Tunable resistive pulse sensing: Difference between revisions

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'''Tunable Resistiveresistive Pulsepulse Sensingsensing''' ('''TRPS''') is a single-particle technique used to measure the size, concentration and [[zeta potential]] of particles as they pass through a size-tunable [[nanopore]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sowerby SJ, Broom MF, Petersen GB | title = Dynamically resizable nanometre-scale apertures for molecular sensing"; Stephen J. Sowerby,| Murrayjournal F. Broom, George B. Petersen;= Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical. Volume| date = April 2007 | volume = 123, Issue| issue = 1 (2007),| pages 325-330= 325–330 | doi = 10.1016/j.snb.2006.08.031 | bibcode = 2007SeAcB.123..325S }}</ref><ref name="pmid21434639">{{cite journal | vauthors = Vogel etR, al.Willmott (2011)G, Kozak D, Roberts GS, Anderson W, Groenewegen L, Glossop B, Barnett A, Turner A, Trau M | title = "Quantitative Sizingsizing of Nanonano/Microparticlesmicroparticles with a Tunabletunable Elastomericelastomeric Porepore Sensor"sensor Journal| ofjournal = Analytical Chemistry | volume = 83 (| issue = 9), pp| pages = 3499–506 | date = May 2011 | pmid = 21434639 | doi = 10.1021/ac200195n 3499–3506}}</ref>

The technique adapts the principle of [[resistive pulse sensing]], which monitors current flow through an aperture, combined with the use of tunable nanopore technology, allowing the passage of ionic current and particles to be regulated by adjusting the pore size.<ref name=":0Roberts_2010">{{cite journal | vauthors = Roberts etGS, al.Kozak (2010)D, Anderson W, Broom MF, Vogel R, Trau M | title = "Tunable Nanonano/Microporesmicropores for Particleparticle Detectiondetection and Discriminationdiscrimination: Scanningscanning Ionion Occlusionocclusion Spectroscopy"spectroscopy | journal = Small -| Volume___location 6= Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, IssueGermany | volume = 6 | issue = 23, pp| 2653–2658pages = 2653–8 | date = December 2010 | pmid = 20979105 | doi = 10.1002/smll.201001129 }}</ref><ref name=":1Willmott_2010">{{cite journal | vauthors = Willmott etGR, al.Vogel (2010)R, Yu SS, Groenewegen LG, Roberts GS, Kozak D, Anderson W, Trau M | title = "Use of tunable nanopore blockade rates to investigate colloidal dispersions" J.| Phys.journal = Journal of Physics: Condens.Condensed Matter| volume = 22, 45411| issue = 45 | pages = 454116 | date = November 2010 | pmid = 21339603 | doi = 10.1088/0953-8984/22/45/454116 | arxiv = 1005.4255 | bibcode = 2010JPCM...22S4116W | s2cid = 11162451 }}</ref> The addition of the tunable nanopore allows for the measurement of a wider range of particle sizes and improves accuracy.<ref name=":0Roberts_2010" /><ref name=":1Willmott_2010" />

[[File:TRPS Blockade.png|thumb|Tunable Resistiveresistive Pulsepulse Sensingsensing (TRPS). Particles crossing a pore are detected as a transient change in the ionic current flow, which is denoted as a blockade event with its amplitude denoted as the blockade magnitude.]]

== Technique ==

[[File:Wiki Pore Image Simple.png|thumb|A polydisperse particle sample passing through the tunable nanopore. The size of the aperture is altered by increasing or decreasing the stretch placed upon the nanopore.]]

Particles crossing a nanopore are detected one at a time as a transient change in the ionic current flow, which is denoted as a blockade event with its amplitude denoted as the blockade magnitude. As blockade magnitude is proportional to particle size, accurate particle sizing can be achieved after calibration with a known standard. This standard is composed of particles of a known size and concentration. For TRPS, carboxylated polystyrene particles are often used.<ref name=":2">{{Citecite journal |last vauthors = Vogel |first=RobertR, |last2=Pal |first2=AnoopAK, K. |last3=Jambhrunkar |first3=SiddharthS, |last4=Patel |first4=PragneshP, |last5=Thakur |first5=SachinSS, S. |last6=Reátegui |first6=EduardoE, |last7=Parekh |first7=HarendraHS, S. |last8=Saá |first8=PaulaP, |last9=Stassinopoulos |first9=AdonisA, |last10=Broom MF |first10 display-authors =Murray F.6 |date=2017-12-12 |title = High-Resolution Single Particle Zeta Potential Characterisation of Biological Nanoparticles using Tunable Resistive Pulse Sensing |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-14981-x |journal = Scientific Reports |language=en |volume = 7 | issue = 1 | pages = 17479 | date = December 2017 | pmid = 29234015 | doi = 10.1038/s41598-017-14981-x |issn pmc =2045-2322 5727177 | bibcode = 2017NatSR...717479V }}</ref>

Nanopore-based detection allows particle-by-particle assessment of complex mixtures.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Citecite journal |last vauthors = Vogel |first=RobertR, |last2=Savage |first2=JohnJ, |last3=Muzard |first3=Julien |last4=DellaJ, Camera |first4=GiacomoGD, |last5=Vella |first5=GabrieleG, |last6=Law |first6=AliceA, |last7=Marchioni |first7=MarianneM, |last8=Mehn |first8=DoraD, |last9=Geiss |first9=OtmarO, |last10=Peacock |first10=BenB, |last11=Aubert |first11=DimitriD, |last12=Calzolai |first12=LuigiL, |last13=Caputo |first13=FannyF, Prina-Mello A |last14=Prina‐Mello |first14display-authors =Adriele 6 |date=2021-01 |title = Measuring particle concentration of multimodal synthetic reference materials and extracellular vesicles with orthogonal techniques: Who is up to the challenge? |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jev2.12052 |journal = Journal of Extracellular Vesicles |language=en |volume = 10 | issue = 3 |doi pages =10.1002/jev2.12052 e12052 |issn date =2001-3078 January 2021 | pmid = 33473263 | pmc =PMC7804049 7804049 |pmid doi =33473263 10.1002/jev2.12052 }}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Citecite journal |last vauthors = Vogel |first=RobertR, |last2=Coumans |first2=FrankFA, A. W. |last3=Maltesen |first3=RalucaRG, G. |last4=Böing |first4=AnitaAN, N. |last5=Bonnington |first5=KatherineKE, E. |last6=Broekman |first6=MarikeML, L. |last7=Broom |first7=MurrayMF, F. |last8=Buzás |first8=EditEI, I. |last9=Christiansen |first9=GunnaG, |last10=Hajji |first10=NajatN, |last11=Kristensen |first11=SørenSR, Kuehn MJ, Lund SM, Maas SL, Nieuwland R., |last12=KuehnOsteikoetxea |first12=MetaX, J.Schnoor |last13=LundR, |first13=SigridScicluna BJ, Shambrook M., |last14=Maasde |first14=SybrenVrij L.J, N.Mann SI, Hill AF, Pedersen S |last15=Nieuwland |first15display-authors =Rienk 6 |date=2016-01 |title = A standardized method to determine the concentration of extracellular vesicles using tunable resistive pulse sensing |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3402/jev.v5.31242 |journal = Journal of Extracellular Vesicles |language=en |volume = 5 | issue = 1 | pages = 31242 | date = January 2016 | pmid = 27680301 | pmc = 5040823 | doi = 10.3402/jev.v5.31242 |issn=2001-3078 |pmc=PMC5040823 |pmid=27680301}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> By selecting an appropriately sized nanopore and adjusting its stretch, the nanopore size can be optimized for particle size and improve measurement accuracy.  

Adjustments to nanopore stretch, in combination with a fine-control of pressure and voltage allow TRPS to determine sample concentration <ref>Willmott,{{cite G.conference R.,| Yu,vauthors S.S.C.= andWillmott VogelGR, R.Samuel SC, “PressureVogel DependenceR of| Particletitle Transport= ThroughPressure Resizable Nanopores”&nbsp;Proceedingsdependence of ICONN,particle 128-131transport (2010).</ref><ref>G.through Sethresizable Roberts, Sam Yu, Qinglu Zeng, Leslie C.Lnanopores. Chan,| Willconference Anderson,= Aaron2010 H.International Colby,Conference Markon W.Nanoscience Grinstaff,and StevenNanotechnology Reid,| Robertdate Vogel.= “TunableFebruary Pores2010 for| Measuringpages Concentrations= of128–131 Synthetic| andpublisher Biological= NanoparticleIEEE Dispersions”&nbsp;Biosensors| anddoi Bioelectronics,= 31 pp10.1109/ICONN.2010.6045207 17-25, &nbsp;(2012).}}</ref> and to accurately derive individual particle zeta potential<ref name="Vogel_2012">"{{cite journal | vauthors = Vogel R, Anderson W, Eldridge J, Glossop B, Willmott G | title = A variable pressure method for characterisingcharacterizing nanoparticle surface charge using pore sensors"&nbsp;Robert Vogel,| Willjournal Anderson,= JamesAnalytical Eldridge,Chemistry Ben| Glossop,volume and= Geoff84 Willmott.| Anal.issue Chem.,= Just7 Accepted| Manuscriptpages DOI:= 10.1021/ac20309153125–31 Publication| Datedate (Web):= FebruaryApril 27 (2012) | pmid = 22369672 | doi = 10.1021/ac2030915 }}</ref> in addition to particle size information.

== Applications ==

TRPS was developed by [[Izon Science|Izon Science LtdLimited]], producer of commercially available nanopore-based particle characterization systems.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.prlog.org/10264926-izon-launch-worlds-first-commercial-nanopore-platform.html | work=PRLog | title=IZON launch world's first commercial nanopore platform | date=June 23, 2009}}</ref> Izon Science Limited currently sell one TRPS device, known as the “Exoid”"Exoid". Previous devices include the “qNano”"qNano", the “qNano"qNano Gold”Gold" and the “qViron”"qViron". These systems have been applied to measure a wide range of biological and synthetic particle types including viruses and nanoparticles. TRPS has been applied in both academic and industrial research fields, including:

*[[Drug delivery]] research (e.g. [[Solid lipid nanoparticle|lipid nanoparticles]] and [[Liposome|liposomesliposome]]s)<ref name=":2" />

*[[Extracellular vesicle|Extracellular vesicles]]s such as [[Exosome (vesicle)|exosome]]s<ref name=":3" />

*[[Virology]] and [[vaccine]] production

*[[biosensor|Biomedical diagnostics]]

*[[Microfluidics]]

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== References ==

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