Community-led local development: Difference between revisions

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[[File:LEADER logo.svg|thumb|175px|Logo of the LEADER initiative]]

The '''community-led local development''' ('''CLLD''') funding approach is a [[European Union]] initiative to support the decentralised management of development projects, primarily in rural, but also in coastal and urban areas, by involving relevant local actors, including local organizations and associations, as well as individual citizens. At first it was limited to the rural areas under the name '''LEADER''' (the acronym standing for {{langx|fr|Liaison entre actions de développement de l'économie rurale}}, {{langx|en|Links between actions for the development of the [[rural economics|rural economy]]}}). The approach is regularly evaluated, and also discussed widely in academic literature on local economic and social development.<ref name="Zavratnik2018">{{cite journal |last1=Zavratnik |first1=Veronika |last2=Kos |first2=Andrej |last3=Stojmenova Duh |first3=Emilija |title="Smart villages: Comprehensive review of initiatives and practices." |journal=Sustainability |date=2018 |volume=10 |issue=7 |page=2559 |doi=10.3390/su10072559 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

The '''LEADER''' programme (an acronym in French meaning ''Links between actions for the development of the rural economy'') is a [[European Union]] initiative to support rural development projects initiated at the local level in order to revitalise rural areas and create jobs. LEADER I ran from 1991–93, LEADER II from 1994–99, and LEADER+ from 2000-2006. In the current programming period (2014-2020), the LEADER method has been extended to cover not only rural but also coastal ([https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/fpfis/cms/farnet/ FARNET]) and urban areas under the banner of Community-led Local Development (CLLD).

== Operation and objectives ==

LEADER+CLLD projects are managed by '''local action groups''' (LAGs). EachMembers projectof mustLAG involvemay abe relativelypublic smallauthorities rural(such area,as withmunicipalities aor populationother oflocal betweenor 10,000regional andpublic 100bodies),000. Inpublic-private Franceentities, theassociations, wholeNGOs, countrycompanies, iscitizens eligibleand withmany themore exceptiontypes of urbanplayers. areasDecisions withare overtaken 50,000in inhabitants.executive [[France]]committees hasin 140which localprivate actionplayers groupsmust have at least 51% of the votes, thus avoiding public-sector control.

Projects are implemented as part of local development strategies (LDSs), which include in-depth assessments of the area, objectives and expected results. A new LDS is developed for each programming period, allowing new challenges and opportunities to be addressed. As the LDSs present the main backbone of a LEADER area, they are (in most cases) developed in close cooperation with local and regional stakeholders, such as citizens, members of the LAG and other private or public partners (bottom-up approach). Each LDS must involve a relatively small area, with a population of between 10,000 and 100,000 inhabitants.

LEADER+ has three objectives:

* to encourage experiments in rural development

LEADER is funded by the European Union's Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) investment pillar (Pillar II) and is implemented by the Member State's CAP Strategic Plans during the 2023-2027 programming period.

* to support cooperation between rural territories: several LAGs can share their resources

* to network rural areas, by sharing experiences and expertise in the development of rural areas by creating databases, publications and other modes of information exchange

In France, the whole country is eligible with the exception of urban areas with over 50,000 inhabitants. France has 140 local action groups. In Luxembourg, all of the country's rural municipalities are eligible (with one exception). Luxembourg has 5 LAGs.

== Methodology==

From 1991 until 2001 the LEADER/CLLD [[methodology]] was developed with the support of the [[European Commission]]'s [[technical assistance]] contractor, [[AEIDL]]. LEADER developed seven principles of local development. [[File:LEADER's 7 principles.jpg|thumb|The 7 principles of the LEADER/CLLD local development approach]]

These are:

#* '''Area-based:''' taking place in a small, [[homogeneous]] socially cohesive territory

#* '''Bottom-up:''' local actors design the [[strategy]] and choose the actions

#* '''Public-private partnership:''' LAGs are balanced groups involving public and private-sector actors, which can mobilise all available skills and resources

#* '''Innovation:''' giving LAGs the [[flexibility]] to introduce new ideas and methods

#* '''Integration:''' between economic, social, cultural and [[Natural environment|environmental]] actions, as distinct from a sectoral approach

#* '''[[wikt:networking|Networking]]:''' allowing learning among people, organisations and institutions at local, regional, national and European levels

#* '''Co-operation:''' among LEADER groups, for instance to share experiences, allow complementarity or to achieve critical mass

==Funding==

==History and funding==

* LEADER I (1991–93) supported 217 LAGS with EU funding of €0.442 billion from the European Agricultural Guidance and Guarantee Fund ([[EAGGF]])<ref>European Commission, ''The Leader approach — A basic guide'', Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2006, {{ISBN|92-79-02044-7}}</ref>

* LEADER II (1994–99) supported 906 LAGs with EU funding of €1.755 billion

* LEADER+ (2000–06) supported 893 LAGs with EU funding of €2.105 billion, and a total budget of €5.05 billion

In the programming period (2014-2020), the LEADER method was extended to cover not only rural but also coastal (FARNET) and urban areas under the general designation '''community-led local development''' ('''CLLD'''), financed from all the [[European Structural and Investment Funds]] except the [[Cohesion Fund]].

==Follow-up==

In 2013 the LEADER approach, which had developed in a rural context, was extended to apply to urban and coastal areas under the title of [https://enrd.ec.europa.eu/en/themes/clld Community-Led Local Development (CLLD)].

Writing in the Regional Studies Association blog, Haris Martinos of [LDNet https://ldnet.eu/] points out that the idea of local development arose spontaneously in the 1980s before attracting the interest of EU policy-makers and being operationalised within the LEADER programme in 1991. However policy interest declined in the 2000s. After 2010 interest resurged and the ‘CLLD’ label was introduced for the 2014-2021 EU programming period. However there are fears that CLLD has lost its strategic purpose and become reduced to a bureaucracy for spending relatively small sums of public money.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.regionalstudies.org/news/community-led-local-development-challenges-and-opportunities/ | title=Community-led local development: Challenges and opportunities }}</ref>

The European Network for Rural Development lists 3,134 local action Groups.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://enrd.ec.europa.eu/leader-clld/lag-database_en | title=LAG Database }}</ref> The approach has been used widely across the European Union, but also in countries of the Eastern Partnership, such as Georgia.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Khartishvili |first1=Lela |last2=Muhar |first2=Andreas |last3=Dax |first3=Thomas |last4=Khelashvili |first4=Ioseb |date=January 2019 |title=Rural Tourism in Georgia in Transition: Challenges for Regional Sustainability |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=410 |doi=10.3390/su11020410 |issn=2071-1050|doi-access=free }}</ref>

==References==

{{Reflist}}

<references/>

== External links ==

* ''[httphttps://enrd.ec.europa.eu/app_templatespublications/filedownload.cfm?id=B973735Aleader-9614approach-ABDFbasic-4A4E-2800119E5476guide_en ''The LEADER Approach - A Basic Guide]'']

* [http://www.elard.eu/ ELARD, the European LEADER association for Rural Development]

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160113154813/http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/rur/leaderplus/index_en.htm LEADER+]

* [https://enrd.ec.europa.eu/en/themes/clld Community-Led Local Development (CLLD)]

* [http://www.aeidl.eu/en/projects/territorial-development/leader.html LEADER European Observatory]

* [httphttps://webgate.ec.europa.eu/agriculturefpfis/rurcms/farnet/index_en.htm EU rural development policy 2000-06FARNET])

* [http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/rurdev/index_en.htm EU rural development policy 2007-13]

* [http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/rural-development-2014-2020/index_en.htm EU rural development policy 2014:20]

{{European Funding}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Rural community development]]