Community-led local development: Difference between revisions

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[[File:LEADER logo.svg|thumb|175px|Logo of the LEADER initiative]]

The '''community-led local development''' ('''CLLD''') funding approach is a [[European Union]] initiative to support the decentralised management of development projects, initiallyprimarily in rural, but also in coastal and urban areas, by involving relevant local actors, including local organizations and associations, as well as individual citizens. At first it was limited to the rural areas under the name '''LEADER''' (the acronym standing for {{lang-langx|fr|Liaison entre actions de développement de l'économie rurale}}, {{lang-langx|en|Links between actions for the development of the [[rural economics|rural economy]]}}), is a [[European Union]] initiative to support development projects primarily in rural, but also in coastal and urban areas of EU member countries at the local scale by involving relevant local actors, including local organizations and associations, as well as individual citizens. The approach is regularly evaluated, and also discussed widely in academic literature on local economic and social development.<ref name="Zavratnik2018">{{cite journal |last1=Zavratnik |first1=Veronika |last2=Kos |first2=Andrej |last3=Stojmenova Duh |first3=Emilija |title="Smart villages: Comprehensive review of initiatives and practices." |journal=Sustainability |date=2018 |volume=10. |issue=7 |urlpage=https://www2559 |doi=10.mdpi.com3390/2071-1050/10/7/2559su10072559 |doi-access-date=29 Novemberfree 2022}}</ref>

== Operation and objectives ==

CLLD projects are managed by local action groups (LAGs). Members of LAG may be public authorities (such as municipalities or other local or regional public bodies), public-private entities, associations, NGOs, companies, citizens and many more types of players. Decisions are taken in executive committees in which the voting right of private players must have at least attain 51%, avoidingof athe qualifiedvotes, majoritythus ofavoiding public-sector playerscontrol.

Projects are implemented underas so-calledpart of local development strategies (LDSLDSs), providingwhich aninclude in-depth assessmentassessments of the area, objectives and expected results. A new LDS is developed for each programming period, allowing to address new challenges and opportunities to be addressed. As the LDSLDSs present the main backbone of a LEADER-region area, they are (in most cases) developed in close cooperation with local and regional stakeholders, such as citizens, members of the LAG and other private or public partners (bottom-up approach). Each LDS must involve a relatively small, rural area, with a population of between 10,000 and 100,000 inhabitants.

LEADER presents an initiative which is funded by the European Union's Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) investment pillar (Pillar II) and is implemented by the Member State's CAP Strategic Plans during the 2023-2027 programming period.

In France, the whole country is eligible with the exception of urban areas with over 50,000 inhabitants. France has 140 local action groups. In Luxembourg, all of the country's rural municipalities are eligible (with one exception). Luxembourg has 5 LAGs.

== Methodology==

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* Public-private partnership: LAGs are balanced groups involving public and private-sector actors, which can mobilise all available skills and resources

* Innovation: giving LAGs the [[flexibility]] to introduce new ideas and methods

* Integration: between economic, social, cultural and [[Natural environment|environmental]] actions, as distinct from a sectoral approach

* [[wikt:networking|Networking]]: allowing learning among people, organisations and institutions at local, regional, national and European levels

* Co-operation: among LEADER groups, for instance to share experiences, allow complementarity or to achieve critical mass

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In the programming period (2014-2020), the LEADER method was extended to cover not only rural but also coastal (FARNET) and urban areas under the general designation '''community-led local development''' ('''CLLD'''), financed from all the [[European Structural and Investment Funds]] except the [[Cohesion Fund]].

Writing in the Regional Studies Association blog, Haris Martinos of [LDNet https://ldnet.eu/] points out that the idea of local development arose spontaneously in the 1980s before attracting the interest of EU policy-makers and being operationalised within the LEADER programme in 1991. However policy interest declined in the 2000s. After 2010 interest resurged and the ‘CLLD’ label was introduced for the 2014-2021 EU programming period. However there are fears that CLLD has lost its strategic purpose and become reduced to a bureaucracy for spending relatively small sums of public money.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.regionalstudies.org/news/community-led-local-development-challenges-and-opportunities/ | title=Community-led local development: Challenges and opportunities }}</ref>

The European Network for Rural Development lists 3,134 local action Groups.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://enrd.ec.europa.eu/leader-clld/lag-database_en | title=LAG Database }}</ref> The approach has been used widely across the European Union, but also in countries of the Eastern Partnership, such as Georgia.<ref>{{Cite journal |lastlast1=Khartishvili |firstfirst1=Lela |last2=Muhar |first2=Andreas |last3=Dax |first3=Thomas |last4=Khelashvili |first4=Ioseb |date=January 2019 |title=Rural Tourism in Georgia in Transition: Challenges for Regional Sustainability |url=https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/11/2/410 |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=410 |doi=10.3390/su11020410 |issn=2071-1050|doi-access=free }}</ref>

==References==