Kinetic architecture: Difference between revisions

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{{EngvarB|date=October 2017}}

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[[File:Milwaukee Art Museum 1 (Mulad).jpg|thumb|240px|right|The ''Burke Brise soleil'' sits atop the [[Milwaukee Art Museum]] -– it folds its wings over the museum to protect it at night and can also use its wings to shield visitors from the sun or from rain storms.]]

'''Kinetic architecture''' is a concept through which buildings are designed to allow parts of the structure to move, without reducing overall structural integrity.

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A building's capability for motion can be used just to: enhance its aesthetic qualities; respond to environmental conditions; and/or, perform functions that would be impossible for a static structure.

The possibilities for practical implementations of kinetic architecture increased sharply in the late- 20th Centurycentury due to advances in mechanics, electronics, and robotics.

==History==

[[File:Drawbridge.gif|thumb|right|240pxleft|An early precursorinstance toof kinetic architecture -– the ''[[drawbridge'']]]]

Rudimentary forms of kinetic architecture such as the [[drawbridge]] can be traced back to the Middle Ages or earlier. Yet it was only in the early 20th century that architects began to widely discuss the possibility for movement to be enabled for a significant portion of a buildings' [[superstructure]]. In the first third of the 20th century, interest in kinetic architect was one of the stands of thought emerging from the [[Futurism]] movement. Various papers and books included plans and drawings for moving buildings, a notable example being [[Yakov Chernikhov|Chernikhov's]] ''101 Architectural Fantasies'' (1933). For the first few decades of the 20th century kinetic architecture was almost entirely theoretical, but by the 1940s innovators such as [[Buckminster Fuller]] began experimenting with concrete implementations, though his early efforts in this direction are not regarded as totally successful.<ref name = "Transformers">

{{cite book

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|year= 2011

|pages = 81–112

|isbn= 978-0-262-19588-71

|publisher= [[MIT Press]]

}}</ref>

In 1970, engineer/architect [[William Zuk]] published the book ''Kinetic architecture'' ,<ref>

{{cite book

|author = William Zuk

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|publisher= Reinhold

}}</ref>

which helped inspire a new generation of architects to design an increasingly wide range of actual working kinetic buildings. Assisted by new concepts such as Fuller's [[Tensegrity]] and by developments in [[robotics]], kinetic buildings have become increasingly common worldwide since the 1980s.<ref name = "Transformers"/> A novel example of kinetic architecture is the adaptive tensegrity bridge, which can self adjust depending on load, publicised by Sinan Korkmaz ''et al.'' in 2011.<ref name=korkmaz>S. Korkmaz (2011). A review of active structural control: challenges for engineering informatics. ''Computers & Structures''. {{doi|10.1016/j.compstruc.2011.07.010}}</ref><ref name=korkmaz2>S. Korkmaz et al. (2011). Determining control strategies for damage tolerance of an active tensegrity structure. ''Engineering Structures'', 33:6, p. 1930-1939. {{doi|10.1016/j.engstruct.2011.02.031}}</ref><ref name=korkmaz3>S. Korkmaz et al. (2011). Configuration of control system for damage tolerance of a tensegrity bridge. ''Advanced Engineering Informatics''. {{doi|10.1016/j.aei.2011.10.002}}</ref>

Architect Jose Leonidas Mejia from Columbia invented the concept in 1989 when exploring multiple displacement of structures to allow buildings to transform facades and interior planes into a modern life style of a changing world. Currently, Jose is working on his experimental projects that he called "THE ARKINETIC HOUSE",inspired on Bio mimicry as architecture design should immitate nature in great extend. The Arkinetic House uses natural sources to transform its structures, so the environment does not get polluted by conventional energy.

http://kinetic-architecture-jose-l-mejia.blogspot.com/2010/02/kinetic-architecture-of-jose-leonidas.html

==Themes==

[[File:2010-06-03 Arena AufSchalke 01.jpg|thumb|The [[Veltins-Arena]] in [[Gelsenkirchen]], [[Germany]] is an example of a stadium with a retractable roof and a retractable pitch]]

By the early 21st century three interrelated themes had emerged. The first is for functional buildings such as bridges which can elevate their midsections to allow tall ships to pass, or stadiums with retractable roofs such as the [[Veltins-Arena]], [[Millennium Stadium]] in Cardiff, or [[Wembley Stadium]].

<ref>{{Cite web

|url= http://www.bakdesign.net/ivo/sites/default/files/paper.pdf

|title= Kinetic tensegrity domes

|work = [[Eindhoven University of Technology]]

|publisher= bakdesign.ne

|author = Christanie Zwijgers & Ivo van Rooy

|date = 4 February 2011

|accessdate=25 February 2011}}

|url-status=dead

|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723022424/http://www.bakdesign.net/ivo/sites/default/files/paper.pdf

|archivedate=23 July 2011

}}

</ref>

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==Other uses of the term==

Architects Sarah Bonnemaison and Christine Macy have suggested that movement can be an inspiring idea for architecture without the designs having to allow for actual movement -– they can merely suggest it as was the case for some of the constructions of [[Antonio Gaudi|Gaudi]] or their own recent work.<ref>[http://www.subtletechnologies.com/2006/symposium/Bonnmaison-Macy.html Symposium on ''Architecture and Movement''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101127153010/http://www.subtletechnologies.com/2006/symposium/Bonnmaison-Macy.html |date=27 November 2010 }} [[Dalhousie University]] (2006)</ref>

The term ''Kinetic architecture'' can also refer to static buildings designed to accentuate human movement, such as the performing arts.<ref>[httphttps://www.worldcat.org/title/kinetic-architecture/oclc/502136203 ''Kinetic architecture''] by Alica Wolfard (2006)</ref>

The phrase has been chosen as a title for performing groups including a dance company.<ref>[http://www.kineticarchitecture.org/company.html Kinetic architecture dance trope] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726221610/http://www.kineticarchitecture.org/company.html |date=26 July 2011 }}</ref>

==See also==

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==External links==

{{Wiktionary|kinetic architecture|kinetic|architecture}}

*[http://robotecture.com Robotecture: Interactive Architecture] -– information and discussion about kinetic architecture and interactive architecture

*[http://www.kineticarchitecture.net Kinetic Architecture] -– blog with many examples of kinetic architecture

*[https://web.archive.org/web/20180926154544/http://www.hoberman.com/ Hoberman Transformable Design] -– Chuck Hoberman's design group

*[http://www.adaptivebuildings.com Adaptive Building Initiative] -– Company dedicated to designing and building adaptive buildings and structures

*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ivZk6fOtxZ0 "What are 'Kinetic Buildings'?"] – 3 minute video

*[http://www.responsivefacade.carbonstudio.ir "Kinetic Facade`s case study"]

{{Use dmy dates|year=February 2011|date=FebruaryOctober 20112017}}

[[Category:Architectural design]]