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{{Short description|Fundamental concepts in philosophy}}
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{{lead too short|date=May 2016}}
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As the study of argument is of clear importance to the reasons that we hold things to be true, [[logic]] is of essential importance to [[rationality]]. [[Argument]]s may be logical if they are "conducted or assessed according to strict principles of [[Validity (logic)|validity]]",<ref>[[Oxford Dictionary of English]], sense 1 of logic.</ref> while they are rational according to the broader requirement that they are based on [[reason]] and [[knowledge]].
Logic and rationality have each been taken as fundamental concepts in [[philosophy]]. They are not the same thing. Philosophical [[rationalism]] in its most extreme form is the doctrine that knowledge can ultimately be founded on pure reason, while [[logicism]] is the doctrine that mathematical concepts, among others, are reducible to pure logic.
==Forms of reasoning==
[[File:Argument terminology used in logic (en).
[[Deductive reasoning]] concerns the [[logical consequence]] of given premises. On a narrow conception of logic, logic concerns just deductive reasoning, although such a narrow conception controversially excludes most of what is called informal logic from the discipline. Other forms of reasoning are sometimes also taken to be part of logic, such as [[inductive reasoning]] and [[abductive reasoning]], which are forms of reasoning that are not purely deductive, but include [[material inference]]. Similarly, it is important to distinguish deductive validity and inductive validity (called "strength"). An inference is deductively valid [[if and only if]] there is no possible situation in which all the premises are true but the conclusion false. An inference is inductively strong if and only if its premises give some degree of probability to its conclusion.
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=={{anchor|Illogicality}} Illogical thinking and irrational processes==
[[wikt:illogicality|Illogicality]] in terms of thinking processes are, as defined by researchers such as [[Aaron T. Beck]], cognitive distortions that cause abnormal functioning. The state of [[Depression (mood)|depression]] often feeds off of [[wikt:illogical|illogical]] thinking and results in victims being mired in self-defeating conclusions. Patients seeking psychological help may suffer from problems of [[Hasty generalization|over-generalization]], becoming mired in general, negative conclusions on the basis of essentially insignificant life events. [[Cognitive behavioral therapy]] can assist individuals in recognizing their own habits of faulty logic and slanted interpretations of past experiences.<ref>{{
On the other hand, depression in the sense of "Weltschmerz" in its non-aesthetically realistic and non-positivistic nature is intrinsically logical and rational. Some philosophers assert that the question of value of life has not been answered in psychologically pleasing way without embracing [[circular reasoning]] fallacy.<ref>{{
In the socio-political context, the ability to amalgamate disparate, conflicting interests and passions into an illogical synthesis has been labeled as a possible strength, albeit one with concurrent weaknesses, by literary publications such as ''[[Blackwood's Magazine]]'':
{{quote|It is difficult not to connect together these two very characteristic ideas of illogicalness and permanence. Not that illogicalness is itself a virtue, but the illogicalness of which we speak is not simply bad reasoning. It means here only that more than one principle is found to assert itself in... social work. But these principles are fused into a higher unity. The illogicalness is not the cause of the permanence, but rather both are joint products of a common
==See also==
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==Bibliography==
*Robert Hanna, 2009. ''Rationality and Logic''. MIT Press.
[[Category:Logic]]
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