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Line 1: {{Short description\|API of the MS-DOS operating system}} {{more footnotes\|date=May 2015}} {{Use dmy dates\|date=May 2019\|cs1-dates=y}} The '''DOS API''' is an [[Application programming interface\|API]] which originated with [[86-DOS]] and is used in [[MS-DOS]]/[[PC DOS]] and other [[DOS]]-compatible operating systems. Most calls to the DOS API are invoked using [[software interrupt]] 21h ([[INT (x86 instruction)\|INT]] 21h). By calling INT 21h with a subfunction number in the AH [[processor register]] and other parameters in other registers, ~~one invokes~~ various DOS services can be invoked. ~~DOS~~These ~~services~~include ~~include~~handling keyboard input, video output, disk file access, ~~executing~~program ~~programs~~execution, memory allocation, and various other ~~things~~activities. In the late 1980s, [[DOS extender]]s along with the [[DOS Protected Mode Interface]] (DPMI) allow the programs to run in either 16-bit or 32-bit protected mode and still have access to the DOS API. ==History of the DOS API== The original DOS API in 86-DOS and MS-DOS 1.0 was designed to be functionally compatible with [[CP/M]]. Files were accessed using [[file control block]]s (FCBs). The DOS API was greatly extended in MS-DOS 2.0 with several [[Unix]] concepts, including file access using [[file handles]], [[directory (file systems)\|hierarchical directories]] and device I/O control.<ref>{{cite book \|title=Advanced MS-DOS Programming: The Microsoft Guide for Assembly Language and C Programmers \|author=Ray Duncan \|publisher=Microsoft Press \|year=1988 \|isbn=0914845772 \|url-access=registration \|url=https://archive.org/details/advancedmsdosmic00dunc }}</ref> In DOS 3.1, [[network redirector]] support was added. In MS-DOS 3.31, the INT 25h/26h functions were enhanced to support hard disks greater than 32 MB. MS-DOS 5 added support for using [[upper memory blocks]] (UMBs). After MS-DOS 5, the DOS API was unchanged for the successive standalone releases of DOS. ==The DOS API and Windows== In [[Windows 9x]], DOS ~~was generally used as a bootloader which~~ loaded the protected-mode ~~operating~~ system and graphical shell. DOS was usually accessed from a [[virtual DOS machine]] (VDM) but it was also possible to boot directly to real mode [[MS-DOS 7.0]] without loading Windows. The DOS API was extended with enhanced internationalization support and [[long filename]] support, though the long filename support was only available in a VDM. With [[Windows 95]] OSR2, DOS was updated to 7.1, which added [[FAT32]] support, and functions were added to the DOS API to support this. [[Windows 98]] and [[Windows ME]] also implement the MS-DOS 7.1 API, though Windows ME reports itself as MS-DOS 8.0. [[Windows NT]] and the systems based on it (e.g. [[Windows XP]] and [[Windows Vista]]) are not based on MS-DOS, but use a [[virtual machine]], [[NTVDM]], to handle the DOS API. NTVDM works by running a DOS program in [[virtual 8086 mode]] (an emulation of [[real mode]] within [[protected mode]] available on [[Intel 80386\|80386]] and higher processors). NTVDM supports the DOS 5.0 API. [[DOSEMU]] for [[Linux]] uses a similar approach. ==Interrupt vectors used by DOS== The following is the list of interrupt vectors used by programs to invoke the DOS API functions. {\| class="wikitable" border="1" \|- Line 66 ⟶ 70: \|Fast console output \|2.0+ \|Implemented by the ~~builtin~~built-in console device driver or a replacement driver like ANSI.SYS \|- \|{{Code\|2Ah}} Line 100 ⟶ 104: ==DOS INT 21h services== The following is the list of functions provided via the DOS API primary software interrupt vector. {\| class="wikitable" border="1" \|- Line 544 ⟶ 550: ==Operating systems with native support== * [[MS-DOS]] -– most widespread implementation * [[PC DOS]] -– IBM OEM version of MS-DOS * [[OS/2]] 1.x – Microsoft/IBM successor to MS-DOS and PC DOS * [[DR-DOS]] - Digital Research DOS family, including [[Novell DOS]], [[PalmDOS]], [[OpenDOS]], etc.▼ * [[SISNE plus]] – [[Clone (computing)\|Clone]] created by [[Itautec]] and [[Scopus Tecnologia]] in [[Brazil]] * [[PTS-DOS]] - PhysTechSoft & Paragon DOS clone, including [[S/DOS]] ▲* [[DR-DOS]] -– Digital Research DOS family, including [[Novell DOS]], [[PalmDOS]], [[OpenDOS]], etc. * [[ROM-DOS]] - Datalight ROM DOS version▼ * [[~~FreeDOS~~PTS-DOS]] -– ~~Free,~~PhysTechSoft ~~open~~& ~~source~~Paragon DOS clone, including [[S/DOS]] ▲* [[ROM-DOS]] -– Datalight ROM DOS version * [[Embedded DOS]] – [[General Software]] version * [[FreeDOS]] – Free, open source DOS clone * [[ReactOS]] ([[IA-32]] and [[x86-64]] versions) * [[Windows 95]] -– contains MS-DOS 7.0 * [[Windows 98]] -– contains MS-DOS 7.1 * [[Windows 98 SE]] -– contains MS-DOS 7.1 * [[Windows ME]] -– contains MS-DOS 8.0 * [[Windows NT]] (all versions except 64-bit editions)▼ ==Operating systems with DOS emulation layer== Line 562 ⟶ 570: * [[DOS Plus]] – a stripped-down single-user variant of Concurrent PC DOS 4.1–5.0 * [[Multiuser DOS]] – Digital Research/Novell MDOS family including [[Datapac System Manager]], [[IMS REAL/32]], etc. * [[OS/2]] (2.x and later) – IBM operating system using a fully-licensed MS-DOS 5.0 in a [[virtual machine]] ▲* [[Windows NT]] (all versions except 64-bit editions and 32-bit ARM editions) ==Other emulators== Line 567 ⟶ 577: * [[DOSEMU]] for [[Linux]] * [[DOSBox]] * [[ReactOS]] ==See also== Line 581 ⟶ 592: ==Further reading== * {{Cite book \|editor-first1=Jim \|editor-last1=Beley \|editor-first2=Barry \|editor-last2=Preppernau \|editor-first3=Pam \|editor-last3=Beason \|editor-first4=Andrea \|editor-last4=Lewis \|editor-first5=David \|editor-last5=Rygmyr \|author-first1=Howard \|author-last1=Bornstein \|author-first2=Lawrence \|author-last2=Bredehoeft \|author-first3=Ray \|author-last3=Duncan \|author-first4=Carol \|author-last4=Morris \|author-first5=David \|author-last5=Rose <!-- \|author-link5=David Rose --> \|author-first6=John \|author-last6=Socha \|author-link6=John Socha \|author-first7=Jim \|author-last7=Tomlin \|author-first8=Kathleen \|author-last8=Vian \|author-first9=Van \|author-last9=Wolverton \|title=MS-DOS (Versions 1.0-3.2) Technical Reference Encyclopedia \|contribution=Technical advisors \|contributor-first1=Paul \|contributor-last1=Allen \|contributor-link1=Paul Allen \|contributor-first2=Bill \|contributor-last2=Gates \|contributor-link2=Bill Gates \|contributor-first3=Adrian \|contributor-last3=King \|contributor-first4=Chris \|contributor-last4=Larson \|contributor-first5=Gordon \|contributor-last5=Letwin \|contributor-link5=Gordon Letwin \|contributor-first6=Bob \|contributor-last6=O'Rear \|contributor-link6=Bob O'Rear \|contributor-first7=Tim \|contributor-last7=Paterson \|contributor-link7=Tim Paterson \|contributor-first8=Chris \|contributor-last8=Peters \|contributor-first9=Bruce \|contributor-last9=Phillips \|contributor-first10=Aaron \|contributor-last10=Reynolds \|contributor-link10=Aaron R. Reynolds \|contributor-first11=Betty \|contributor-last11=Stillmaker \|contributor-first12=Mark \|contributor-last12=Zbikowski \|contributor-link12=Mark Zbikowski \|date=1986 \|edition=Original withdrawn \|publisher=[[Microsoft Press]] \|series=Microsoft Reference Library \|volume=1 \|___location=Redmond, Washington, USA \|isbn=0-914845-69-1 \|lccn=86-8640 \|oclc=635600205}} (xvii+1053 pages; 29 cm) (NB. This original edition contains flowcharts of the internal workings of the system. It was withdrawn by Microsoft before mass-distribution in 1986 because it contained many factual errors as well as some classified information which should not have been published. Few printed copies survived. It was replaced by a completely reworked edition in 1988. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190715050434/https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/larryosterman/2004/06/14/does-anyone-remember-the-original-ms-dos-encyclopedia/]) * {{Cite book \|title=The MS-DOS Encyclopedia: versions 1.0 through 3.2 \|author-first1=Ray \|author-last1=Duncan \|author-first2=Steve \|author-last2=Bostwick \|author-first3=Keith \|author-last3=Burgoyne \|author-first4=Robert A. \|author-last4=Byers \|author-first5=Thom \|author-last5=Hogan \|author-first6=Jim \|author-last6=Kyle \|author-first7=Gordon \|author-last7=Letwin \|author-link7=Gordon Letwin \|author-first8=Charles \|author-last8=Petzold \|author-link8=Charles Petzold \|author-first9=Chip \|author-last9=Rabinowitz \|author-first10=Jim \|author-last10=Tomlin \|author-first11=Richard \|author-last11=Wilton \|author-first12=Van \|author-last12=Wolverton \|author-first13=William \|author-last13=Wong \|author-first14=JoAnne \|author-last14=Woodcock \|contribution=Technical advisors \|contributor-first1=Mark \|contributor-last1=Zbikowski \|contributor-link1=Mark Zbikowski \|contributor-first2=Paul \|contributor-last2=Allen \|contributor-link2=Paul Allen \|contributor-first3=Steve \|contributor-last3=Ballmer \|contributor-link3=Steve Ballmer \|contributor-first4=Reuben \|contributor-last4=Borman \|contributor-first5=Rob \|contributor-last5=Borman \|contributor-first6=John \|contributor-last6=Butler \|contributor-first7=Chuck \|contributor-last7=Carroll \|contributor-first8=Mark \|contributor-last8=Chamberlain \|contributor-first9=David \|contributor-last9=Chell \|contributor-first10=Mike \|contributor-last10=Colee \|contributor-first11=Mike \|contributor-last11=Courtney \|contributor-first12=Mike \|contributor-last12=Dryfoos \|contributor-first13=Rachel \|contributor-last13=Duncan \|contributor-first14=Kurt \|contributor-last14=Eckhardt \|contributor-first15=Eric \|contributor-last15=Evans \|contributor-first16=Rick \|contributor-last16=Farmer \|contributor-first17=Bill \|contributor-last17=Gates \|contributor-link17=Bill Gates \|contributor-first18=Michael \|contributor-last18=Geary \|contributor-first19=Bob \|contributor-last19=Griffin \|contributor-first20=Doug \|contributor-last20=Hogarth \|contributor-first21=James W. \|contributor-last21=Johnson \|contributor-first22=Kaamel \|contributor-last22=Kermaani \|contributor-first23=Adrian \|contributor-last23=King \|contributor-first24=Reed \|contributor-last24=Koch \|contributor-first25=James \|contributor-last25=Landowski \|contributor-first26=Chris \|contributor-last26=Larson \|contributor-first27=Thomas \|contributor-last27=Lennon \|contributor-first28=Dan \|contributor-last28=Lipkie \|contributor-first29=Marc \|contributor-last29=McDonald \|contributor-link29=Marc McDonald \|contributor-first30=Bruce \|contributor-last30=McKinney \|contributor-first31=Pascal \|contributor-last31=Martin \|contributor-first32=Estelle \|contributor-last32=Mathers \|contributor-first33=Bob \|contributor-last33=Matthews <!-- \|contributor-link33=Robert Matthews (scientist)??? --> \|contributor-first34=David \|contributor-last34=Melin \|contributor-first35=Charles \|contributor-last35=Mergentime \|contributor-first36=Randy \|contributor-last36=Nevin \|contributor-first37=Dan \|contributor-last37=Newell \|contributor-first38=Tani \|contributor-last38=Newell \|contributor-first39=David \|contributor-last39=Norris \|contributor-first40=Mike \|contributor-last40=O'Leary \|contributor-first41=Bob \|contributor-last41=O'Rear \|contributor-link41=Bob O'Rear \|contributor-first42=Mike \|contributor-last42=Olsson \|contributor-first43=Larry \|contributor-last43=Osterman \|contributor-first44=Ridge \|contributor-last44=Ostling \|contributor-first45=Sunil \|contributor-last45=Pai \|contributor-first46=Tim \|contributor-last46=Paterson \|contributor-link46=Tim Paterson \|contributor-first47=Gary \|contributor-last47=Perez \|contributor-first48=Chris \|contributor-last48=Peters \|contributor-first49=Charles \|contributor-last49=Petzold \|contributor-link49=Charles Petzold \|contributor-first50=John \|contributor-last50=Pollock \|contributor-first51=Aaron \|contributor-last51=Reynolds \|contributor-link51=Aaron R. Reynolds \|contributor-first52=Darryl \|contributor-last52=Rubin \|contributor-first53=Ralph \|contributor-last53=Ryan \|contributor-first54=Karl \|contributor-last54=Schulmeisters \|contributor-first55=Rajen \|contributor-last55=Shah \|contributor-first56=Barry \|contributor-last56=Shaw \|contributor-first57=Anthony \|contributor-last57=Short \|contributor-first58=Ben \|contributor-last58=Slivka \|contributor-first59=Jon \|contributor-last59=Smirl \|contributor-first60=Betty \|contributor-last60=Stillmaker \|contributor-first61=John \|contributor-last61=Stoddard \|contributor-first62=Dennis \|contributor-last62=Tillman \|contributor-first63=Greg \|contributor-last63=Whitten \|contributor-first64=Natalie \|contributor-last64=Yount \|contributor-first65=Steve \|contributor-last65=Zeck \|date=1988 \|edition=Completely reworked \|publisher=[[Microsoft Press]] \|___location=Redmond, Washington, USA \|isbn=1-55615-049-0 \|lccn=87-21452 \|oclc=16581341}} (xix+1570 pages; 26 cm) (NB. This edition was published in 1988 after extensive rework of the withdrawn 1986 first edition by a different team of authors. [https://www.pcjs.org/pubs/pc/reference/microsoft/mspl13/msdos/encyclopedia/]) * ''{{Cite book \|title=The New Peter Norton Programmer's Guide to the IBM PC & PS/2~~'' by~~ \|first1=Peter \|last1=Norton ~~and~~\|authorlink1=Peter Norton\|first2=Richard \|last2=Wilton, \|publisher=Microsoft Press, \|year=1987 {{\|ISBN\|=1-55615-131-4}}. * {{cite book \|title=Advanced MS-DOS Programming: The Microsoft Guide for Assembly Language and C Programmers \|author=Ray Duncan \|publisher=Microsoft Press \|year=1988 \|isbn=0914845772 \|url-access=registration \|url=https://archive.org/details/advancedmsdosmic00dunc }} * ''{{Cite book \|title=The Programmer's PC Sourcebook~~'' by~~ \|first=Thom \|last=Hogan, \|publisher=Microsoft Press, \|year=1991 {{\|ISBN\|=155615321X}} * ~~''Microsoft~~{{Cite book \|title=MS-DOS Programmer's Reference - The Official Technical Reference to MS-DOS~~'',~~ \|publisher=Microsoft Press, \|year=1993 {{\|ISBN\|=1556155468}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060721115437/http://www.redbooks.ibm.com/redbooks/pdfs/gg244459.pdf IBM PC DOS 7 Technical Update] * {{cite book \|publisher=[[Caldera, Inc.]] \|date=August 1997 \|title=OpenDOS Developer's Reference Series — OpenDOS Programmer's Guide — System and Programmer's Guide \|id=Caldera Part No. 200-DOPG-003 \|url=http://www.drdos.net/documentation/sysprog/httoc.htm \|~~dead-~~url-status=~~yes~~dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171007025631/http://www.drdos.net~~:80~~/documentation/sysprog/httoc.htm \|archive-date=2017-10-07 \|access-date=2012-06-28 }} (Printed in the UK.) ==External links== * [~~http~~https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~ralf/files.html The x86 Interrupt List] (a.k.a. RBIL, [[Ralf Brown's Interrupt List]]) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20171103080100/http://www.ctyme.com/intr/cat-010.htm ctyme.com - INT Calls by function]<!-- http://www.delorie.com/djgpp/doc/rbinter/ --> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20020622163518/http://www.arl.wustl.edu/~lockwood/class/cs306/books/artofasm/toc.html wustl.edu - Description of MS-DOS services] * [http://spike.scu.edu.au/~barry/interrupts.html MS-DOS Interrupts] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013235614/http://spike.scu.edu.au/~barry/interrupts.html \|date=2011-10-13 }} {{Disk operating systems}} [[Category:DOS technology]]