Conversational user interface: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Computer interface emulating a conversation}}

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ConversationalA interfaces'''conversational user interface''' (CUI) areis platformsa [[user interface]] for computers that mimicemulates a conversation with a real human.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-11|title=What Are Conversational Interfaces? The Basics|url=https://www.cxtoday.com/contact-centre/what-are-conversational-interfaces-the-basics/|access-date=2021-07-22|website=CX Today|language=en-GB}}</ref> Historically, computers have relied on [[text-based user interface]]s and [[graphical user interfacesinterface]]s (GUIGUIs) (such as the user pressing a “back”"back" button) to translate the user’suser's desired action into commands the computer understands. While an effective mechanism of completing computing actions, there is a learning curve for the user associated with GUI .<ref>{{cite web |title=Conversational Interfaces: Where Are We Today? Where Are We Heading? |website=Smashing Magazine |date=18 July 2016 |url=• https://www.smashingmagazine.com/2016/07/conversational-interfaces-where-are-we-today-where-are-we-heading/ |ref={{SfnRef|Smashing Magazine}} |access-date=2018-05-23}}</ref>. Instead, CUI’sCUIs provide opportunity for the user to communicate with the computer in their natural language rather than in a syntax specific commands. <ref>{{cite web |last=Brownlee |first=John |title=Conversational Interfaces, Explained |website=Co.Design |date=2016-04-04 |url=• https://www.fastcodesign.com/3058546/conversational-interfaces-explained |access-date=2018-05-23}}</ref>

To do this, conversational interfaces use [[Natural_language_processing|Naturalnatural Languagelanguage Processingprocessing]] (NLP) to allow computers to understand, analyze, and create meaning from human language.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Brownlee|first=Jason|date=2017-09-21|title=What Is Natural Language Processing?|url=https://machinelearningmastery.com/natural-language-processing/|access-date=2021-07-22|website=Machine Learning Mastery|language=en-US}}</ref> Unlike word processors, NLP considers the structure toof human language (iei.e., Wordswords make a phrase,phrases; phrases make sentences which convey the idea or intent the [[user (computing)|user]] is trying to invoke). The ambiguous nature of human language makes it difficult for a machine to always correctly interpret the user’suser's requests, which is why we have seen a shift towardstoward [[Natural_language_understanding|Naturalnatural-language Language Understandingunderstanding]] (NLU).<ref>{{cite web |last=Pan |first=Jiaqi |title=Conversational Interfaces: The Future of Chatbots – Chatbots Magazine |website=Chatbots Magazine |date=2017-08-25 |url=• https://chatbotsmagazine.com/conversational-interfaces-the-future-of-chatbots-18975a91fe5a |access-date=2018-05-23}}</ref>.

NLU allows for [[sentiment analysis]] and conversational searches which allows a line of questioning to continue, with the [[context (language use)|context]] carried throughout the conversation. NLU allows conversational interfaces to handle unstructured inputs that the human brain is able to understand such as spelling mistakes of follow-up questions.<ref>{{cite web |author=Lola |title=NLP vs. NLU: What's the Difference? – Lola – Medium |website=Medium |date=2016-10-05 |url=https://medium.com/@lolatravel/nlp-vs-nlu-whats-the-difference-d91c06780992 |access-date=2018-05-23}}</ref> For example, through leveraging NLU, a user could first ask for the population of the United States. If the user then asks “Who"Who is the president”president?", the search will carry forward the context of the United States and provide the appropriate response.

Conversational interfaces (CUI) are platforms that mimic a conversation with a real human. Historically, computers have relied on graphical user interfaces (GUI) such as the user pressing a “back” button to translate the user’s desired action into commands the computer understands. While an effective mechanism of completing computing actions, there is a learning curve for the user associated with GUI <ref>{{cite web|url=• https://www.smashingmagazine.com/2016/07/conversational-interfaces-where-are-we-today-where-are-we-heading/}}</ref>. Instead, CUI’s provide opportunity for the user to communicate with the computer in their natural language rather than in a syntax specific commands. <ref>{{cite web|url=• https://www.fastcodesign.com/3058546/conversational-interfaces-explained}}</ref>

Conversational interfaces have emerged as a tool for businesses to efficiently provide consumers with relevant information, in a cost-effective manner.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Integrating The Best Chatbots With Apps & Assistants|url=https://voicify.com/chatbots/|access-date=2021-07-22|website=Voicify|language=en-US}}</ref> CUI provide ease of access to relevant, contextual information to the end user without the complexities and learning curve typically associated with technology.

To do this, conversational interfaces use [[Natural_language_processing|Natural Language Processing]] (NLP) to allow computers to understand, analyze and create meaning from human language. Unlike word processors, NLP considers the structure to human language (ie. Words make a phrase, phrases make sentences which convey the idea or intent the user is trying to invoke). The ambiguous nature of human language makes it difficult for a machine to always correctly interpret the user’s requests, which is why we have seen a shift towards [[Natural_language_understanding|Natural Language Understanding]] (NLU)<ref>{{cite web|url=• https://chatbotsmagazine.com/conversational-interfaces-the-future-of-chatbots-18975a91fe5a}}</ref>.

While there are a variety of interface brands, to date, there are two main categories of conversational interfaces; [[voice command device|voice assistants]] and [[chatbot]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-03-01|title=Conversational User Interfaces: In-depth Guide [2021 update]|url=https://research.aimultiple.com/conversational-ui/|access-date=2021-07-22|website=research.aimultiple.com|language=en-US}}</ref>

NLU allows for sentiment analysis and conversational searches which allows a line of questioning to continue, with the context carried throughout the conversation. For example, through leveraging NLU, a user could first ask for the population of the United States. If the user then asks “Who is the president”, the search will carry forward the context of the United States and provide the appropriate response.

==Voice-based interfaces==

Conversational interfaces over the past few years have emerged as a tool for businesses to efficiently provide consumers with relevant information, in a cost effective manner.

While there are a variety of interface brands, to date, there are two main categories of conversational interfaces; [[Voice_command_device|voice assistants]] and [[Chatbot|chatbots]].

VoiceA Assistants[[voice areuser interfaces thatinterface]] allowallows a user to complete an action simply by speaking a command. Introduced in October of 2011, Apple’sApple's [[Siri]] was one of the first voice assistants widely adopted. Siri allowed users of iPhone to get information and complete actions on their device simply by asking Siri. In the later years, Siri was integrated with Apple's [[HomePod]] devices.

'''Voice Assistants'''

Further development has continued since Siri’sSiri's introduction to include home based devices such as [[Google_Home|Google Home]] or [[Amazon_Echo|Amazon Echo]] (powered by Alexa) that allow users to “connect”"connect" their homes through a series of [[smart devicesdevice]]s to further the options of tangible actions they can complete. Users can now turn off the lights, set reminders and call their friends all with a verbal queue.

Voice Assistants are interfaces that allow a user to complete an action simply by speaking a command. Introduced in October of 2011, Apple’s [[Siri]] was one of the first voice assistants widely adopted. Siri allowed users of iPhone to get information and complete actions on their device simply by asking Siri.

Further development has continued since Siri’s introduction to include home based devices such as [[Google_Home|Google Home]] or [[Amazon_Echo|Amazon Echo]] (powered by Alexa) that allow users to “connect” their homes through a series of smart devices to further the options of tangible actions they can complete. Users can now turn off the lights, set reminders and call their friends all with a verbal queue.

These conversational interfaces that utilize a voice assistant have become an efficient anda popular way for businesses to interact with their customers as the interface removes the typicalsome friction in a [[customer journey]]. Customers no longer need to remember a long list of usernames and passwords to their various accounts; they simply link each account to Google or Amazon once, and gone are the days where you needed to wait on hold for an hour to ask a simple question.

==Text-based interfaces==

'''Chatbots'''

ChatbotsA are[[chatbot]] is a web- or mobile -based interfacesinterface that allowallows the user to ask questions and [[information retrieval|retrieve information]]. This information can be generic in nature such as the Google Assistant chat window that allows for internet searches, or it can be a specific brand or service which allows the user to gain information about the status of their various accounts. Their backend systems work in the same manner as a voice assistant, with the front end utilizing a visual interface to convey information. This visual interface can be beneficial for companies that need to do more complex business transactions with customers, as instructions, deep links and graphics can all be utilized to convey an answer. The complexity to which a chatbot [[question answering|answers questions]] depends on the development of the back end. Chatbots with hard-coded answers has a smaller base on information and corresponding skills. Chatbots that leverage machine learning will continue to grow and develop larger content bases for more complex responses{{Citation needed|date=November 2019}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://onlim.com/en/the-history-of-chatbots/|title=The History of Chatbots - from ELIZA to Alexa|date=12 October 2017}}</ref>

More frequently, wecompanies see companiesare leveraging chatbots as a way to offload simple questions and transactions from human agents.<ref>{{Cite web|title=What is a Chatbot and How Does it Work?|url=https://searchcustomerexperience.techtarget.com/definition/chatbot|access-date=2021-07-22|website=SearchCustomerExperience|language=en}}</ref> These chatbots provide the option to assist a user, but then directly transfer the customer to a live agent within the same chat window if the conversation becomes too complex, this feature is called Human Handover, chatbot platforms like BotPenguin and other platform offers such features in their chatbots.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://botpenguin.com/features/|title=BotPenguin}}</ref> Chatbots have evolved and have come a long way since their inception. Modern day chatbots have [[persona]]s which make them sound more human-like.

==See also==

Conversational interfaces provide ease of access to relevant, contextual information to the end user without the complexities and learning curve typically associated with technology.

*[[User interface]]

*[[User interface design]]

*[[Artificial conversational entity]]

*[[Natural-language user interface]]

*[[Voice user interface]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

{{User interfaces}}

[[Category:Human–computer interaction]]

[[Category:Natural language processing]]

== References ==

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{{reflist}}