Filesystem-level encryption: Difference between revisions

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{{More citations needed|date=October 2024}}

'''Filesystem-level encryption''', is a form of [[disk encryption]] where individual files or directories are [[encryption|encrypted]] by the [[file system]], in contrast to [[full disk encryption]] where the entire partition or disk, where the file system resides, is encrypted.

'''Filesystem-level encryption''',<ref>{{Cite web |title=File-Level Encryption |url=https://www.pcisecuritystandards.org/glossary/file-level-encryption/ |access-date=2024-10-18 |website=PCI Security Standards Council |language=en-US}}</ref> often called '''file-based encryption''', '''FBE''', or '''file/folder encryption''', is a form of [[disk encryption]] where individual files or directories are [[encryption|encrypted]] by the [[file system]] itself.

'''Filesystem-level encryption''',This is a form of [[disk encryption]] where individual files or directories are [[encryption|encrypted]] by the [[file system]], in contrast to the [[full disk encryption]] where the entire partition or disk, wherein which the file system resides, is encrypted.

The advantages of filesystem-level encryption include more flexible file-based [[key management]] and [[access control]] with [[public-key cryptography]] and the fact that [[key (cryptography)|cryptographic keys]] are only kept in memory while a file using them is opened.

Types of filesystem-level encryption include:

==General-purpose filesystems with encryption==

* the use of a 'stackable' '''cryptographic filesystem''' layered on top of the main file system

Unlike cryptographic filesystems and full disk encryption, generic filesystems with filesystem-level encryption do not typically encrypt filesystem [[metadata]], such as the directory structure, file names, sizes or modification timestamps. This can be problematic if the content to be encrypted has to be undetectable or its existence unprovable.

* a single ''general-purpose'' file system with encryption

The advantages of filesystem-level encryption include:

Notable filesystems that support this kind of encryption include the [[Encrypting File System]] layer of [[NTFS]].

* flexible file-based [[key management]], so that each file can be and usually is encrypted with a separate encryption key{{citation needed|date=November 2013}}

* individual management of encrypted files e.g. incremental backups of the individual changed files even in encrypted form, rather than backup of the entire encrypted volume{{clarify|how it differs from a _non-crypto_ incremental-backup, please... and the purpose (e.g. importance of backing up to another encrypted physical-disk so data remains secure but a lost token, lost disk, etc doesn't make the data irretrievable?)|date=January 2011}}

* [[access control]] can be enforced through the use of [[public-key cryptography]], and

* the fact that [[key (cryptography)|cryptographic keys]] are only held in memory while the file that is decrypted by them is held open.

==General-purpose filesystemsfile systems with encryption==

==Cryptographic filesystems==

Unlike cryptographic filesystemsfile andsystems or [[full disk encryption]], genericgeneral-purpose filesystemsfile withsystems that include filesystem-level encryption do not typically encrypt filesystemfile system [[metadata]], such as the directory structure, file names, sizes or modification timestamps. This can be problematic if the contentmetadata itself needs to be encryptedkept confidential. In other words, if files are stored with identifying file names, anyone who has access to bethe undetectablephysical ordisk itscan existenceknow which documents are stored on the disk, although not the contents of the unprovabledocuments.

Cryptographic filesystems are filesystems that are specifically designed with encryption and security in mind. They usually encrypt all the data they contain &ndash; including metadata. Instead of implementing an on-disk format and their own [[block allocation]], these filesystems are often layered on top of existing filesystems, for example, residing in a directory on a host filesystem. Many such filesystems also offer advanced features, such as [[deniable encryption]], cryptographically secure read-only [[file system permissions]] and different views of the directory structure depending on the key or user.

One exception to this is the encryption support being added to the [[ZFS]] filesystem. Filesystem metadata such as filenames, ownership, ACLs, extended attributes are all stored encrypted on disk. The ZFS metadata relating to the storage pool is stored in [[plaintext]], so it is possible to determine how many filesystems (datasets) are available in the pool, including which ones are encrypted. The content of the stored files and directories remain encrypted.

Another exception is [[CryFS]] replacement for [[EncFS]].

==Cryptographic filesystemsfile systems==

Cryptographic filesystemsfile systems are filesystemsspecialized (not general-purpose) file systems that are specifically designed with encryption and security in mind. They usually encrypt all the data they contain &ndash;– including metadata. Instead of implementing an on-disk format and their own [[block allocation]], these filesystemsfile systems are often layered on top of existing filesystems,file forsystems example,e.g. residing in a directory on a host filesystemfile system. Many such filesystemsfile systems also offer advanced features, such as [[deniable encryption]], cryptographically secure read-only [[file system permissions]] and different views of the directory structure depending on the key or user ...

One use for a cryptographic file system is when part of an existing file system is [[file synchronization|synchronized]] with '[[cloud storage]]'. In such cases the cryptographic file system could be 'stacked' on top, to help protect data confidentiality. <!-- Partial sources for this claim include http://members.ferrara.linux.it/freddy77/encfs.html "I use it mostly with Dropbox" and http://geirsdotnet.wordpress.com/2012/04/27/using-encfs4win-for-encrypting-storage-on-cloud-drive/ where the examples are Dropbox and Google Drive. -->

==See also==

{{Portal|Cryptography|Key-crypto-sideways.png}}

* [[Full disk encryption]]

* [[Encrypting File System]]

* [[EncFS]]

* [[List of encrypting filesystems]]

* [[Steganographic file system]]

{{crypto-stub}}

* [[List of cryptographic file systems]]

* [[Full diskDisk encryption]]

* [[Disk encryption|Full disk encryption]]

==References==

{{Reflist}}

{{File systems}}

[[Category:Disk encryption]]

[[Category:Special-purpose file systems]]

[[Category:Cryptographic software]]

[[Category:Utility software types]]