Embedded SQL: Difference between revisions

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{{short description|Computer programming method}}

'''Embedded SQL''' is a method of combining the [[computing]] power of a [[programming language]] and the [[database]] [[Data Manipulation Language|manipulation]] capabilities of [[SQL]]. Embedded SQL [[statement (programming)|statements]] are SQL statements written inline with the program [[source code]], of the host language. The embedded SQL statements are [[parsing|parsed]] by an embedded SQL [[preprocessor]] and replaced by host-language [[call site|calls]] to a code [[library (computing)|library]]. The output from the preprocessor is then compiled by the host [[compiler]]. This allows programmers to embed SQL statements in programs written in any number of languages such as [[:Category:C programming language family|C/C++]], [[COBOL]] and [[Fortran]]. This differs from SQL-derived programming languages that don't go through discrete preprocessors, such as [[PL/SQL]] and [[Transact-SQL|T-SQL]].

The SQL standards committee defined the embedded SQL standard in two steps: a formalism called '''[[Module SQL|Module Language''']] was defined, then the embedded SQL standard was derived from Module Language.<ref name="modulelang">

{{cite web

|url=http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/B10501_01/appdev.920/a58231/ch1.htm#2889

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|publisher=[[Oracle Corporation]]

|accessdate=2008-07-14}}

</ref> The SQL standard defines embedding of SQL as ''embedded SQL'' and the language in which SQL queries are embedded is referred to as the ''host language''. A popular host language is C. Host language C and embedded SQL, for example, is called [[Pro*C]] in [[Oracle Database|Oracle]] and [[Sybase]] database management systems, ESQL/C in [[Informix]], and [[ECPG]] in the [[PostgreSQL]] database management system.

SQL may also be embedded in languages like PHP etc.

The SQL standard [[SQL:2023]] is available through purchase and contains chapter '''21 Embedded SQL''' and its syntax rules.<ref>{{cite web

== Systems that support embedded SQL ==

|url=https://www.iso.org/standard/76584.html

|title=SQL Standard 2023 Chapter 21 Embedded SQL

|work=ISO/IEC 9075-2:2023 Information technology — Database languages — SQL — Part 2: Foundation (SQL/Foundation)

|publisher=[[ISO]]

|accessdate=2023-08-17

}}</ref>

== SystemsDatabase systems that support embedded SQL ==

=== Altibase ===

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: APRE is an embedded SQL precompiler provided by [[Altibase]] Corp. for its DBMS server.

=== IBM DB2Db2 ===

[[IBM DB2Db2]] version 9 for Linux, UNIX and Windows supports embedded SQL for C, C++, Java, COBOL, FORTRAN and REXX although support for FORTRAN and REXX has been deprecated.<ref>{{cite web

|url=http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/infocenter/db2luw/v9/index.jsp?topic=/com.ibm.db2.udb.apdv.embed.doc/doc/c0007014.htm

|title=DB2 Database for Linux, UNIX and Windows

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|accessdate=2009-04-10

}}</ref>

=== IBM Informix ===

[[IBM Informix]] version 14.10 for Linux, Unix, and Windows supports embedded SQL for C. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/SSGU8G_14.1.0/com.ibm.esqlc.doc/esqlc.htm|title=Informix Dynamic Server

|work=IBM® Informix® ESQL/C

|publisher=[[IBM]]

|accessdate=2020-03-31

}}</ref>}

=== Microsoft SQL Server ===

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=== Mimer SQL===

[[Mimer SQL]] for Linux, [[macOS]], [[OpenVMS]] and Windows support embedded SQL.<ref>{{cite web

|url=httphttps://developerdocs.mimer.com/documentationMimerSqlManual/html_110latest/Mimer_SQL_Engine_DocSetManuals/indexEmbedded_SQL/Embedded_SQL.htm

|title=Embedded SQL|publisher=[[Mimer SQL]]

|work=Mimer SQL Programmer's Manual versionlatest 11.0version, Embedded SQL}}</ref>

; C/C++

: Embedded SQL for C/C++ is supported on Linux, macOS, OpenVMS and Windows.

; COBOL

: Embedded SQL for COBOL is supported on OpenVMS.

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: Cobol-IT is now distributing a COBOL precompiler for PostgreSQL{{cn|date=March 2016}}

: Micro Focus provides support via their OpenESQL preprocessor{{cn|date=March 2016}}

=== Raima Database Manager (RDM) ===

[[Raima Database Manager]] 14.0 supports embedded SQL for C/C++ and SQL PL.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://raima.com/wp-content/uploads/RDM-14.0-White-Paper.pdf|title = Raima Technical Whitepaper|last =|first =|date =|website =|publisher =|access-date =}}</ref>{{third-party inline|date=March 2016}}

=== SAP Sybase ===

SAP Sybase ASE 15.7 supports embedded SQL for C and COBOL as part of the Software Developer Kit [[Sybase]].<ref>{{cite web

|url=http://www.sybase.com/products/allproductsa-z/softwaredeveloperkit/embeddedsql
|title=EmbeddedSQL

|work=SAP Sybase Products

|publisher=SAP Sybase

|accessdate=2012-09-05

|archive-date=2009-10-23

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091023214433/http://www.sybase.com/products/allproductsa-z/softwaredeveloperkit/embeddedsql

|url-status=dead

}}</ref>

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SAP Sybase IQ supports embedded SQL for C and C++ as part of the Sybase IQ database management system [[Sybase IQ]].<ref>{{cite web

|url=http://www54.sap.com/pc/tech/database/software/sybase-iq-big-data-management/index.html
|title=SAP Sybase IQ

|work=SAP Sybase Products

|publisher=SAP Sybase

|accessdate=2013-05-02

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130504025213/http://www54.sap.com/pc/tech/database/software/sybase-iq-big-data-management/index.html

|archive-date=2013-05-04

|url-status=dead

}}</ref>

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== See also ==

* [[Language binding]]

* [[Module SQL]]

* [[PL/SQL]]

* [[Pro*C/C++]]

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* [http://infolab.stanford.edu/%7Eullman/fcdb/oracle/or-proc.html Introduction to Pro*C Embedded SQL]

* [http://www.oreillynet.com/pub/a/databases/2006/12/07/embedded-sql-with-pro-c.html Embedded SQL with Pro*C]

* [httphttps://tahitidocs.oracle.com/plscd/db92B10501_01/db92appdev.show_toc?partno=920/a58231/ch2.htm SQL*Module for Ada Programmer's Guide, Release 8.0]

* [https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/ecpg.html ECPG, PostgreSQL Documentation]

* [https://www.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/SSGU8G_14.1.0/com.ibm.esqlc.doc/esqlc.html ESQL/C, Informix Documentation]'

* [https://developer.mimer.com/article/embedded-sql-in-c/ Embedded SQL in C, Mimer SQL Developer]

[[Category:SQL]]