control unit]] (ECU)

* In [[Star Trek]] many automatic systems, such as the automatic navigation, or the 'site-to-site transporter' can be overridden. A slightly different type of manual override is used in the film ''[[Star Trek: Insurrection]]'', when acting Captain of the [[Starship Enterprise]] (E) William Riker asks the computer for the 'manual command column', in effect a [[joystick]] which gives him [[pilotage]] control of the ship.

*Full authority digital engine (or electronics) control ([[FADEC]])

* In ''[[Casino Royale (2006 film)|Casino Royale]]'' (2006), a villan overrides the emergency [[fire sprinkler]]s at [[Miami airport]] and starts a distraction so that he can blow up a plane with a remote-controlled [[pipe bomb]].

*[[Panic button]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Automation|&]]

[[Category:Safety equipment]]

{{tech-stub}}